Physio 3.1
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
12
Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in ____.
a movement disorder
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
Sympathetic ganglia ____.
are closely linked and often act as a single system
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
arousal; relaxation
The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for ____.
attention
Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?
basal ganglia
The central nervous system is composed of the ____.
brain and spinal cord
What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
brain stem
The reticular formation is contained within the ____.
brain stem
What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
brain stem
If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.
contralateral
After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
coronal
Olfactory information is processed by the ____.
cortex via the olfactory bulbs
Vision is to ____ as hearing is to ____.
cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII
The medulla controls a number of reflexes through ____.
cranial nerves
A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to ____.
cushion the brain
A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is ____.
densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
What type of pathway in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called ____.
dorsal root ganglia
The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all ____.
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all ____.
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in ____.
focusing attention and organizing sensory inputs
The choroid plexus ____.
forms the cerebrospinal fluid
The choroid plexus ____.
forms the cerebrospinal fluid
Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in ____.
gray matter
Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in ____.
gray matter
Which structure consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
hindbrain
The term rhombencephalon refers to the ____.
hindbrain
Which structure consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
hindbrain
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the ____.
hippocampus
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the ____.
hippocampus
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
horizontal
An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?
hypothalamus
The ascending portion of the reticular formation ____.
increases arousal and attention
The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones ____.
into the bloodstream
The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it ____.
is contained in the skull
A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What term refers to this group of structures?
limbic system
The parasympathetic nervous system has ____.
long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons
As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
medulla
As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
medulla
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
medulla
Meningitis is an inflammation of the ____.
membranes surrounding the brain
Meningitis is an inflammation of the ____.
membranes surrounding the brain
The hippocampus plays a major role in ____.
memory
Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called ____.
meninges
The nuclei for cranial nerves I through IV are located in the ____.
midbrain and forebrain
The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
movement
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
norepinephrine; acetylcholine
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
norepinephrine; acetylcholine
Which structure receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex?
nucleus basilis
Which structure receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex?
nucleus basilis
What causes hydrocephalus?
obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
Where would you find the dorsal root ganglia?
outside, but near, the spinal cord
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ____ nervous system.
peripheral
By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the ____.
pituitary gland
Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?
pituitary gland
One function of the thalamus is to ____.
relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
One function of the thalamus is to ____.
relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
sensation from the affected body area
The spinal cord communicates with ____.
sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
In addition to problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum will likely have problems with ____.
shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that deliver messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system?
somatic
The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that constrict blood vessels have input from only the ____ nervous system.
sympathetic
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?
sympathetic
You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your ____.
sympathetic nervous system
Which structure provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by ____.
the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by ____.
the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons
Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.
vision; hearing
