Physiology exam 1

What is an organ composed of?

Composed of 2 or more tissue types - designed to perform a specific task

Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops

Negative feedback is widely used and opposes the initial change whereas positive feedback is less common and the output amplifies a change so that the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change

What type of fluid resides within the cells?

intracellular

Where does translation occur?

ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

Both are nucleic acids and house information crucial to the cell. However, DNA is a doubles stranded helix with deoxyribose for its sugar. It has the base thymine. RNA is single-stranded and has uracil in place of thymine. Its sugar is ribose.

​How is O2(oxygen) transported across the lung membrane?

By diffusion

Identify a hypertonic environment

Higher concentration of solute and lower concentration of water

Compare and contrast intrinsic and extrinsic control systems

Intrinsic (local) controls is built into an organ whereas extrinsic (systemic) controls initiated outside of an organ to alter the organ's activity

What happens to glucose during glycolysis?

It splits into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which each has 3 carbon atoms

Where is the mitochondria located in the cell?

cytoplasm

A cell's cytoplasm consists of ____.

cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton

​What is primary active transport?

energy is directly required to move a substance against its concentration gradient.

The fluid outside the cells is called ____________________ fluid.​

extracellular fluid

How are anatomy and physiology related?

form and function are closely related in all living things.

How does ATP store energy?

in the form of high energy phosphate bonds

What is an organ system composed of?

organs

Which structure separates a cell from its external environment?

plasma membrane

What are the cell's three major parts?

plasma membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.

​What is the smallest structural/functional unit capable of carrying out life processes?

A cell

What is an exocrine gland?

A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body surface.

What is an endocrine gland?

A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream.

What is ATP composed of?

A ribose of five-carbon sugars, adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

What channel does protein water move through?

Aquaporins

Compare and contrast facilitate diffusion and active transport.

Facilitate diffusion occurs through a concentration gradient whereas active transport occurs against the concentration gradient by using energy from ATP.

What are tissues?

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

What is tissue composed of?

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function and embedded in an extracellular matrix

Identify a Hypotonic environment

Lower concentration of solute and higher concentration of water

Identify an isotonic environment.

No net movement of water

What do human cells require to carry out energy-yielding chemical reactions?

Oxygen

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of stacks of relatively flattened interconnected sacs, smooth ER is a meshwork of tiny interconnected tubules.

What is physiology?

The study of how living things function (focuses on the underlying mechanisms)

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

What is a codon?

a DNA or RNA sequence of 3 nucleotides that correspond with a specific amino acid or stop signal during a protein synthesis

What is a amphipathic molecule?

a molecule that has both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region

What is glucose?

a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

double membraned structure where the inner membrane is highly folded into cristae to increase inner surface area.

What does tranfer RNA do?

translate mRNA code linking specific bases on the mRNA with specific amino acids that will be used to build protein.