Physics
Released Energy
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Pascal's principle
A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid.
Principle of flotation
A floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own height.
satellite
A projectile or small celestial body that orbits a larger celestial body.
Boiling
A rapid state of evaporation that takes place within the liquid as well as its surface. As with evaporation, coolling of the liquid results.
ellipse
A regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points is constant, or resulting when a cone is cut by an oblique plane which does not intersect the base.
First law of thermodynamics
A restatement of the law of energy conservation, usually it applies to systems involving changes in temperature: The heat added to a system is equal to the system's gain in thermal energy plus the work that it does on its surroundings.
projectile
Any object that is projected by some means and continues in motion by it's own inertia.
weightless
Being without a support force, in free fall.
3 ways of heat transfer
Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Linear Speed
How fast it goes
Liquids
Take the shape of the container
Gases
Take the shape of the container- fill the container
Heat of vaporization
The amount of energy needed to change a unit mass of any substance from liquid to gas.
Heat of fusion
The amount of energy needed to change a unit mass of any substance from solid to liquid.
Calorie
The amount of hear needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 celcius degree
density
The amount of matter per unit volume. density = mass/volume. Weight density is expressed as weight per unit volume
Buoyancy
The apparent loss of weight of a submerged object. (Archimedes Principle)
Condensation
The change of phase from gas to liquid; the opposite of evaporation. Warming of the liquid results.
weight
The force of an object exerts on a supporting surface, which is often, but not always, due to the force of gravity.
inverse-square law
The intensity of an effect from a localized source spreads uniformly throughout the surrounding space and weakens with the inverse square of the distance intensity = 1/ distance^2
Entropy
The measure of energy dispersal of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form to another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and, therefore, toward one of the greater entropy.
Phase
The molecular state of substance: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
Atmospheric Pressure
The pressure exerted against bodies immersed in the atmosphere resulting from the weight of air pressing down from above. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 101 kPa
Freezing
The process of changing phase from a liquid to solid, as from water to ice.
Melting
The process of changing phase from solid to liquid as from ice to water.
Terrestrial radiation
The radiant energy emitted by Earth.
Newton's law of cooling
The rate of loss of transfer of thermal energy from a warm object is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.
Pressure
The ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed. Pressure = force/area. Liquid pressure = weight density x depth
Boyle's law
The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature; when volume increase, pressure decreases.
Law of universal gravitation
The scientific law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. f= g times m1m2/d^2
escape speed
The speed that a projectile, space pron, or similar object must reach to escape the gravitational influence of earth or of another celestial body to which it is attracted.
Absolute zero
The temperature at which no further energy can be taken from a system.
Torque
The tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis.
Rotational Inertia
The tendency of a rotating object to keep on rotating. I = mr^2
Thermal Energy
The total energy (kin&pot) of the submicroscopic particles that make up matter.
Radiation
The transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves.
Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy by molecular and electron collisions within a substance.
Convection
The transfer of thermal energy in a gas or liquid by means of currents in the heated fluid.
Absorbed Energy
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Volume
cm^3 or m^3
Buoyant force
upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid
Kilocalorie
Heat unit in labelling food.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always in motion.
Rotary Motion
a motion about an internal axis. Example: earth rotates once every 24 hours
parabola
a plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel to an element of the curve
Barometer
an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure
Bernoulli's principle
as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
]Newton did not discover gravity, for early humans discovered that whenever they fell. What Newton did discover is that gravity _______.
extends throughout the universe
Density
g/cm^2 or kg/m^3
Mass
grams or kilograms
Evaporation
the change of phase at the surface of a liquid as it passes of the gaseous phase.
Sublimation
the change of phase directly from solid to gas
Archimede's principle
the principle that states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the volume of fluid that the object displaces