Physiological Psychology - Exam 7

For patients suffering with depression, REM sleep ___________. - composes almost 80% of the sleep period - is nonexistent - begins earlier in the sleep cycle - is decreased by about half

begins earlier in the sleep cycle

The anxiolytics that have the highest abuse and addiction potentials are ___________. - benzodiazepines - barbituates - SNRIs - tricyclics

benzodiazepines

Napolean has been diagnosed with major depression and has jumped from conventional antidepressant to conventional antidepressant over a year and a half with no improvement in symptoms. When he switches to bupropion, an atypical antidepressant, at first he thinks it's working as planned. Most of the time, he feels giddy and quick on his feet, but he gets increasingly irritable, anxious, and sleep-deprived, and he runs up $5,000 on his credit card in two weeks. At his next psychiatrist appointment, his provider says Napolean was originally misdiagnosed. What condition is the provider likely to diagnose? - borderline personality disorder - reactive depression - bipolar disorder - seasonal affective disorder

bipolar disorder

Which of the following disorders is characterized by aggression and hostility to others without a clear motive? - borderline personality disorder - PTSD - generalized anxiety disorder - OCD

borderline personality disorder

In resistant patients, __________ combined with antidepressant medication leads to significant improvement in depression scores. - ketamine - cognitive behavioral therapy - a low-dose antipsychotic - systematic desensitization

cognitive behavioral therapy

If someone with anxiety has problems with controlling their emotions when confronted with anxiety-inducing events or thoughts, they have underactivity in the _____________ network, which also engages in self-monitoring and future planning. - default mode - ventral attention - frontoparietal - salience

default mode

How does the heritability for depression appear to vary by gender? - degree of severity is more heritable in women than men - most meaningful genes for major depression are linked to the Y-chromosome - more heritable when a birth mother has depression - depression is more heritable in women than men

depression is more heritable in women than men

How have suicide rates in the United States changed since the early 2000s? - they are now more often committed by those without psychiatric illness - decreased success rate in adolescents whose parents are mentally ill - dramatically increased number of successful attempts in both men and women - suicide rates fell in young adults after SSRI prescriptions to that age group decreased

dramatically increased number of successful attempts in both men and women

In BPD, a poor environment can create _________ changes to genes that result in impulsivity and inappropriate behaviors. - maladaptive - mutation - epigenetic - compensatory

epigenetic

A portion of the SLC6A4 serotonin transporter gene has been associated with _____________. - a decreased vulnerability to depression - exaggerated amygdala response - 15% decrease in white matter in the amygdala - 2% decrease in the subgenual anterior cortex

exaggerated amygdala response

What effect has been reported to occur in the brains of those with schizophrenia? - failure of migration of cells to the outer cortical layers in the frontal lobe - disorganized neurons found in the deeper gray layers of the brain - problems with factors that encourage cellular migration in the hippocampus - increase in reelin, causing abnormal formation of layers in the temporal lobe

failure of migration of cells to the outer cortical layers in the frontal lobe

Which symptom is most characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? - flashbacks - flat effect - sensation-seeking - undersensitivity to environmental stimuli

flashbacks

A person who has a feeling of stress and worry most of the time probably has _______________. - panic disorder - a phobia - OCD - generalized anxiety

generalized anxiety

The National Institute of Mental Health would encourage researchers to focus on which aspect of schizophrenia in a proposed study? - identifying genes strongly associated with schizophrenia - linking specific structural abnormalities in the brain to specific symptoms - validating a scale to distinguish paranoid and catatonic schizophrenia - determining the unique disease processes of each category of schizophrenia

identifying genes strongly associated with schizophrenia

Joe claims that he sees ghosts everywhere. If we put him in an fMRI during one of his experiences and asked him to observe ghosts in the room, what would we see in the fMRI scan? - heightened activity in the prefrontal cortex - decreased activity in the parietal lobes - reduced activity in the temporal lobes - increased activity in the occipital lobes

increased activity in the occipital lobes

Cortical activity of depressed patients most consistently shows ____________. - increased activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex - decreased activity in the dorsal prefrontal cortex - increased activity in the caudate nucleus - decreased activity in the amygdala

increased activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex

Lowered 5-HIAA, which may be a potent biochemical indicator of suicide risk, has what effect on at-risk individuals? - creates over-compensatory spikes and valleys of serotonin - increases impulsivity - rebounds energy levels - results in risky sensation-seeking behaviors

increases impulsivity

Many people with depression smoke because _____________. - the body's stress response to inhaling smoke increases adrenaline - tobacco inhibits GABA production - nicotine increases their serotonin levels - ingredients in tobacco act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors

ingredients in tobacco act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Which side effect of traditional antipsychotics was originally taken as a sign that the dosage was at an appropriate level? - agranulocytosis - cardiac arrhythmia - seizures - involuntary muscle movements

involuntary muscle movements

Which of the following drugs produces the most rapid--yet shortest-acting--effect on symptoms of depression? - iproniazid - fluoxetine - monoamine oxidase inhibitors - ketamine

ketamine

Smoking is more frequent among those with schizophrenia than in the nonschizophrenic population, probably because ___________. - nicotine normalizes sensory gating - nicotine helps to improve long-term memory functioning - routines are highly ingrained in people with schizophrenia - people with schizophrenia have difficulty evaluating long-term risk

nicotine normalizes sensory gating

Which of the following areas shows abnormalities in OCD? - occipital lobe - hippocampus - orbitofrontal cortex - pineal gland

orbitofrontal cortex

What differentiates Type I schizophrenia from Type II schizophrenia? - positive symptoms and negative symptoms, respectively - early onset and late onset, respectively - genetically based and environmentally based, respectively - disabling and mild severity, respectively

positive symptoms and negative symptoms, respectively

The MAOI antidepressant isocarboxazid (Marplan) would have what effect on depression? - block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine - stimulate serotonin production at the synapse - metabolize into nicotine to activate nicotinic resceptors - prevent the destruction of excess monoamines at axon terminals

prevent the destruction of excess monoamines at axon terminals

The decrease in coordination and communication between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of individuals with schizophrenia is partly due to ___________. - reductions in glia cells - decreases in serotonin productivity - reductions in myelinated axons - decreases in myelinated cell bodies

reductions in myelinated axons

What type of effects differentiate second generation or atypical antipsychotics from traditional antipsychotics? - serotonergic - dopaminergic - glutamate-regulating - GABA-inhibiting

serotonergic

Genes for which neurotransmitter are most implicated in the anxiety disorders? - glutamate - serotonin - dopamine - adenosine

serotonin

Individuals who carry the VAL66MET allele, _____________. - are especially resilient to traumatic stress - are mostly men - show resistance to fear extinction procedures - show a hyperactive connection between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala

show resistance to fear extinction procedures

The ___________ has been suggested as the switch controlling bipolar cycles. - subgenual prefrontal cortex - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - caudate nucleus - amygdala

subgenual prefrontal cortex

Rob has a significantly low level of 5-HIAA. His therapist should be most concerned about _____________. - suicidal impulses - schizophrenia-related hallucinations - panic attacks - manic behavior

suicidal impulses

In the U.S., what outcome followed a 22% decrease in SSRI prescriptions to adolescents? - total brain activity increased in adolescents - suicide rates of adolescents increased - adolescents suffered accelerated volume reduction in the hippocampus - diagnosis rates for adolescent depression plateaued

suicide rates of adolescents increased

Which is most strongly associated with patients suffering from schizophrenia? - hyperfrontality - autumn birth effect - grandiosity - suicide risk

suicide risk

At the level or neural functioning, ECT ____________. - increases the sensitivity of autoreceptors on dopamine and norepinephrine neurons - decreases GABA concentrations in the brain - synchronizes neuronal firing over large areas of the brain - decreases the sensitivity of serotonin postsynaptic receptors

synchronizes neuronal firing over large areas of the brain

The high concordance rate for affective disorders in identical twins drops only slightly when they are reared apart, suggesting that ___________. - the most important environmental influences have already occurred - environmental influence is very weak throughout the life course - when one twin is diagnosed, the other twin will be diagnosed at some point in their life - the environmental differences are created by the genetic differences

the most important environmental influences have already occurred

The idea that genes may predispose a person toward schizophrenia but the environment contributes as well is called the ___________ model. - continuum - trigger - etiology - vulnerability

vulnerability

In the U.S., the annual economic burden of schizophrenia amounts to ___________. - $165 thousand - $150 trillion - $100 - $156 billion

$156 billion

__________ are more often afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder. - Boys - Adults - Children - Girls

Boys

Which of the following is a reported reason as to why adolescence is a particularly significant period in the development of schizophrenia? - Substance use typically begins in this period. - Frontal myelination is occurring during this period. - Hormonal changes occur. - Sexual activity begins during this time, which can increase stress levels.

Frontal myelination is occurring during this period.

Prolonged suffering from PTSD can particularly damage which area of the brain? - Hippocampus - Amygdala - Insular cortex - Anterior cingulate cortex

Hippocampus

What factor impacts the effectiveness of dopamine-blocking drugs in schizophrenia treatment? - They eventually trigger the formation of new D2 receptors. - Tardive dyskinesia decreases the effectiveness of these drugs. - Patients with low levels of receptor blocking may still respond to the drugs. - Some patients with schizophrenia have a dopamine deficiency.

Some patients with schizophrenia have a dopamine deficiency.

Although visual hallucinations are not as common as auditory ones, the visual hallucinations may be due to ____________. - activity in the occipital lobes - lack of local connections in the temporal lobes - lack of local connectivity in the visual cortex - the hypofrontality effect

activity in the occipital lobes

Which of the following areas of the brain shows increased activity in individuals suffering from PTSD? - thalamus - amygdala - hypothalamus - hippocampus

amygdala

Michael is frustrated and pacing his bedroom because he has had the same line of a pop song he hates intruding in his thoughts for three hours now. He is growing increasingly anxious that it won't ever leave his head. What type of behavior is this? - paranoia - a phobia - an obsession - a compulsion

an obsession

Which of the following is least characteristic of schizophrenia? - paranoia - lack of emotion - hallucinations - anxiety

anxiety

Chronic symptoms of schizophrenia ___________. - are likely to develop gradually - are typically more responsive to treatment - often have a good prognosis - are more common in men than women

are likely to develop gradually

The heritability factor in most studies of schizophrenia is ___________. - 5-10% - 60-90% - 25-50% - 90-100%

60-90%

The first antidepressant was _____________, a drug originally developed as a treatment for tuberculosis. - Iproniazid - Amphetamine - Fluoxetine - L-tryptophan

Iproniazid

Larry was diagnosed with OCD. What might his doctor tell him regarding the diagnosis? - It may occur following head injury. - It involves problems in the occipital lobe. - There is most likely an environmental component. - It can have an acute onset in adults after a bacterial infection.

It may occur following head injury.

_______________ disorders include Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and borderline personality disorder. - Affective - Psychotic - Stress-related - Personality

Personality

The most effective pharmacological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is/are ____________. - SSRIs - benzodiazepines - lithium - drugs that increase glutamate

SSRIs

Which neurotransmitters are out of balance for individuals suffering from borderline personality disorder? (NOTE- you may have to select more than one answer for full credit.) - Serotonin - Dopamine - Epinephrine - Acetylcholine - GABA - Norepinephrine

Serotonin and Dopamine

Rico hears voices on the radio mocking him for embarrassing himself at dinner with his partner's parents. He checks the radio and sees that it is unplugged, but the people on the radio just keep laughing at him. What is the current understanding of the source of these voices? - His auditory area is oscillating in synchrony with other brain areas, causing him to hear unpredictable noises. - These are his own thoughts, misinterpreted as an outside noise from another person. - External noises are given excessive significance, so they are perceived as voices. - His brain is stuck in a memory loop, recycling criticisms he has heard from others and projecting them outward.

These are his own thoughts, misinterpreted as an outside noise from another person.