Physics

Released Energy

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Pascal's principle

A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid.

Principle of flotation

A floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own height.

satellite

A projectile or small celestial body that orbits a larger celestial body.

Boiling

A rapid state of evaporation that takes place within the liquid as well as its surface. As with evaporation, coolling of the liquid results.

ellipse

A regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points is constant, or resulting when a cone is cut by an oblique plane which does not intersect the base.

First law of thermodynamics

A restatement of the law of energy conservation, usually it applies to systems involving changes in temperature: The heat added to a system is equal to the system's gain in thermal energy plus the work that it does on its surroundings.

projectile

Any object that is projected by some means and continues in motion by it's own inertia.

weightless

Being without a support force, in free fall.

3 ways of heat transfer

Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Linear Speed

How fast it goes

Liquids

Take the shape of the container

Gases

Take the shape of the container- fill the container

Heat of vaporization

The amount of energy needed to change a unit mass of any substance from liquid to gas.

Heat of fusion

The amount of energy needed to change a unit mass of any substance from solid to liquid.

Calorie

The amount of hear needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 celcius degree

density

The amount of matter per unit volume. density = mass/volume. Weight density is expressed as weight per unit volume

Buoyancy

The apparent loss of weight of a submerged object. (Archimedes Principle)

Condensation

The change of phase from gas to liquid; the opposite of evaporation. Warming of the liquid results.

weight

The force of an object exerts on a supporting surface, which is often, but not always, due to the force of gravity.

inverse-square law

The intensity of an effect from a localized source spreads uniformly throughout the surrounding space and weakens with the inverse square of the distance intensity = 1/ distance^2

Entropy

The measure of energy dispersal of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form to another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and, therefore, toward one of the greater entropy.

Phase

The molecular state of substance: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.

Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure exerted against bodies immersed in the atmosphere resulting from the weight of air pressing down from above. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 101 kPa

Freezing

The process of changing phase from a liquid to solid, as from water to ice.

Melting

The process of changing phase from solid to liquid as from ice to water.

Terrestrial radiation

The radiant energy emitted by Earth.

Newton's law of cooling

The rate of loss of transfer of thermal energy from a warm object is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.

Pressure

The ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed. Pressure = force/area. Liquid pressure = weight density x depth

Boyle's law

The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature; when volume increase, pressure decreases.

Law of universal gravitation

The scientific law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. f= g times m1m2/d^2

escape speed

The speed that a projectile, space pron, or similar object must reach to escape the gravitational influence of earth or of another celestial body to which it is attracted.

Absolute zero

The temperature at which no further energy can be taken from a system.

Torque

The tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis.

Rotational Inertia

The tendency of a rotating object to keep on rotating. I = mr^2

Thermal Energy

The total energy (kin&pot) of the submicroscopic particles that make up matter.

Radiation

The transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves.

Conduction

The transfer of thermal energy by molecular and electron collisions within a substance.

Convection

The transfer of thermal energy in a gas or liquid by means of currents in the heated fluid.

Absorbed Energy

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Volume

cm^3 or m^3

Buoyant force

upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid

Kilocalorie

Heat unit in labelling food.

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always in motion.

Rotary Motion

a motion about an internal axis. Example: earth rotates once every 24 hours

parabola

a plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel to an element of the curve

Barometer

an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure

Bernoulli's principle

as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases

]Newton did not discover gravity, for early humans discovered that whenever they fell. What Newton did discover is that gravity _______.

extends throughout the universe

Density

g/cm^2 or kg/m^3

Mass

grams or kilograms

Evaporation

the change of phase at the surface of a liquid as it passes of the gaseous phase.

Sublimation

the change of phase directly from solid to gas

Archimede's principle

the principle that states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the volume of fluid that the object displaces