Physical Science Chapter quiz #1

Although all minerals have an orderly internal arrangements of atoms (crystalline structure), most mineral samples do not visibly demonstrate their crystal form why?

Crystal growth i disrupted by other crystals or their environment, causing the crystals to be too small to see with the naked eye.

list the 3 agents of metamorphism and describe the role of each

Heat: confining pressure and differential stress. chemically active fluids.

Distinguish between the 2 categories of chemical sedimentary rocks

The two categories of chemical sedimentary rocks are chemical and biochemical. Chemical sedimentary rocks are created by ions that are carried in solution to seas and lakes while biochemical rocks are made of excreted materials by marine plants and animals.

Chemically active fluids role in metamorphism

Water rich with ions and other volatiles act as catalysts when they seep into the pores of a rock promoting crystallization. The higher the temperatures during this activity the more reactive the result.

The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by ____________. a. 4 oxygen ions b. 6 oxygen ions c. 4 sodium ions d. 6 sodium ions

a. 4 oxygen ions

Sedimentary rocks compose approximately _______ percent of Earth's outermost 10 miles. a. 5% b. 15% c. 30% d. 50%

a. 5%

Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? a. calcite b. quartz c. gypsum d. plagioclase

a. calcite

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in Earth's crust? a. carbon b. potassium c. aluminum d. calcium

a. carbon

Which rock type is associated with a high- energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)? a. conglomerate b. shale c. chert d. none of these

a. conglomerate

The most important mechanical weathering process is __________. a. frost action b. hydrolysis c. unloading d. thermal expansion

a. frost action

Granite and gabbro __________. a. have a similar mineral composition b. have a similar texture c. both a and b d. are in no way similar

b. have a similar texture

The primary agent of contact metamorphism is __________. a. folding b. heat c. stress d. strain

b. heat

Atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons are called __________. a. isotopes b. ions c. isochrons d. periodic elements

b. ions

Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ____________. a. electrons in the nucleus b. protons in the nucleus c. neutrons in the outer nuclear shell d. electrons in the valence bond level

b. protons in the nucleus

Which one of the following is an igneous rock? a. limestone b. rhyolite c. slate d. shale

b. rhyolite

Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except __________. a. swamp b. salt flat c. river floodplain d. delta

b. salt flat

This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone. a. phyllite b. mica schist c. quartzite d. marble

c. quartzite

What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade metamorphism? a. marble b. mica schist c. slate d. gneiss

c. slate

Which one of the following is NOT true about mechanical weathering? a. produces smaller pieces b. adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering c. does not change the rock's mineral composition d. does not affect metamorphic rocks

d. does not affect metamorphic rocks

Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt? a. detrital sedimentary rocks b. varieties of dolostone c. varieties of coal and peat d. evaporites; chemical, sedimentary rocks

d. evaporites; chemical, sedimentary rocks

Coal beds originate in ____________. a. shallow lakes in a dry, desert region b. channels of fast-moving streams c. deep, marine basins below wave action d. freshwater coastal swamps and bogs

d. freshwater coastal swamps and bogs

__________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals. a. marble b. mica schist c. phyllite d. gneiss

d. gneiss

The resistance of a mineral to abrasion is known as __________. a. luster b. cleavage c. streak d. hardness

d. hardness

The agents of metamorphism are a. uplifting and folding b. foliation and deposition c. contact and regional deformation d. heat, pressure, and chemical fluids

d. heat, pressure, and chemical fluids

Intrusive rocks __________. a. are generally fine-grained b. form at Earth's surface c. are quite often vesicular d. none of the above

d. none of the above

Which one of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering? a. decomposition b. frost wedging c. hydrolysis d. oxidation

d. oxidation

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of a. color b. type of bedding c. mineral composition d. particle size

d. particle size

Rocks with larger mineral crystals embedded in a matrix of fine-grained ones is said to be a. differentiated b. the result of anisotropic pressures during metamorphism c. foliated d. porphyritic

d. porphyritic

This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes. a. fine-grained b. glassy c. coarse-grained d. porphyritic

d. porphyritic

Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen? a. calcite b. diamond c. olivine d. quartz

d. quartz

The texture (crystal size) of an igneous rock a. is controlled by the chemical composition of the magma b. determines the color of the rock c. is caused by leaching d. records the rock's cooling history

d. records the rock's cooling history

All silicate minerals contain which two elements? a. iron, silicon b. silicon, sodium c. oxygen, carbon d. silicon, oxygen

d. silicon, oxygen

Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? a. gneiss, slate, schist b. schist, slate, gneiss c. slate, gneiss, schist d. slate, schist, gneiss

d. slate, schist, gneiss

Which of the following statements about the involvement of crystallization in the rock cycle is (are) true? a.It occurs during igneous rock formation when minerals form from the molten state. b.It occurs during metamorphism when a mineral is transformed from having one crystal structure to having another crystal structure. c.It occurs during chemical sedimentary rock formation when dissolved ions precipitate. d.all of above

d.all of above

Heats role in metamorphism

most important factor of metamorphism, it triggers chemical reactions that cause recrystallization. Heat is usually caused by magma rising from below the rock and baking it until it rises in a high enough heat to cause metamorphism

List 5 characteristics an Earth matrial should have in order to be considered a mineral

1. Each mineral is naturally occurring, 2. typically inorganic, 3. a solid substance 4.,has an orderly crystalline structure, 5. a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation.

define the term rock

A rock is a mixture of minerals.

Obsidian exhibits a(n) __________ texture. a. fine-grained b. glassy c. coarse-grained d. porphyritic

b. glassy

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel atomic planes is known as: a. streak b. cleavage c. cracking luster d. crystal form

B, Cleavage

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? a. sulfides b. carbonates c. silicates d. halides

C. Silicates

list 3 nonsilicate minerals that are commonly found in rocks

Calcite, dolomite, and halite are three nonsilicates that are commonly found in rocks.

How are granite and rhyolite different? The Same?

The difference between granite and rhyolite, is that granite is coarse grained, while rhyolite is fine grained. They are similar in the fact that they both felsic rocks, with their dominant crystal being quartz potassium feldspar,

A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that ___. a. gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine b. gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz c. gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon d. olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold

a. gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is a. limestone b. dolomite c. granite d. rock salt

a. limestone

The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is __________. a. limestone b. dolomite c. chert d. rock salt

a. limestone

Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral? a. luster b. color streak c. virtual absorption d. fluorescence

a. luster

The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is __________. a. marble b. mica schist c. phyllite d. gneiss

a. marble

Which the following denotes the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus? a. protons b. electrons c. isotrons d. neutrons

a. protons

Mineral deposits which have been identified and can be extracted profitably are called __________. a. reserves b. ores c. resources d. tailings

a. reserves

Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for __________. a. shale b. sandstone c. conglomerate d. breccia

a. shale

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? a. 19 b. 7 c. 13 d. 6

b. 7

____________ is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock. a. Rock cleavage b. Foliation c. Stress streaking d. Marbleizing

b. Foliation

Which of the following statement on chemical bonding is correct? a. a bond can form only through electron transfer from one atom to another atom b. a bond can form through either electron transfer or electron sharing c. the atom's nucleus is involved in chemical bonding d. none of the above

b. a bond can form through either electron transfer or electron sharing

This rock gets its name from a chain of mountains located in South America. a. basalt b. andesite c. granite d. diorite

b. andesite

During igneous rock formation, as the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form a. increases b. decreases c. is not affected d. none of the above

b. decreases

Which of the following minerals belongs to the silicate mineral group? a. hematite b. feldspar c. calcite d. halite

b. feldspar

Which one of the following is not true for minerals? a. they have a specific, internal, crystalline structure b. they can be a liquid, solid, or glass c. they have a specific, predictable chemical composition d. they can be identified by characteristic physical properties

b. they can be a liquid, solid, or glass

Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? a. A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks. b. A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern. c. In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains. d. A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.

c. In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks? a. quartz and olivine b. calcite and clay c. clay and quartz d. dolomite and gypsum

c. clay and quartz

Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a __________ texture. a. fine-grained b. glassy c. coarse-grained d. porphyritic

c. coarse-grained

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? a. silicate b. native gold c. diamond d. muscovite

c. diamond

Which of the following has the highest specific gravity? a. wood b. water c. gold d. quartz

c. gold

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock. a. basalt b. andesite c. granite d. diorite

c. granite

Select the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar from the list below. a. basalt b. andesite c. granite d. diorite

c. granite

Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone? a. basalt b. andesite c. granite d. diorite

c. granite

Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? a. diamond b. talc c. halite d. olivine

c. halite

What chemical weathering environment would be most effective __________. a. in a warm, dry climate b. in a cold, dry climate c. in a warm, humid climate d. equally in any kind of climate

c. in a warm, humid climate

Which of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar? a. silica b. potassium ions c. iron oxide d. clay

c. iron oxide

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? a. carbonates b. pyroxenes c. micas d. feldspars

c. micas

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? a. carbon b. chlorine c. oxygen d. sodium

c. oxygen

Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element? a. the atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons b. the atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons c. the atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons d. the atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons

c. the atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons

Confining pressure/differential stress's role in metamorphism

confining pressure causes the space between rocks to close creating a more dense rock, under further pressure it may cause minerals to recrystallize into those that display a more compact crystalline form. While differential stress found in mountain building is the stretching of rocks in one direction. In low temperature this causes rocks to be brittle and break into smaller pieces, while in high temps the rocks become more ductile and stretch into the direction it'ss being pulled.

An igneous rock that contains vesicles __________. a. is also extrusive b. is also fine grained c. contains many small holes d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Sedimentary rocks a. may contain fossils b. hold important clues to Earth's history c. may be economically important d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism? a. certain minerals may recrystallize b. the rock becomes more compact c. crystals may grow larger d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Metamorphism may result from __________. a. heat b. pressure c. chemical action d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering? a. mineral content b. climate c. topography d. all of these

d. all of these

Igneous rock is formed a. by the weathering of preexisting rocks. b. by changes in mineral composition. c. at great depth within Earth. d. by crystallization of molten rock.

d. by crystallization of molten rock.

The most unreliable (variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is __________. a. hardness b. crystal form c. specific gravity d. color

d. color

what are the 2 most common elements in Earth's crust, what is the term used to describe the basic building blocks of all silicate minerals?

he two most common elements in Earth's crust are silicon and oxygen. A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is the basic building block of all silicates