Physiology (BIO 365S) chapter 1

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tissue

A collection of cells, usually held together by cell junctions, that works together to achieve a common purpose.

diabetes mellitus

Disease characterized by lack of or abnormal action of insulin.

mass flow

mass flow equals concentration times volume flow.

body temperature

normal human body temperature is 37 C or 98.6 C.

cell membrane

the cell membrane that serves as both a gateway and a barrier for substances moving into and out of the cell.

immune system

the cells and tissues and their products that defend the body against invaders.

endocrine system

the cells and tissues of the body that secrete hormones.

intergrating center

the control center that evaluates incoming signal and decides on an appropriate response.

Biological rhythm

the cyclic variation of a biological process

stimulus

the disturbance or change that sets a reflex in motion.

excretion

the elimination of material from the body at the lungs, skin, intestine, or kidneys.

blind study

An experiment in which the subject does not know if he or she is receiving the experimental treatment or a placebo

teleogical approach

Describing physiological processes by their purpose rather than their mechanism.

dependent variable

The Y-axis variable that is dependent on the manipulated or independent variable.

positive feedback loop

a feedback loop in which the response reinforces the stimulus, triggering a vicious cycle of ever-increasing response.

negative feedback

a homeostatic feedback loop designed to keep the system at or near a setpoint.

clearance

a measurement of the disappearance of a substance from the blood, expressed as milliliters of plasma cleared of solute per unit time.

tissue factor

a protein-phospholipid mixture released by damaged blood vessel walls.

load

a weight or force that opposes contraction of a muscle.

systemic

adjective referring to something that occurs body wide.

nocebo effect.

adverse effect that occurs because the patient expects it to.

feedforward control

anticipatory responses that start a response loop in anticipation of a change that is about to occur.

translational research

applies basic biomedical research findings to treatment and prevention of human diseases.

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm based on a 24-hour cycle

response loop

control pathway that begins with the stimulus and ends with the response.

double-blind crossover study

double-blind experiment in which the subjects switch between experimental treatment and placebo halfway through the study.

double-blind study

experimental design in which neither the subject nor the researcher knows who is getting the experimental treatment and who is getting the placebo.

crossover study

experimental design in which the subjects spend half the time on the experimental treatment and half the time on placebo

intracellular fluid (ICF)

fluid within the cells.

histogram

graph that quantifies the distribution of one variable over a range of values.

organ

group of tissues that carries out related functions.

local control

homeostatic control that takes place strictly at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals.

law of mass balance

if the amount of a substance in the body remains constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.

mass balance, law of

if the amount of a substance in the body remains constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.

feedback loop.

information about a homeostatic response that is sent back to the intergrating center.

data

information or facts gathered during an experiment.

nervous system

network of billions or trillions of nerve cells linked together in a highly organized manner to form the rapid control system of the body.

insulin

pancreatic hormone that decreases plasma glucose concentration.

control

part of an experiment designed to ensure that any observed changes are due to the experimental manipulation and not to an outside factor.

integumentary system

see also skin

molecular interaction

see also specific type.

emergent property

some property of system that cannot be predicted from the simple sum of its parts.

meta-analysis

statistical technique that combines data from multiple studies to look for trends.

prospective study

study recruits healthy subjects and watches for development of disease.

retrospective study

study that compares people with a disease to healthy controls.

homeostasis

the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

mechanistic approach

the ability to explain the mechanisms that underlie physiological events.

cell

the basic functional unit of most living organisms.

plasma membrane

the cell membrane that serves as both a gateway and a barrier for substance moving into and out of the cell. synonym: cell membrane.

external environment

the environment surrounding the body.

internal environment

the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells of the body.

Cannon, Walter B.

the father of american physiology.

plasma

the fluid portion of the blood.

circulatory system

the heart and blood vessels

cardiovascular system

the heart and blood vessels.

compartmentation

the internal division of the body or cell into compartments so that functions can be isolated from one another.

extracellular fluid (ECF)

the internal fluid that surrounds the cells.

urinary system

the kidneys, bladder and accessory structures.

independent variable

the parameter manipulated by the investigator in an experiment; graphed on the x-axis.

proteome

the protein equivalent of the genome; all proteins that can be synthesized from an organisms DNA.

Anatomy

the study of structure

physiology

the study of the normal functioning of living organism and its component parts.

viscosity

thickness or resistance to flow of a solution.

digestive system

those structures involved in ingestion, processing, absorption, and elimination of food.

respiratory system

those structures involved in ventilation and gas exchange


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