Physiology (BIO 365S) chapter 1
tissue
A collection of cells, usually held together by cell junctions, that works together to achieve a common purpose.
diabetes mellitus
Disease characterized by lack of or abnormal action of insulin.
mass flow
mass flow equals concentration times volume flow.
body temperature
normal human body temperature is 37 C or 98.6 C.
cell membrane
the cell membrane that serves as both a gateway and a barrier for substances moving into and out of the cell.
immune system
the cells and tissues and their products that defend the body against invaders.
endocrine system
the cells and tissues of the body that secrete hormones.
intergrating center
the control center that evaluates incoming signal and decides on an appropriate response.
Biological rhythm
the cyclic variation of a biological process
stimulus
the disturbance or change that sets a reflex in motion.
excretion
the elimination of material from the body at the lungs, skin, intestine, or kidneys.
blind study
An experiment in which the subject does not know if he or she is receiving the experimental treatment or a placebo
teleogical approach
Describing physiological processes by their purpose rather than their mechanism.
dependent variable
The Y-axis variable that is dependent on the manipulated or independent variable.
positive feedback loop
a feedback loop in which the response reinforces the stimulus, triggering a vicious cycle of ever-increasing response.
negative feedback
a homeostatic feedback loop designed to keep the system at or near a setpoint.
clearance
a measurement of the disappearance of a substance from the blood, expressed as milliliters of plasma cleared of solute per unit time.
tissue factor
a protein-phospholipid mixture released by damaged blood vessel walls.
load
a weight or force that opposes contraction of a muscle.
systemic
adjective referring to something that occurs body wide.
nocebo effect.
adverse effect that occurs because the patient expects it to.
feedforward control
anticipatory responses that start a response loop in anticipation of a change that is about to occur.
translational research
applies basic biomedical research findings to treatment and prevention of human diseases.
circadian rhythm
biological rhythm based on a 24-hour cycle
response loop
control pathway that begins with the stimulus and ends with the response.
double-blind crossover study
double-blind experiment in which the subjects switch between experimental treatment and placebo halfway through the study.
double-blind study
experimental design in which neither the subject nor the researcher knows who is getting the experimental treatment and who is getting the placebo.
crossover study
experimental design in which the subjects spend half the time on the experimental treatment and half the time on placebo
intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within the cells.
histogram
graph that quantifies the distribution of one variable over a range of values.
organ
group of tissues that carries out related functions.
local control
homeostatic control that takes place strictly at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals.
law of mass balance
if the amount of a substance in the body remains constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.
mass balance, law of
if the amount of a substance in the body remains constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.
feedback loop.
information about a homeostatic response that is sent back to the intergrating center.
data
information or facts gathered during an experiment.
nervous system
network of billions or trillions of nerve cells linked together in a highly organized manner to form the rapid control system of the body.
insulin
pancreatic hormone that decreases plasma glucose concentration.
control
part of an experiment designed to ensure that any observed changes are due to the experimental manipulation and not to an outside factor.
integumentary system
see also skin
molecular interaction
see also specific type.
emergent property
some property of system that cannot be predicted from the simple sum of its parts.
meta-analysis
statistical technique that combines data from multiple studies to look for trends.
prospective study
study recruits healthy subjects and watches for development of disease.
retrospective study
study that compares people with a disease to healthy controls.
homeostasis
the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
mechanistic approach
the ability to explain the mechanisms that underlie physiological events.
cell
the basic functional unit of most living organisms.
plasma membrane
the cell membrane that serves as both a gateway and a barrier for substance moving into and out of the cell. synonym: cell membrane.
external environment
the environment surrounding the body.
internal environment
the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells of the body.
Cannon, Walter B.
the father of american physiology.
plasma
the fluid portion of the blood.
circulatory system
the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular system
the heart and blood vessels.
compartmentation
the internal division of the body or cell into compartments so that functions can be isolated from one another.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
the internal fluid that surrounds the cells.
urinary system
the kidneys, bladder and accessory structures.
independent variable
the parameter manipulated by the investigator in an experiment; graphed on the x-axis.
proteome
the protein equivalent of the genome; all proteins that can be synthesized from an organisms DNA.
Anatomy
the study of structure
physiology
the study of the normal functioning of living organism and its component parts.
viscosity
thickness or resistance to flow of a solution.
digestive system
those structures involved in ingestion, processing, absorption, and elimination of food.
respiratory system
those structures involved in ventilation and gas exchange
