physical science chap. 16 online assessment

Arrange the steps in their proper sequence to explain our model of the Moon's formation, with the first starting step at the top of the list

1. a large 2. the moon form 3. the moon's surface 4. the moon's crust

Rank the following items from least massive to most massive, with the least massive at the top

1. apollo 2. moon 3. earth 4. sun

The Moon is about ______ the mass of Earth

1/81

Earth turns once in 24 hours, so 24 time zones were created, each 1 hour different from its neighbor. Therefore, on average, the time zones are ° (of longitude) wide. (Enter a number.)

15

standard time zone

15 wide zones defined to have the same throughout the zone, defined as the mean solar time at the middle of each zone

The tilt, or the inclination of Earth's axis, is ______ from perpendicular to Earth's orbit. (That is, the answer would be zero if Earth's axis ran straight up from the ecliptic.)

23.5

Tropic of capricorn

23.5 S

Using radioactive dating, the age of the highland rocks on the Moon is ______ years. The maria rocks are about ______ years old.

4 billion 3.1 billion

Select which statement accurately describes tides.

At many locations on Earth, there are two high tides and two low tides each day.

The first quarter moon is visible from Earth when the Moon is at position ______

B

Select all of the following features that you might find on the Moon.

Craters Ice in shadowed deep craters Lava plains

A full moon is visible from Earth when the Moon is at position ______

D

new moon

Dark (unlit) side of the Moon facing Earth

The best explanation for why Earth has a second tidal bulge opposite the Moon is that ______

Earth's motion causes Earth to move "away" from the bulge of water on the opposite side

The tidal bulges are offset slightly and not located directly under and opposite the Moon because ______

Earth's rapid rotation carries the tidal bulge ahead of the spot below the Moon

annular eclipse

Eclipse in which the Moon is too far away to completely block the Sun, leaving a ring of Sun visible

partial eclipse

Eclipse observed from the penumbra rather than the umbra

maria

Flat plains, less cratered, appear dark

first quater

Half moon observed a week before the full moon

last quater

Half-moon observed a week before the new moon

pole

One of two reference points to establish a "top" or "bottom"

Select all the statements that describe precession of Earth's axis.

Polaris will not always be the North Star. The effect is similar to a wobbling top. The cycle takes about 26,000 years.

Summer solstice

The South Pole experiences 24 hours of darkness.

summer solstice

The days when Earth's axis is most tilted toward the Sun

spring equinox

The first time there are 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of night after the winter solstice

Use the diagram to help select all the true statements about the phases.

The full moon is visible all night long. The last quarter moon is illuminated on the left side as seen from Earth. Half the Moon is always lit by the Sun.

sidereal year

Time between two successive alignments of the Sun and a star

tropical year

Time between two successive equinoxes

The statements describe lunar or solar eclipses. Select all that describe lunar eclipses

Typically last for several hours Visible to everyone on the night side of Earth

The statements describe lunar or solar eclipses. Select all that describe lunar eclipses.

Typically last for several hours Visible to everyone on the night side of Earth

What is the best method to find the age of lunar rocks?

Use radioactive dating on samples returned to Earth.

full moon

Visible all night long as the dark side of Earth faces the lit Moon

lunar eclipse

When Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun

solar eclipse

When the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

equator

a line halfway between the poles

Noon, or more precisely, apparent solar noon, is when ______. (Select all that apply

a shadow cast by the Sun is shortest on that day the Sun crosses the meridian on the sky the Sun reaches its highest altitude on its path across the sky the Sun is directly above the southern horizon

The best place to find frozen water ice on the Moon is ______

along permanently shadowed crater walls

Most of the craters on the Moon formed ______.

during a period of bombardment between 3.9 and 4.2 billion years ago

The Moon has a lower overall density than Earth, and its rocks display differences in composition and density compared to Earth rocks. It orbits Earth in the same direction as Earth rotates and revolves. This suggests the Moon ______

formed after an object the size of Mars hit Earth, splattering low-density mantle and crust material into orbit

The red circle indicates Earth's position in

june

tropic of cancer

june 21

lunar highlands

light colored mountainous regions of the moon

The shadow cast by a sundial is shortest at apparent noon

local

Compared to a sidereal day, a solar day is

longer

Without time zones, every ______ could have its own local time

longitude

An eclipse that lasts for several hours and is visible to everyone on the same side of Earth must be a eclipse. An eclipse for which most viewers see a partial eclipse, and a few see a total eclipse for a few minutes, must be a eclipse

lunar solar

The red circle on the image is an example of each of the following except ______

lunar highlands

the bright areas when you look at the moon

lunar highlands

martes

mar

The rocks with the highest density are found at the Moon's ______

maria

At the point in Earth's orbit indicated by the red circle, Earth is moving at its ______ speed around the Sun.

max

miercoles

mercury

monday

moon

Much of Earth's surface experiences two tides each day because the Moon pulls Earth's water and the Earth ______

moves away from water on the far side

new york city

never

The time that the Sun crosses the meridian on the sky (the line running from north to south) is

noon

meridians

north-south-running arcs that intersect at both poles and are perpendicular to the parallels

If placed on a nonspinning planet, a Foucault pendulum would ______

not appear to rotate

lunar eclipse

occurs when the moon is full and the sun, moon, and earth are lined up so the shadow of earth falls on the moon

rotation

one 360 turn

A peculiarity of the Moon's structure is that ______

one side of the crust is about twice as thick as the other

Spring tides (or "king tides") are mostly likely to occur when the Moon is at ______

perigee

The closest the Moon ever gets to Earth during its monthly elliptical orbit is called ______

perigee

...of the Moon are due to seeing varying portions of the one-half sunlit portion of the Moon.

phases

The red circle on the diagram indicates the Moon is all of the following EXCEPT ______

receiving less sunlight from the Sun than at full moon

sunday

sun

The light from Moon phases comes from ______

sunlight reflected by the Moon

Ancient civilizations understood Earth was spherical, but it was not widely accepted that Earth rotated until a few hundred years ago because ______.

the Foucault pendulum experiment wasn't performed until the mid-1800s philosophically, Earth was taken to be the center of the universe it doesn't feel like Earth is moving

The Moon is believed to have a proportionally small core. This observation helps explain ______

the Moon's low density (3.34 g/cm3) compared to Earth's (5.5 g/cm3)

noon

the event of time when the Sun moves across the celestial meridian

winter solstice

the north pole experiences 24 hours of darkness

A sundial measures apparent solar time. This can be a little ahead or behind the time on a standard clock because ______. (Select all that apply.)

the path of the Sun on the sky varies with latitude and time of year Earth travels faster when it is closer to the Sun

tides

the periodic rise and fall of the level of the sea from the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun

ecliptic

the plane of the earth's orbit

apogee

the point at which the moon's elliptical orbit takes the moon farthest from earth

orbit

the region of space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found

precession

the slow wobble of the axis of Earth similar to the wobble of a spinning top

tropical year

the time interval between two consecutive spring equinoxes; used as standard for the common calendar year

sidereal year

the time interval required for Earth to move around its orbit so that the sun is again in the same position against the stars

Normally, there is a leap year every four years because ______

the tropical year is about a quarter of a day longer than an even number of days

All eight planets orbit the Sun in the same direction in the same plane. This is because

their motion retains characteristics of the disk of material they formed from

The seven-day week traces its origin back at least as far as Babylonian times. The week was divided into seven days because ______

there were five planets and two other objects that moved regularly through the sky

perigee

when the moon's elliptical orbit brings the moon closest to earth

eclipse

when the shadow of a celestial body falls on the surface of another celestial body

In the Northern Hemisphere, shadows cast by the noontime sun are longest at the

winter

We have leap years because

Earth does not orbit the Sun in a whole number of days

Select all that are reasons the Greeks believed the Earth to be round.

Earth is perfect, and so is a sphere. The shape of Earth's shadow on the Moon is spherical. The position of the North Star above the horizon changes as you move north or south. Ships slowly disappear as they sail toward the horizon.

The observation of a Foucault pendulum reveals that ______

Earth will turn under the pendulum, making it seem to change direction

Autumnal equinox

Earth's axis is neither tilted toward nor away from the Sun

The best observational evidence that Earth has a rounded shape is

Earth's shadow is circular during a lunar eclipse

prime meridian

East-west reference point

The terms describe maria or highland regions on the Moon. Select all the terms that describe highlands.

Lighter in color Mountainous Lower density rocks

meridian

Line running on the sphere from pole to pole

The figure shows the celestial sphere. For observers in the Northern Hemisphere, the point indicated by the red circle is the ______

autumnal

The tropical year is the basis of the calendar and is related to Earth's tilt and orbit. A tropical year is the time ______

between successive spring equinoxes

Revolution

one orbit

The wobble of the planet's axis illustrated in the diagram is called ______.

precession

Dust on the Moon's surface is called

regolith

Earth's axis is defined by its ______

rotation around it

Lines of latitude ______

run parallel to the equator have different circumferences (in km) describe how far something is from the equator

saturday

saturn

equator

september 21

maria

smooth, dark areas on the moon

An apparent... day is the time between two successive crossings of the celestial meridian by the Sun. A... day is the time between two successive crossings by a specific star.

solar sidereal

Equator

0

In about... thousand years, the star directly over Earth's North Pole will be the star named Vega.

14

tropic of cancer

23.5 N

antarctic circle

66.5 S

arctic circle

66.5N

parallel

Circle that is parallel to the equator

winter solstice

Happens around December 22

vernal equinox

Happens around March 21

synodic month

Interval of time between two successive new moon phases

What did the Apollo astronauts discover about the Moon's surface?

It is covered by about 3 meters of fine gray dust.

lunar highlands

Mountainous regions, heavily cratered

Arrange these key parallels from north (top) to south (bottom)

North Pole Tropica of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle

Autmnal Equinox

One of the two days when Earth's axis is neither tilted toward nor away from the Sun

Select all of the following that characterize the rocks found in the lunar maria

Solidified lava Denser than rock in the highlands Basalt

Which one of the following statements characterizes lines of latitude?

They are circles of various circumferences parallel to the equator.

Which of the following characterizes lines of longitude (meridians)?

They are half-circles of the same length that run from pole to pole.

sidereal month

Time between two successive alignments between the Moon and a star

The best experimental evidence that Earth spins is ______.

a Foucault pendulum

foucault pendulum

a heavy mass swinging from a long wire

Lines of longitude (meridians) ______

cross the equator all have the same length (in km) meet at the poles are separated by different distances (in km) at different latitudes

tropic of capricorn

december 21

The first day of spring occurs on the

equinox

The point at which the path of the Sun through the sky crosses the celestial equator is the ______.

equinox

True or false: The Moon is a desolate place with no water.

false

longitude

the angular distance of a point east or west from the prime meridian on a parallel

If a new ninth planet were discovered in our solar system that orbited the Sun in an opposite direction than the other eight planets, astronomers would most likely assume that ______.

this planet originated in another star system and was gravitationally captured

Since the local time depends on longitude, one solution in timekeeping that simplified long-distance communication and business was the creation of ______

time zones

At which position in the diagram is Earth closest to being precisely 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) from the Sun?

top

the sun

what earth revolves around

axis

what earth rotates around