PHYSICAL ANTH. LAB CHAPTERS 9 - 12 TEST

KNUCKLE WALKING

A form of movement used by chimpanzees and gorillas that is characterized by all four limbs touching the ground, with the weight of the arms resting on the knuckles of the hands. Seen ONLY in gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos.

TERRESTRIAL QUADRUPEDALISM

A form of quadrupedal locomotion that is practiced on the ground. Narrow chest with scapulars positioned laterally on the ribcage. LESS COMMON than arboreal quadrupedalism. Mostly found in the cercopithecines (terrestrial old world monkeys)

List two traits that are found in apes but not in other primates

All apes have a special kind of molar called the Y-5 molar in the lower dentition. Apes also have flatter more orthognathic faces.

Lemur / MOST arboreal New World Monkeys / Colobine locomotion

Arboreal Quadrupedalism

Describe one trait that distinguishes platyrrhines from catarrhines.

Platyrrhines have broad noses with nostrils that are far apart and face outward. Catarrhines have narrow noses with nostrils that are close together and face downward.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM: Gorilla gorilla

Sexual dimorphism is expressed between the skulls -Larger sagittal crest in males -Large boney jaw attachments in males for sagittal crest

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM: PAN TROGLODYTES

Sexual dimorphism is expressed between the skulls. -Canines are larger in the males -Brow ridge is larger in the males -Overall size of skull is larger in males -The larger the canines / the larger the sagittal crest -No sagittal crest in females

CERCOPITHECINES

The subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes baboons, macaques, and guenons / typically found in Africa (some live in Asia) / Most are terrestrial and have relatively short tails / More diverse diet with more fruit than that of the leaf-eating colobines / Specialized cheek pouches

FOLIVORY

a diet that emphasizes leaves (foliage) and other plant parts / many primates witht his diet have large molars and smaller incisors / molars have special shearing crests / complex to digest elongated intestines / EX: Gorillas / colobus monkeys / larger bodied primates / leaves provide limited, slow-burning energy

GUMMIVORY

a diet that emphasizes tree gums (or sap) / provide small bursts of energy / often for animals with dental combs / easy to digest short simple digestive tracts / EX: lemurs, lorises, marmosets

Compared to chimpanzees, bonobos have: a) a wider range of sexual practices b) more violent behavior c) a higher degree of male-male competition d) less social bonding between individuals

a) a wider range of sexual practices

Beetles and hummingbirds have wings, but these organisms are not related to one another. The fact that they both have wings is an example of: a.) An anology b.) An ancestral trait c.) A Unique derived trait d.) A shared derived trait

a.) An analogy

I live in the forests of central Africa. I am arboreal and have a long tail. I have bilophodont molars and I have a diet that includes a lot of leaves. What type of primate am I? a) ape b) Colobine c) New World monkey d) Cercopithecine

b) Colobine

I am an adult female primate. I live in a territory with two adult males and our offspring. What type of social organization do I have? a) Solitary b) Polyandrous c) Monogamous d) Polygynous

b) Polyandrous

Humans and baboons have noses with nostrils that face downward, but many other primates have noses with nostrils that face out to the sides. Humans and baboons are also more closely related to each other than they are to primates with outward-facing nostrils. Therefore the fact that both humans and baboons share the downward-facing nostril orientation is an example of: a) a unique derived trait b) a shared derived trait c) an analogy d) an ancestral trait

b) a shared derived trait

LIST THREE TRAITS FOUND IN PRIMATES THAT DISTINGUISH THEM FROM OTHER MAMMALS

1. Grasping hands with opposable digits 2. Forward facing eyes 3. Uniparous

PRACTICED BY GIBBONS & SIAMANGS (LESSER APES)

BRACHIATION

TRUE/FALSE: In the biological species the phrase "viable offspring" refers to offspring that are alive

False

COMPARE/CONTRAST pelvic and femoral differences between Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens / describe the differences and how they relate to locomotion

PAN TROGLODYTES: 12 inches tall, long, vertical, pelvis and femur built to navigate across ground in a quadrupedal knuckle walking movement. Structure enables arboreal existence. HOMO SAPIENS: About 7 inches tall, shorter and more bowl shaped compared to Pan troglodytes. Broad body of pubis, broad subpubic angle, small and somewhat angular obturator foramina, wide and shallow greater sciatic notch, short sacrum. Makes bipedalism possible.

PLATYRRHINI DENTITION

PLATYRRHINI DENTITION 2.1.3.3. 2.1.3.3.

Macaca fascicularis

Polygyny. High degree of sexual dimorphism between the male and females.

TARSIER DENTITION

UPPER: 2.1.3.3. LOWER: 1.1.3.3.

Y-5 molar

molar that has five cusps with grooves running between them, forming a Y shape. This is characteristic of hominoids / apes.

SEMIBRACHIATOR SCAPULAR POSITION

LATERAL

AFFILIATIVE BEHAVIOR

-Behavior that is generally cooperative Ex: Grooming and affiliative communications [vocalizations] PURPOSE: To service and maintain relationships, reinforce social bonds

TWO MAJOR GROUPS OF OLD WORLD MONKEYS

-Colobines -Cercopithecines

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROUP SIZE / SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

-Distribution / access to resources -Mating -Protection from predators -Body size / metabolism

PROMISCUITY

-Female dominance / Females mate with multiple males / Females are 100% responsible for child care / No permanent relationships between males and females / Meant to obscure paternity Example: Bonobos

HOMINIDAE / GREAT APES [by genus]

-Homo -Pan [chimpanzees including Bonobos] -Gorilla -Pongo [orangutans] -Hylobates [gibbons / siamangs]

PROSIMIANS

-Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers -Small body -Small brain -Nocturnal -Very large eyes

Describe one traits that tarsiers share with lorises/lemurs. Describe one trait that tarsiers share with anthropoids.

-Lemurs/Lorises: Nocturnal -Anthropoids: Enclosed bony orbits

-Pronounced supraorbital torus, 10.2 centimeters wide -Dental pattern: 2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3. -2 ridges on each Y-5 molar -3 Y-5 molars on each side -Presence of a sagittal crest

Ape features of the chimpanzee

MONOGAMY

One adult male, one adult female and their offspring live together Ex: Lar Gibbon / Siamangs

Which of the following traits is found in some New World monkeys and none of the Old World monkeys? a) Arboreal lifestyle b) Diet emphasizing fruit c) Prehensile tail d) Ischial callosites

c) prehensile tail

KNUCKLE WALKER SCAPULAR POSITION

DORSAL

VERTICAL CLINGER / LEAPER SCAPULAR POSITION

DORSAL

FRUGIVORY

Diet emphasizes fruit / medium sized bodied primates / provides intermediate amount of energy / relatively simple digestive tracts / molars with low, rounded cusps / molars not as large as folivores / wider incisors EX: MOST primates are frugivorous including some lemurs/lorises, most New World Monkeys, numerous cercopithecines, and many non-humans apes (such as gibbons and orangutans)

INSECTIVORY

Diet that emphasizes insects / foods provide small packets of energy / insectivores have teeth with pointy cusps that help crunch through hard exteriors / easy digestion simple digestive tracts EX: Lorises, tarsiers, marmosets

CATARRHINE DENTAL FORMULA

2.1.2.3 / 2 premolars in each quadrant of the mouth

-Enclosed bony orbits -Fused mandible -Dental pattern: 2.1.3.3. 2.1.3.3.

Platyrrhine features of the squirrel monkey

LEMUR DENTITION

2.1.3.3. 2.1.3.3.

PLATYRRHINE DENTITION

2.1.3.3. / 2.1.3.2. / 3 premolars in each quadrant of mouth

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

-Behavior that challenges, threatens, or harms others Ex: Threat yawns / Infanticide Can be physical as well as non-physical

ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLATYRRHINI / CATARRHINI

-NEW WORLD MONKEYS (Platyrrhines) : Flat, broad noses / Nostrils face out to the sides / Wide septum / 3 premolars in each quadrant of their mouth / DENTITION: 2.1.3.3. / Prehensile tails / Arboreal -OLD WORLD MONKEYS (Catarrhines): Narrower noses / Nostrils face downward / Narrow septum / 2 premolars / Protruding nose / Dentition: 2.1.2.3. Catarrhines are a mixture of arboreal and terrestrial-dwelling.

HAPOLORHINI ANATOMY

-NOSE: Dry -EYES: Enclosed orbit with bony plates behind the eye -JAWS: Fused mandible -DENTITION: No tooth comb -NAILS rather than claws, large pads on fingers for sensitivity -SOFT ORGAN: No tapetum lucidum -PROGNATHISM: Do not have prognathic faces / reduced reliance on olfaction

STREPSIRHINI ANATOMY

-NOSE: Wet nose, rhinarium, better ability to smell -EYES: Postorbital bar -JAWS: Unfused mandible -DENTITION: Tooth comb used for personal grooming -CLAWS & NAILS: Grooming claw -SOFT ORGAN: Tapetum lucidum (for seeing in the dark) layer of cells -PROGNATHISM: Elongated snouts, greater reliance on olfaction

POLYANDRY

-One adult female, multiple adult males, and their offspring live together / Works for primates with high metabolisms Example: Tamarins, lemurs, tarsiers

POLYGYNY

-One male, multiple females / Most common mating system amongst non-human primates Ex: Gorillas, orangutans, Hamadryas baboons

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION TYPES

1. Group living 2. Pair living 3. Solitary living

DENTITION IS:

1. INCISORS 2. CANINES 3. PREMOLARS 4. MOLARS

MAJOR LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION FROM MOST GENERAL TO SPECIFIC

1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species

5 MAJOR PRIMATE GROUPS

1. Lemurs & Lorises 2. Tarsiers 3. New World Monkeys 4. Old World Monkeys 5. Apes & Humans

PRIMATE SUBORDERS

1. STREPSIRHINI [Lemurs & Lorises] 2. HAPLORHINI [Tarsiers, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Apes & Humans]

FRONT LIMBS ARE LONGER THAN HIND LIMBS

Brachiator

CATARRHINI DENTITION

CATARRHINI DENTITION 2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3.

-Enclosed bony orbits -Dental pattern: 2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3. -4.7 centimeter canines -3 ridges on each bilophodont molar

Catarrhine features of the Chacma monkey

BRACHIATOR SCAPULAR POSITION

DORSAL

PRIMATE SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Encompasses the rules of social living such as dominance hierarchies

True/false: Cladistics places equal emphasis on ancestral traits and derived traits during classification

FALSE: Cladistics de-emphasizes ancestral traits

TRUE/FALSE: Research conducted with primates in a zoo would be considered a field primate study.

FALSE: That would be a captive primate study.

TRUE/FALSE: According to the primate taxonomy provided in this lab, lemurs are more closely related to tarsiers than they are to lorises.

FALSE: tarsiers are more closely related to anthropoids than they are to lemurs and lorises.

COMPARE/CONTRAST: The cranial features of Gorilla gorilla. Note sexual dimorphism as well as the presence of diastemas.

FEMALE: Rounder smaller cranium than male, folivore dentition: 2.1.2.3., smaller jaw than male, smaller occipital lobes, presence of canines but much smaller than males' MALE: Pronounced sagittal/occipital crest, larger jaw compared to female, larger canine teeth than female, folivore dentition: 2.1.2.3.

TRUE/FALSE: While most male primates emphasize getting access to resources for their offspring, most female primates emphasize getting access to mates for reproduction.

False

PRIMATE MATING SYSTEM

Family / reproductive system found in the group

PRIMATE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Group size / Composition

MALE/MALE COMPETITION IS HIGH

Group tends toward polygyny

Define nonhuman primate culture

Group-specific / learned behavior

GROUP LIVING

Highly advantageous for smaller bodied animals. Bachelor groups. Ex: Baboons

PRACTED BY GORILLAS, CHIMPANZEES & BONOBOS

KNUCKLE WALKING

QUADRUPEDAL ARBOREAL SCAPULAR POSITION

LATERAL

QUADRUPEDAL TERRESTRIAL SCAPULAR POSITION

LATERAL

-Large post orbital bar -Mandibular symphysis -Dental patter: 2.1.3.3. 2.1.3.3. -Presence of dental comb -2 centimeter snout length

LEMUR CATTA

CERCOPITHECINES

Larger than colobines / Most live in Africa (some in Asia) / Most have relatively short tails / terrestrial with a diverse diet / Eat more fruit / Specialized cheek pouches that allow them to store food / Ischial callosites [adaptation for living on the ground / provides protection] Ex: Baboons

Where is the only place on Earth where you can find lemurs living in the wild?

MADAGASCAR

COLOBINES

Most live in Asia (some in Africa) / Medium-sized / Long tails / Arboreal / Leaf eaters (folivorous) / Complex stomachs Ex: Proboscis / Langurs / OLD WORLD MONKEYS

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM: LEMUR CATTA

No sexual dimorphism is expressed between the skulls -No defining characteristics between male and female skulls -Skulls are the same size

BILOPHODONT MOLARS

Referring to molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows, resembling ridges, or 'lophs'. This trait is characteristic of Old World monkeys.

Practiced by some New World Monkeys: Howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys, capuchin monkeys

SEMIBRACHIATION

PAIR LIVING

Social group composed of one adult male, one adult female and their offspring. The mated pair lives together for most of their reproductive lives Ex: Some lemurs / many tarsiers / Gibbons

SOLITARY LIVING

Social structure where adults spend most of their time alone. Orangutans are technically polygynous, but they engage in dispersed polygyny Ex: Orangutans / some lemurs + lorises

PRACTICED BY CERCOPITHECINES (OLD WORLD MONKEYS)

TERRESTRIAL QUADRUPEDALISM

TARSIER CLASSIFICATION

Tarsiers share traits with both haplorhini and strepsirhini. They are generally small, primarily eat insects. Nocturnal and live in small social groups. They leap through trees, similar to galagos and some lemurs. Have a mix of claws and nails. Tarsiers also share traits with anthropoid primates. They have more enclosed, bony orbits instead of a post-orbital bar, lac the dental comb seen in lemurs and lorises. Lack a dental clomb. Like anthropoids, tarsiers have a shorter snout and a dry nose instead of a wet rhinarium. A more anthropoid-like inner ear strcutre. Tarsiers share more genetic similarities with anthropoids than with lemurs/lorises. Tarsiers are the only ENTIRELY carnivorous primate.

FRONT AND HIND LIMBS ARE THE SAME LENGTH

Terrestrial quadrupedalism

TRUE/FALSE: Quantitative data refer to easily measurable information that facilitates comparisons.

True

TRUE/FALSE: When food is sparsely distributed, primates tend to live in smaller groups.

True

PRACTICED BY LEMURS, LORISES, AND TARSIERS

VERTICAL CLINGING AND LEAPING

FRONT LIMBS ARE SHORTER THAN HIND LIMBS

Vertical clinger / leaper

VERTICAL CLINGING AND LEAPING

a form of locomotion where the body is oriented vertically and movement occurs by leaping from tree to tree. Corresponds to arboreal environments. This form of locomotion is unusual and practiced only some lemurs, lorises and tarsiers.

ARBOREAL QUADRUPEDALISM

a form of quadrupedal locomotion that is practiced in the trees. Arboreal quadrupeds have narrow chests with scapulas positioned laterally on the rib case. MOST primates are arboreal quadrupeds, including some lemurs, most new world monkeys and the colobines (arboreal old world monkeys)

BRACHIATION

a form of suspensory locomotion where movement occurs through arm-over-arm swinging. These primates have scapulas positioned on the posterior (DORSAL) surface of the rib cage rather than on the lateral surfaces. Today, the only apes that regularly practice brachiation are the gibbons & siamangs (lesser apes) Corresponds to an arboreal environment.

SEMIBRACHIATION

a form of suspensory locomotion where movement occurs through the use of the arms and a specially adapted prehensile tail, which can grasp tree branches. LATERAL scapula. Corresponds to an arboreal environment. Ex: Some new world monkeys (spider monkeys and muriquis)

I am an adult female primate. I live in a territory with my offspring. My territory is separate from those of other females, so I don't see them often. An adult male has a territory that overlaps with mine, but we hardly ever spend time together. What type of social organization do I participate in? a) Polygynous b) Monogamous c) Solitary d) Polyandrous

c) solitary

What is the correct abbreviation for Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)? a) P. Troglodytes b.) P. troglodytes c.) P. troglodytes d.) p. Troglodytes

c.) P. troglodytes

I live in the forests of Southeast Asia. I am arboreal and swing through the trees. I have Y-5 molars, and I eat a lot of fruit. I live in small social groups, where males and females work together to defend the territory and raise offspring. What type of primate am I? a) Orangutan b) Gorilla c) Bonobo d) Gibbon

d) Gibbon

Lorises a) rely heavily on their vision b) have large bodies c) eat a diet of mostly leaves d) are nocturnal

d) are nocturnal