Physiology chapter 16

Which structures are part of the vestibular complex?

-Semicircular ducts -Saccule -Utricle

structures of CN II in order from anterior to posterior.

1. optic nerve 2.optic chiasm 3.optic tract

Receptors that exhibit rapid adaption to a constant stimulus are ________ receptors.

Phasic

True or false: Unlike other sensory information, olfactory pathways do not project to the thalamus.

True

Hearing and equilibrium are transmitted along which cranial nerve?

VIII

When hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted, they initiate a nerve signal in cranial nerve

VIII

In the light, ________ cells are no longer inhibited and therefore release the neurotransmitter glutamate.

bipolar

Receptors initiate sensory input to the ______.

central nervous system

A _______ shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a _______shaped lens is used to treat myopia.

convex; concave

The lens is ______ when we are viewing faraway objects.

flattened

Ganglion axons of the retina converge to form the _______ nerve.

optic

Accommodation is controlled by the ______ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

The balance receptors in the ear are an example of ______ receptors.

phasic

What type of receptor can undergo adaptation?

phasic

The regeneration of ________ , in cones, occurs much more quickly than the regeneration of ________ in rods; therefore, cone cells are not as negatively affected by bright light as rods.

photopsin, rhodopsin

The process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is ______.

phototransduction

In hyperopia, the eyeball is too ______ and in myopia, the eyeball is too ______ .

short; long

Receptors for general senses are distributed throughout the ______ and viscera.

skin

Mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes are called ______ receptors.

tactile

Neurons in the olfactory bulb travel through the olfactory_______ to the brain.

tract

When the stereocilia of the maculae or the crista ampullaris distort, nerve signals are initiated through the ______ branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

vestibular

Hearing and our sense of balance comes from the stimulation of which cranial nerve?

vestibulocochlear

What cranial nerve is involved with hearing?

vestibulocochlear nerve

Stretch receptors in the stomach would be classified as what type?

visceral sensory

Gustatory information travels through which cranial nerves?

CN VII (Facial nerve) CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)

When the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the ______ cells propagate a nerve signal along the ______ nerve.

Ganglion, optic

In phototransduction, the responds to light stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the neurotransmitter it releases.

Photoreceptor

True or false: All pain receptors are tonic receptors.

True

True or false: In cones, the bleaching reaction occurs as cis-retinal transforms to trans-retinal.

True

The roof of the cochlear duct is formed by the _______ membrane.

Vestibular

Refraction of light for vision is greatest as light rays pass from ______ into the ______ because the difference in their refractive index is maximal.

air; cornea

Sound waves are funneled into the ear by the ______.

auricle

Pain is an example of a ______ sense.

general

Light causes the photoreceptor plasma membranes to ______.

hyperpolarize

When the photoreceptors _______ stop the bipolar cells, the bipolar cells can then release their neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the ganglion cells.

inhibiting

Cranial nerve VIII innervates the ______.

inner ear

Gustatory sensations travel to the ______ of the brain.

insula

Vestibular nerve axons project first to which structures?

medulla oblongata cerebellum

Accommodation is the process of making the lens ______.

more spherical

The vibration of the tympanic membrane causes ______.

movement of the ossicles

LIght rays are _______ when they pass through the lens and the cornea.

refracted

The lens is ______ when we are viewing close-up objects.

rounded

The vestibule contains two structures, the utricle, and

saccule

Which chamber is most superior?

scala vestibuli

What is the most numerous type of receptor?

tactile receptors

What lobe of the brain processes auditory information?

temporal lobe

A feature common to all receptors is ______.

the ability to respond to a stimulus

Somatic receptors are found within ______.

the body wall