physiology final chapter 23 Immune System

humoral immunity memory/vaccination

1.advantage quicker stronger 2. inactive dead or weak pathogen, first response harmless, produced antibodies and memory cells -later on-fast subsequent response produces anitbodoes and memory cells active immunity-active response to same sort of exposure, cold viruses long term immunity vaccination passive immunity- recieve antibodies from other organism short term immunity example: antivenom

immune disorders-autoimmune disease

DIAMGRAM!!!! lupis, rheumatoid arthritis, chron's disease, multiple sclerosis women 4-1 immune system mistakes a molecule in myelin for a molecule in viruses or bacteria loss of myelin, occurs in central nervous system

Body defenses, non specific-basic

recognize "invaders" as nonself doesnt belong

Introduction

defense: protection from pathogens removal of unneeded, damaged or diseased parts of body would healing, rid of bacteria

Immune System Anatomy

leukocytes: Origin-hemopeotic stem cells, bone marrow -granulocytes: 1.Neutrophils, most common 2.eosinophils, defense against parasites 3. basophils, allergies -Aranulocytes 1. monocytes, differentiate into macrophages 2. lymphocytes B cells-plasma cells, memory cells T cells- 1.helper t cells 2. suppressor t cells 3. cytotoxic cells NK cells- natural killer

Presentation of antigens to T cells Major histocompatability complex molecules

protein:surface of all cells unique:to each person identity tag t cell receptors-react with MHC DIAGRAM -virus infected cell-admits infected, death------cytotoxic t cell attaches and kills cell -Macrophage, antigen-presenting cell, if receptor has some antigen then cytotoxic cell will blow up

Lymphoid tissues

sites for some immune cells 1. central lymphoid tissues, a. bone marrow-production of cells b. thymus-migrate 2. peripheral lymphoid tissues a. lymph nodes-swell up for viruses b. tonsils c.spleen d. patches in GI tract

cell mediated immunity

targets: own cells and foreign cells major participants: helper t cells-enhance and suppressor t cells limit Cytotoxic t cells-chemical message destroy body cells that have become cancerous, that have been injured by us, that have been infected with bacteria, and that have been troubled by viruses---transplanted from a donor

humoral immunity continued

-secretion of lymphocytes-large and complex proteins that bind to specific antigens called antibodies which are produced by plasma cells -antibodies, constant regions always, variable regions, change variety of regions antigens are bound -antigen binding sites-will vary based on the million of antibodies Binding to epitopes: sites on antigens where variable parts of antibodies fit Targets:bacteria, toxins, viruses antibodies:globular proteins of immune system immunoglobulin=immune system globular proteins IGE=EMPHASIZES ALERGIES

non specific defenses 1 and 2

1. barriers-skin lining of GI tract, lining of respiratory tract 2. inflammation-hallmark of immune responses a. macrophages arrive, phagocytosis b. local blood vessels dilate, more blood flow histamine blood flow goes up, capillary walls get leakier edema c. confinement of invaders wall off limit spreading blood clotting d. summon more WBCs e. attachment WBCs adhere to wall of capillaries f. diapedesis WBCs squeeze through walls of capillaries g. chemotoxis WBCs head toward attracted to activity AFTERMATH OF BATTLE WOUND HEALING

non specific defenses 3-5 secreted proteins

3. interferonss-help protect against vital infections and cancer, activated T cells interferons acts as enzymes that degrade viral RNA, interferons act as inhibitors of viruses Destroy viral infected cells and cancer cells, stimulate macrophages and lymphocytes 4. Natural killer cells, recognize virus, cancer, and bacteria cells release proteins called perforins, form pores in plasma membranes of target cells extracellular fluid can enter, abnormal cells swell up, burst, and die 5. complement-group of plasma proteins that help destroy bacterial cells inactive form attaches to carbohydrates on surfaces of bactera, series of steps that activate membrane attach complex(MAC) MAC form pore in membrane of bacterial cells fluid flows in bacteria, swells up and bursts, macrophages clean up

immune disorders-allergy

DIAAAGRAMMM!!!

how plasma cells are produced

DIAGRAM!!!!! 1. invasion of bacterial antigens 2. microphages-phagocytosis 3. antigen epitopes to helper t cells 4. activated helper t cells stimulate B Cells 5. B cell binds to epitopes antigen 6. activated B cell becomes plasma cell 7. plasma cells release antibodies

Humoral Immunity

Humor-body fluid, relies on immune system agents carried by body fluids blood and lymph Lymphocytes are major participants in humoral immune responses 1. macrophages-engulf by phagocytes 2. helper t cells 3. suppressor t cells-keep immune system under control 4. b cells, plasma and memory antigens-protein or sugar molecules from viruses, bacteria, cancer cells, fungi, parasites, pollen, can be found by antibodies or receptors antibodies and antigen receptors on plasma membranes of lymphocytes

Specific defenses

Specificity-directed against specific targets diversity-directed against diverse specific targets memory-directed against same targets if they revisit us

Humoral immunity SPECIFICITY

antibodies bind to antigens and bacteria will not kill but will bind 1. neutrolization-bind to antigens 2. agglutination-mass of antibodies and antigens 3. opsonization-attracts hungry macrophages, stimulate phagocytosis 4.antibody activation of complement-backup, specific target 5. NK cell stimulation-secrete perforin inserts pores in membranes

Miscellaneous

apatosis-death by suicide AIDS- autoimmune deficient syndrome HIV- human immunodeficiency virus, affects CD4 helper t cells keep CD4 high Cd4- strong, no virus when replicated but will go through a fire death then other will rush and die as well

DIAGRAM FROM LAST PAGE OF CHAPTER

get rid of cells with virus, helper t cells receptor matches with MHC CD4 element handshake, stimulate white blood cells, specific response will activate cytotoxic T cells stimulated by CD4 MHC will be connected to helper t and release perforins which will form pores CD8 reinforce reaction fragments will then enter through pores and initiate infected cells

Humoral immunity Diverisity

on each t cell or b cell-----a lot of antigen receptors during cell development, many families "clones" of lymphocytes produced WBC in each family-police force

humoral immunity self-tolerance

preventing t cells and B cells from attacking body's healthy cells testing during development-cells with receptors that might bind with self antigens