Physical Geography Ch. 1-3

Put the sentences in the correct order of how to construct a concept sketch with the first step on top.

1. Make a list of what to discuss. 2. Decide what to sketch. 3. Annotate your sketch.

Match the steps of how to construct a concept sketch with the correct descriptions.

1. Make a list of what to discuss: What observations, interpretations, and other aspects should be included 2. Decide what to sketch. matches: How general or detailed the sketch should been to explain your key ideas 3. Annotate your sketch: Label important features and write sentences describing the relationships between features and processes

Match the geologic feature with its best possible interpretation.

1. Vertical cracks extend back into the rock. = The rock has fractured and these breaks in the rock are cutting across layers. 2. Edges of some rock layers form cliffs, whereas others form slopes. = Choice Rock layers have different resistances to weathering processes. 3. A slope at the base of the cliff is composed of loose pieces of rock. = The main cliff has weathered, causing loose rock to fall to the bottom and accumulate. 4. Horizontal lines can be followed around the cliff = Bedding of sedimentary rock layers can be seen in the cliff.

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition.

1. continental crust = granite 2. oceanic crust = basalt 3. mantle = olivine 4. core = iron and nickel

Describe the different fates of energy from the Sun upon entering Earth's atmosphere by matching the phrases.

1. oxygen = absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation 2. ultraviolet energy that reaches the surface = is converted to infrared energy 3. infrared energy = is trapped by the atmosphere

Match the processes of the rock cycle with their definitions.

1. weathering: breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically 2. transportation: moving pieces of rock by wind, ice, or water 3. deposition: occurs when the energy of the transported materials decreases 4. uplift: upward movement of underground rocks to the surface 5. lithification: process of sediment turning into rock

Which of these elements is not necessary for a concept sketch?

3-D drawing

Match the letter with the appropriate feature indicated on the image by the arrow.

A. A bedding plane separating one bed of rock from another B. Vertical fracture in the rock C. Slope composed of loose rock material

Match the letter of the feature with its appropriate description. Instructions

A. Horizontal layers of rock (bedding) B. Vertical cracks in rocks (fractures) C. Steep ledge created by weathering-resistant rock (cliff) D. Loose rock eroded from the rocks above (talus slope)

Select the three factors that directly shape the surface of Earth by creating diverse landscapes.

Atmosphere and its movement Impact of diverse life-forms Water and its movement

Match the sphere of Earth with its definition.

Atmosphere: Mixture of gases that extends out about 100 km from Earth Biosphere: Includes life and all the places life can be found on Earth Hydrosphere: Includes all of the water in all of its expressions on Earth Lithosphere: The solid upper portion of Earth

Moss growing on a granite boulder directly involves which two Earth spheres?

Biosphere, Lithosphere

Match the feature with the appropriate description/image location.

Cliff: Rock unit 4; resistant to erosion Slope: Rock unit 2; easier to erode

Which of these approaches would be helpful strategies for observing landscapes?

Draw a sketch to capture main features. Focus on one part of the landscape at a time. Compare different parts of the landscape to each other. Focus on one geologic feature at a time.

The Moon is the closest object to planet .

Earth

The four terrestrial planets are , Mercury, Venus, and Mars.

Earth

The inner planets are sometimes referred to as terrestrial planets because of their similarity to .

Earth

True or false: The outer planets have a solid surface.

False

Which of these does not describe the purpose of a concept sketch?

It reports the results of detailed sampling and studies.

The gravity of the and the causes the tides in the oceans of Earth.

Moon; Sun

The four outer planets are ______.

Neptune Jupiter Uranus Saturn

The object that is next in line after Neptune in our solar system but is not classified as a planet is .

Pluto

Choose the answer that best explains why a rock might not go through the complete rock cycle.

Rock may be involved in a variety of processes in different sequences.

We make interpretations of rocks based on observable properties. Match the three rock units with their appropriate interpretations.

Rock unit 2: The slope indicates that the rock is somewhat easily weathered. Rock unit 4: The rock forms a steep cliff because it is resistant to weathering. Rock unit 6: This is composed of loose rock that has weathered from the rock layers above.

Select all that apply _______ are example of features readily identifiable through simple visual observation in many landscapes.

Sedimentary beds Rock colors Fractures Cliffs and slopes Loose pieces of rock

What system is comprised of the Sun, planets and their moons, and other bodies that orbit the Sun?

Solar system

Select all of the correct answers that are related to the fate of solar energy entering Earth's atmosphere.

Some light is converted into chemical energy by plants. Some light is converted into infrared radiation. It heats Earth's atmosphere. Solar energy evaporates water in the atmosphere.

Which of these features and processes from this photograph would you include in a concept sketch?

The shape of the volcano The color of the rocks and lava The erupting lava

Match the important feature and process in this photograph that you would include in a concept sketch to their descriptions.

The shape of the volcano: You would draw a small, cone-shaped feature with a hole in the top. The eruption of magma: You would draw a hot, fluid erupting out of the crater and flowing onto the surface.

True or False: Most astronomers no longer consider Pluto a planet.

True

Which of the following are true regarding the color of rock, sediment, and soils?

Varies due to different environmental conditions May be due to a natural stain on the outside surface of the rock Depends on the composition of the materials

Besides Earth, the other three terrestrial planets are ______.

Venus Mars Mercury

The rock cycle is a set of possibilities that rock material may go through over geologic time, and there ______.

are many rocks that don't complete the entire cycle

The rocky fragments located between Mars and Jupiter and left over from the formation of the solar system are called ______.

asteroids

Prairie dogs digging den systems in soft surface sediments, which in turn improve the recharge of groundwater systems, directly involves all of Earth spheres except the ______.

atmosphere

Rocks that are more resistant to erosion are more likely to create ______ in a landscape, whereas rocks that are easier to erode often create ______.

cliffs; slopes

Lithification is the process by which sediment is ______ over time to form sedimentary rocks.

compacted

The purpose of a(n) sketch is to show the spatial relationships between different aspects of a system.

concept

Which type of crust is thicker?

continental crust

Differences in which physical property allow rocks to move from deep within Earth toward the surface?

density

True or false: Only one strategy is employed by geologists to observe a landscape.

false

The most important agent for sculpting the landscape is ______.

flowing water

The dinosaur __________ (bones) shown in this photo help us determine the size of the creatures they came from, what they looked like, and how they moved. The surrounding __________ give us clues to the environment and climate they lived in.

fossils; rocks

The massive layer marked in the photograph has in the left side of the outcrop but not on the right side; this is because of the orientation of the photograph (and outcrop).

fractures

The Sun creates heat and light through the process of joining together hydrogen atoms in nuclear .

fusion

The four outer planets have ______ surfaces.

gas

Huge flowing fields or tongues of compressed snow and ice are

glaciers

The ______ of both the Moon and Sun causes the tides in Earth's oceans.

gravity

When infrared energy from the Sun is radiated back from Earth and trapped by Earth's atmosphere, resulting in warming conditions, we call this the __________ effect.

greenhouse

Radioactive decay in Earth, especially in Earth's crust, creates a tremendous amount of __________. (Use a single word for your answer.)

heat

The decay of radioactive elements such as uranium creates ______, especially in Earth's crust, where these elements are abundant.

heat

On the Sun, ______ atoms are joined together in a process called nuclear fusion.

hydrogen

The ______ cycle describes water processes that occur on land, in the atmosphere, and in the oceans.

hydrologic

A type of rock that forms directly from precipitates of hot water is called a(n) ______ rock.

hydrothermal

Rocks formed directly from hot water precipitates are __________ rocks. Some geologists consider these to be a type of metamorphic rock.

hydrothermal

Rock that has formed from cooling magma or lava is ______ rock.

igneous

Rock that has solidified from magma is a(n) _________ rock.

igneous

The greenhouse effect is the result of ______ that becomes trapped by Earth's atmosphere, causing Earth to be much warmer than it otherwise would be. Multiple choice question.

infrared energy

The balance or equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle lithosphere floating on the ductile asthenosphere is called __________.

isostasy

What is the condition of equilibrium or balance in a system called? Geologists often use this term to describe crustal blocks floating on the asthenosphere.

isostasy

Molten rock (magma) on Earth's surface is called ___________.

lava

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process called ______.

lithification

Molten rock underground, usually rich in silica and containing dissolved gases, is called

magma

Earth's three major concentric zones are the crust, the __________, and the __________.

mantle; core

The rigid portion of Earth composed of the crust and the uppermost part of the __________ is the __________. (Use just one word for each blank.)

mantle; lithosphere

Which of the following rock cycle processes usually occurs at great depth, in the lower crust or the mantle?

melting

A(n) ______ rock type is formed when heat and pressure are applied to a preexisting metamorphic, igneous, or sedimentary rock, without causing melting. Multiple choice question.

metamorphic

When an existing rock is transformed by the application of heat and pressure, which causes a chemical or physical change, a(n) __________ rock is formed.

metamorphic

Changing a rock by heat, pressure, or deformation is called __________.

metamorphism

Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of ______.

nitrogen

The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is gas.

nitrogen

There are two main types of crust on Earth; they are ______ and ______.

oceanic, continental

The rock cycle was conceived by James Hutton in an attempt to explain how ______.

older rocks become new sediments

Which of the following are correct descriptions of the compositions of Earth's different internal layers?

olivine is representative of the mantle. the higher density materials are concentrated in the core. the oceanic crust is basaltic.

Lava is molten rock that cools ______.

on the surface

Metamorphism involves which three of the processes included in the list below? Multiple select question.

pressure, heat, deformation

The process in which a rock may move from one place to another or be converted into a new rock type is the cycle.

rock

Loose materials formed when large rocks in the landscape are broken down and worn away are called __________.

sediments

When rocks are broken down and worn away, they form loose materials of all sizes called _________.

sediments

Glaciers are huge flowing fields of compressed and that carry large amounts of rock and sediment.

snow; ice

The Sun, the planets and their moons, and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets, are all part of the .

solar; system

The solid sphere of Earth is called the . The gaseous sphere of Earth is called the . The water sphere of Earth is called the .

solid sphere: lithosphere gaseous sphere: atmosphere water sphere: hydrosphere

The physical state of Earth's inner core is __________ and the outer core is __________.

solid; liquid

In sedimentary rocks, rock layers are deposited and ______ remain in horizontal layers.

sometimes

Winds cause what type of motion in the oceans?

surficial waves

Because of their similarity to Earth, the inner planets are often referred to as ______.

terrestrial

The closest object to Earth is ______.

the Moon

What happens to material that is hotter than its surrounding material deep within Earth?

the hot material slowly moves up toward the surface.

A concept sketch should be drawn with ______.

the level of detail you need

The lithosphere is ______.

the rigid portion of Earth (crust and upper mantle)

With respect to thickness, the oceanic crust is __________ than the continental crust. (Use a single word for your answer.)

thinner

The three agents of sediment ______, which result in deposition as energy decreases, are ice, wind, and water.

transport

Flowing water is the most important agent for sculpting the landscape of Earth.

true

Magma is molten rock that occurs ______.

underground

Besides the movement of the atmosphere around Earth, two other factors that directly shape Earth's surface are the presence and movement of and the impact of diverse biological life-forms.

water

The flow of from land and oceans to the atmosphere is part of the hydrologic . (Use a single word for each answer.)

water; cycle

The uppermost part of the oceans is in constant motion primarily due to the effects of ______.

wind

The three primary forces that deposit sediments, which may become sedimentary rocks, are water, __________, and __________.

wind, ice

What are the three primary agents that act to deposit sediments, which may eventually become sedimentary rocks?

wind, water, ice

Besides liquid water, the other two transportation agents of sediments are and . Gravity also plays a role in moving sediments.

wind; ice