Test 3b Quizzes
what is a cohort?
a group of people born at a particular time
an investigatory gives a memory test to college students and then as soon as possible administers the same test to those students' parents and grandparents. this design is best described as
cross sectional
an investigatory who uses a cross sectional design
examines different groups of people at the same time
if children less than one year old get earlier than normal experience of locomotion, such as by crawling, what do they develop earlier than average?
fear of heights
according to piaget's concept, what is accommodation?
fitting an old schema to a new object or problem
according to raymond cantell, the "g" factor in intelligence has two major components
fluid and crystallized
a new worker at consolidated generic products cannot perform any of the company's traditional tasks as well as more experienced workers. however, the new worker learns new skills faster than the older workers. the new worker apparently has a high degree of
fluid intelligence
in contrast to an achievement test, an aptitude test is intended to measure what?
fluid intelligence
if an infant shows a secure attachment in the strange situation, what if anything can we predict about later behavior?
in adulthood, this person is likely to form good romantic relationships
one disadvantage of a cross sectional study over a longitudinal study is that a cross sectional study
it is hard to separate differences due to age from differences due to changes in society
what was jean piaget's summary about children's thinking?
it is qualitatively different from adults'
an investigator measures the moral reasoning of a group of 12 year olds, and four years later measures their moral reasoning again. this study follows which design?
longitudinal
the researcher associated with developing the triarchic theory is
robert sternberg
which of the following facts is the best evidence in favor of the "g" factor in intelligence?
scores on tests of specialized intellectual abilities are all positively correlated with one another
what is meant by crystallized intelligence?
acquired knowledge and the application of that knowledge to familiar problems
stern berg distinguished three types of intelligence; practical, creative, and
analytical
when infants look at a picture of a face, does it matter how realistic the picture is?
anything remotely like a face captures attention equally well
how long are people given when taking the current version of the stanford-binet?
as long as they need
which of the following types of evidence, if found, would offer the strongest support in factor of gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
different intellectual skills reflect different genetic predispositions
according to piaget, children in the concrete operations stage
have trouble with abstract and hypothetical questions
what is the major benefit to a sequential design?
it combines many of the strengths of cross sectional and longitudinal designs
how does alcohol lead to the problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?
it decreases the excitation of neurons, so that they self destruct
in piaget's terminology, what is it that sometimes gets assimilated and sometimes gets accommodated?
a schema
what does a researcher examine in a longitudinal design?
a single group of people at different times
aptitude tests attempt to measure__. achievement tests attempt to measure ___.
ability to learn, skills and knowledge already learned
which of the following is often a cause of brain abnormalities in newborns?
the mother drank much alcohol during pregnancy
what is meant by fluid intelligence?
the ability to reason, use knowledge, and gain more information
what causes the first muscles movements by a human fetus?
the brain produces them spontaneously before the senses mature
a 6 month old watches a toy car go down a track, behind a curtain, and apparently through a block that should stop it. how does the child react and what conclusion do psychologists draw?
the child stares longer than usual. the impossible result surprised the child
what is the mean iq score on the stanford-binet test?
100
many psychologists now argue that parents' actions have little effect on their children's personality. what is the main evidence for this conclusion?
adopted children's personality correlates poorly with that of the adopting parents
experimenters played a melody for fetuses to hear in the weeks before birth. what was the result?
after birth, they showed a stronger heart rate response to the familiar tune
a child who is familiar with an iPad tries to control a television in the same way. she is showing
assimilation
according to piaget, applying an old schema to a new object or problem is called
assimilation
which of these does the strange situation evaluate?
attachment between a child and mother or other adult
which of the following would piaget describe as an egocentric thought?
birds sing so that i can hear them
one advantage of a cross sectional study over a longitudinal study is that a cross sectional study
can be completed more quickly
jean piaget's main emphasis was that
children in different stages think in different ways
iq tests were originally devised to help identify
children who belonged in special classes
according to stern berg's triarchic theory, in order to understand intelligence we must consider the situations that require intelligence, how intelligence relates to the outside world, and the
cognitive processes within the individual
the people born in the 1990s have different interests and attitudes than the people born in the 1950s. this is due to a difference in
cohorts
according to piaget, a child who has mastered the principle of conservation but who has limitations on abstract thought is in which stage of cognitive development?
concrete operations
dr publisher reports a study comparing 3 year old, 5 year old, and 7 year old children, all tested at the same time. which kind of research design is this?
cross sectional
suppose you wish to study personality development, but you worry that you might accidentally select different kinds of people at different ages. which experimental design should you use?
cross sectional
an experienced taxi driver becomes more skilled at finding various addresses within a city, without improving other intellectual skills. we can say that the driver has increased his or her
crystallized intelligence
extensive practice at computer programming improves that skill without much effect on any other kind of performance. therefore we classify the improved programming skill as
crystallized intelligence
according to cat tell, if we examine the intelligence of a person at age 20 and again at age 50, we are most likely to find
decreasing fluid intelligence but steady or increasing crystallized intelligence
which of these attracts the most attention by a 2 day old human infant?
drawing of a human face
the thought processes of an adult are more like those of children in which of piaget's stages?
formal operations
which of piaget's stages of cognitive development do people reach last (at age 11 or later)?
formal operations
when spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence, what did the "g" stand for?
general
after several repetitions of a sound, it produces less arousal. a slightly changed sound may produce more arousal. what do we call the original decrease and the later increase?
habituation...dishabituation
what evidence suggests that many 2 year old children have a "sense of self"?
if they see a spot on their face in the mirror, they touch their own face
according to current evidence, under which of these conditions if any do children suffer a significant disadvantage in their social and emotional development?
if they were raised by a single parent
first maxi saw chocolate in the blue cupboard. while he was absent, his mother moved it to the green cupboard. what does it mean if a child says maxi will return and look in the green cupboard?
it means the child does not have theory of mind
what can a newborn infant (less than 3 days old) learn to do, if anything?
it sucks on a nipple that turns on a recording of its mother's voice
which of the following can a 2 month old infant learn to do?
lick one leg to keep a mobile moving
a psychologist studies 21 children on their first day of school, and examines the same children again on the last day. this is a __ research design
longitudinal
suppose researchers want to compare the abilities of 60 year olds to those of 80 year olds but they worry about finding equivalent samples at the two ages. to minimize that problem, the best design for this study would be
longitudinal
what is true of an item on the stanford inet iq test designated as "age 8"?
most 8 year olds answer it correctly
according to current evidence, what is likely for the psychological development of children reared by a single parent or by a gay or lesbian couple?
most have a difficult adjustment in childhood, but seem normal as adults
what is probably the main reason why adolescents make many risky choices?
peer pressure
what is the main assumption of howard gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
people have a number of unrelated forms of intelligence
tragedy will never strike me, i will succeed in all my ambitions, everyone notices how i look. according to david elkind, these beliefs are part of the adolescent's
personal fable
according to piaget, how can we determine whether a child understands object permanence?
place a toy behind a barrier and see whether the child retrieves it
what did piaget mean by the term "egocentric"?
seeing the world from only your own perspective
according to piaget, children in which stage of development respond only to what they see and hear at the moment, rather than what they might remember?
sensorimotor
the order of stages in piaget's theory of development is
sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations formal operations
a researcher studies children of several ages, and then studies the same children five and ten years later. what research design is this?
sequential
an investigator who wishes to determine whether a child understands the concept of conservation would be most likely to do which of the following?
show the child two equal rows of coins and then spread out one row and ask whether the rows are still the same
erik erikson's eight stages of human development death with which aspect of behavior?
social and emotional conflicts
the early iq tests developed in france and modified for english speakers became the first important iq test in the english language. this new version was the
stanford binet
mary ainsworth devised a test of attachment in which the mother and an infant enter a room with toys, a stranger enters, the mother and stranger leave, the stranger returns, and finally the mother returns. what is this procedure called?
strange situation
people differ greatly in their tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved. these tendencies are known as
temperament
according to piaget, a child who has the concept of conservation understands which of these?
the weight and mass of an object stays the same when the shape changes
what was originally, and still is, the main purpose of IQ tests?
to predict performance in school
according to david elkind, the personal fable of adolescents is the belief that
what is true for everyone else is not true for me