Physics Ch. 9

The temperature of the air is measured as 235 K. What is this temperature equal to in degrees Celsius?

-38ºC

A warm day has a high temperature of 38.0°C. What is this temperature in degrees Kelvin?

311.15 K

The temperature on a warm day is 309.7 K. Calculate the equivalent to this temperature on the Fahrenheit temperature scale.

97.79°F

Which temperature scale is used widely in science, and is applied to non-scientific uses throughout most of the world?

Celsius

What happens to the ice between 0°C and 100°C?

Changes from a solid to liquid to gas

What happens to the ice at 0°C?

Changes from ice to water

Describe how energy is transferred between two objects at different temperatures, and how they reach thermal equilibrium.

Energy is transferred as heat when one object comes in contact with another object at a different temperature. The object with the higher temperature transfers energy as heat to the object with the lower temperature. They transfer the heat back and forth until they reach thermal equilibrium.

Why does sandpaper get hot when it is rubbed against rusty metal?

Friction between the sandpaper and metal increases the temperature of both

What term is defined as the energy transferred between objects with different temperatures?

Heat

What is the energy due to both the random motions of a substance's particles and the potential energy due to the bonds between those particles called?

Internal energy

Which of the following is NOT a goof thermal insulator?

Iron

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?

It's the amount of heat needed to raise a temperature 1 kg to 1°C

What is the energy transferred to or from a unit mass of a substance during a phase change called?

Latent Heat

A container with a temperature of 37°C is submerged in a bucket of water with a temperature of 15°C. An identical container with a temperature of T1 is submerged in an identical bucket of water with a temperature of T2. If the amounts of energy transferred as heat between the containers and the water are the same in both cases, which of the following statements is true?

T1 = 7°C; T2 = 29°C

During a phase change, which of the following properties does NOT change?

Temperature

In the presence of friction, not all of the work done on a system appears as mechanical energy. What happens to the rest of the energy provided by work?

The remaining energy causes an increase in the internal energy of the system.

What must be true if energy is to be transferred as heat between two bodies in physical contact?

The two bodies must be at different temperatures

Energy transfer as heat between two objects depends on which of the following?

The difference in temperature of the two objects

How are the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales similar?

The difference of one degree is the same for both scales

A pan of water at a temperature of 80°C is placed on a block of porcelain at a temperature of 15°C. What can you state about the temperatures of the objects when they are in thermal equilibrium?

The temperatures will be equal to one another and will be between the temperatures of 15°C and 80°C.

As the temperature of a substance increases, its volume tends to increase due to

Thermal expansion

What is the increase in the initial energy per kilogram of water at the bottom of a 145 m waterfall, assuming that all of the initial potential energy is transferred as heat to the water?

1422.45 J

A nail is driven into a board with an initial kinetic energy of 150 J. If the potential energy before and after the event is the same, what is the change in the internal energy of the board and nail?

150 J

An arrow strikes a target, causing an internal energy increase of 18 J. If the arrow is fired so that it enters the target at the same height above the ground as when it was fired, what is the arrow's initial kinetic energy?

18 J

A substance registers a temperature change from 20°C to 40°C. To what incremental temperature change does this correspond?

20 K

What is the temperature increase of 4.0 kg of water when it is heated by an 8.0 x 10^2 W immersion heater for exactly 10.0 min?

28.67°C

A metal bolt in a calorimeter gives up 3.6 x 10^3 J of energy as heat to the surrounding water. The bolt has a mass of 0.25 kg and a specific heat capacity of 360 J/kgx°C. What is the change in the bolt's temperature?

4.0 x 10^1 °C

A stone with a mass of 0.450 kg is dropped from the edge of a cliff. When the stone strikes the ground, the internal energy of the stone and ground increase by 1770 J. If the stone is initially at rest when it is dropped, how high above the ground is the cliff?

400.95 m

A metal part with a mass of 7.5 x 10^-2 kg and a temperature of 93.0°C is placed in a calorimeter containing 0.150 kg of water. If the initial temperature of the water is 25.0°C, and the final temperature of the part and the water 29.0°C, what is the specific heat capacity of the part?

523.25 J/kgx°C

Explain how the kinetic energy of molecules in water accounts for its temperature.

A substance's temperature increases as a direct result of added energy being distributed among the particles of the substance.

What happens to the ice at 100°C?

Changes to steam

A calorimeter is used to determine the specific heat capacity of a test metal. If the specific heat capacity of water is known, what quantities must be measured?

Metal mass, water mass, initial and final temperatures of metal and water

What is the quantity of energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance 1°C called?

Specific heat capacity

Which of the following describes a substance in which the temperature and pressure remain constant while the substance experiences an inward transfer of energy?

Substance undergoing a change of state

If energy is transferred spontaneously as heat from a substance with a temperature of T1 to a substance with a temperature of T2, which of the following statements must be true?

T1 > T2

Energy transferred as heat occurs between two bodies in thermal contact when they differ in which of the following properties?

Temperature

Which of the following is proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles in matter?

Temperature

Which of the following is proportional to the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules?

Temperature

Describe how temperature is related to the kinetic energy of the particles of the gas in the figure above.

Temperature and kinetic energy will both increase.

Which of the following is true during a phase change?

Temperature remains constant.

What occurs to the particles in a substance at low temperature when energy is transferred to the substance as heat?

The average kinetic energy of the particles increases

In a heating curve, what does a line with zero slope indicate?

The change in the substance's state with added or removed energy

Which of the following statements correctly describes what occurs to a substance that undergoes thermal expansion?

As the temperature increases, the volume of the substance increases.

Which of the following statements best describes a state of thermal equilibrium between two systems?

Both systems have the same temperature

The use of fiberglass insulation in the outer walls of a building is intended to minimize heat transfer through what process?

Conduction

What is the process by which energy is transferred by the motion of cold and hot matter?

Convection

What is the type of kinetic energy associated with a molecule spinning about its center of mass called?

Rotational energy

Two bottles are immersed in tubs of water. In one case, the bottle's temperature is 40°C, and the water's temperature is 20°C. In the other case, the bottle's temperature is 55°C, and the water's temperature is 35°C. How does the energy transfer between the bottles and the water differ for the two cases?

The energy transfer is equal for both, even though both cases have different initial and final temperatures.

If two small beakers of water, one at 70°C and one at 80°C, are emptied into a large beaker, what is the final temperature of the water?

The final temperature is between 70°C and 80°C

In a heating curve, what does a line with a positive slope indicate?

The increase in the substance's temperature with added energy

If energy is transferred as heat from a closed metal container to the air surrounding it, what is true of the initial temperatures of each?

The initial temperature of the container has to be greater than that of the air.

The specific heat capacity of a substance is determined using a calorimeter containing water. Besides the substance's mass and the change in temperature of the test substance, what other quantities must be measured in calorimetry?

The mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change of the water

Which of the following is a form of kinetic energy that occurs within a molecule when the bonds are stretched or bent?

Vibrational

Which property of a substance is NOT needed to determine the amount of energy transferred as heat to or from the substance?

Volume

Using the concept of specific heat capacity, explain why water remains cool on a hot day whereas the air above it becomes hot.

Water and air have different specific heat capacities. Water has a larger heat capacity than air does, therefore, it takes longer for water to heat up than air.