plant test
Underground horizontal stems are called runners. stolons. rhizomes. tubers.
rhizomes
The pericarp is the ovary wall. developing seed coat. ovary. mature endosperm.
a. ovary wall
Protoplasts are plant cells that lack nuclei. cell walls. plasma membranes. protoplasm.
cell walls
sieve tube members are associated with what cells?
companion cells
how are the vessels of the xylem arranged?
continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end to end (they are shorter and wider than tracheids)
what are lenticels?
cork cambium produces un-suberized cells that permit gas exchange to continue
what is the dermal tissue covered with?
fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle
what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?
fibers and sclereids
what is the function of phloem?
food conducting tissue
The xylem typically includes ____ & ______ cells
ground and parenchyma
The integuments of an ovule will develop into the embryo. endosperm. fruit. seed coat.
d. seed coat
what are tracheids?
dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another
what is the major distinguishing feature between monocot and eudicot stems?
organization of the vascular tissue system
what is the function of dermal tissue?
outer protective cover
what is the most common type of plant cell?
parenchyma
what do apical meristems give rise to?
primary tissue which are collectively called the primary plant body
what are lateral meristems?
produce and increase in shoot and root diameter
what is the function of the root cap?
protection of the delicate tissues behind it and perception of gravity
what does the apical meristem cells divide into?
protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
what happens in the zone of elongation?
roots lengthen because cells become several times longer than wide
what is transpiration?
diffusion of water vapor from plant
When you peel your potatoes for dinner, you are removing the majority of their a. dermal tissue. b. vascular tissue. c. ground tissue. d. Only a and b are removed with the peel. e. All of these are removed with the peel.
e.
what do lateral meristems give rise to?
secondary tissues or secondary plant body
what is the main component of wood?
secondary xylem
Angiosperm plants that contain both male and female flowers are called a. dioecious. b. monoecious. c. complete. d. androgenous.
b. monoecious
The seed coat arises from differentiation of _____ tissue. ovule suspensor metagametophyte carpel
a. ovule
Root hairs and lateral roots are similar in each respect except a. both increase the absorptive surface area of the root system. b. both are generally long-lived. c. both are multicellular. d. Both b and c are correct.
b.
where are apical meristems located?
tips of stems and roots
what is the stele?
tissues interior to endodermis
what are root hairs?
tubular extensions of the individual epidermal cells
what are characteristics of the zone of maturation?
very thin cuticle root hair and non-hair cells inner boundary becomes endodermis
xylem is the main tissue that transports ___________.
water
what are the 2 main types of vascular tissue?
xylem phloem
The repeating unit of the vegetative shoot contains all of the following except a. internode. b. leaf. c. axillary bud. d. flowers.
D. flowers
what do collenchyma cells allow?
bending without breaking
After the first mitotic division of the zygote, the larger of the two cells becomes the embryo. endosperm. suspensor. micropyle.
c. suspensor
The formation of an air bubble is the xylem is called agitation. cohesion. adhesion. cavitation.
cavitation
what special cells are housed in the dermal tissue?
guard cells trichomes root hairs
how long may protoplasts live?
many years
what are meristems?
- clumps of small cells dense cytoplasm and large nuclei - extension of shoot and root produced by apical meristems
what are the 3 basic plant tissue types?
1. dermal 2. ground 3. vascular
what are the three types of ground tissue?
1. parenchyma 2. collenchyma 3. sclerenchyma
what are the 3 primary meristems?
1. protoderm (forms epidermis0 2. procambrium (produces primary vascular tissue) 3. ground meristem (differentiates into ground tissue)
what are the four regions of growth in the root?
1. root cap 2. zone of cell division 3. zone of elongation 4. zone of maturation
A plant that produces two axillary buds at a node is said to have what type of leaf arrangement? a. Opposite b. Alternate c. Whorled d. Palmate
a.
Embryo growth in the seed is arrested because a. the seed coat prevents further tissue expansion. b. of severe desiccation. c. stored food is depleted. d. temperatures are too low.
a.
Endosperm is produced by the union of a. a central cell with a sperm cell. b. a sperm cell with a synergid cell. c. an egg cell with a sperm cell. d. a suspensor with an egg cell.
a.
How do annuals and biennial plants differ from perennials? Annuals and biennials flower only once and then die. Annuals and biennials live for 2 years. Annuals and biennials can overwinter. Annuals and biennials can live for up to 20 years.
a.
In vascular plant leaves, gases enter and leave the plant through pores called a. stomata. b. meristems. c. trichomes. d. lenticles.
a.
Sexual reproduction in angiosperms requires a. pollen. b. rhizomes. c. apomixis. d. fruit.
a.
The function of guard cells is to a. allow carbon dioxide uptake. b. repel insects and other herbivores. c. support leaf tissue. d. allow water uptake.
a.
The ground tissue that carries out most of the metabolic and storage functions is a. parenchyma cells. b. collenchyma cells. c. sclerenchyma cells. d. sclerid cells.
a.
You've just bought a house with a great view of the mountains, but you have a neighbor who planted a bunch of trees that are now blocking your view. In an attempt to ultimately remove the trees and remain unlinked to the deed, you begin training several porcupines to enter the yard under the cover of night and perform a stealth operation. In order to most effectively kill the trees, you should train the porcupines to completely remove a. the vascular cambium. b. the cork. c. the cork cambium. d. the primary phloem.
a.
Water movement through cell walls is apoplastic. symplastic. both a and b. neither a nor b.
a. apoplastic
The emerging shoot of a monocot is protected by a tissue layer not present in dicots called the coleoriza. hypocotyl. coleoptile. root tip.
a. coleoriza
Senescence refers to plant death. reproductive growth. pollination. the accumulation of storage reserves.
a. plant death
Stomata open when guard cells take up potassium. lose potassium. take up sugars. lose sugars.
a. take up potassium
Strawberries are berries. drupes. samara. aggregates.
aggregates
Structures that allow plants to carry out photosynthesis below the ground include a. rhizomes. b. chloroplast-rich root dermal cells. c. window leaves. d. tubers.
all of the above
Asexual reproduction is likely to be most common in which ecosystem? Tropical rainforest Temperate grassland Arctic tundra Deciduous forest
arctic tundra
Plant organs form by a. cell division in gamete tissue. b. cell division in meristematic tissue. c. cell migration into the appropriate position in the tissue. d. eliminating chromosomes in the precursor cells.
b
A bract is a. an inconspicuous flower. b. a leaf. c. a spine. d. a petal.
b.
How would a loss-of-function mutation in the α-amylase gene affect seed germination? a. The seed could not imbibe water. b. The embryo would starve. c. The seed coat would not rupture. d. The seed would germinate prematurely.
b.
One of the most notable differences between gamete formation in most animals and gamete formation in plants is that a. plants produce gametes in somatic tissue, whereas animals produce gametes in germ tissue. b. plants produce gametes by mitosis, whereas animals produce gametes by meiosis. c. plants produce only one of each gamete, but animals produce many gametes. d. plants produce gametes that are diploid, but animals produce gametes that are haploid.
b.
Palisade and spongy parenchyma are typically found in the mesophyll of a. monocots. b. eudicots. c. monocots and eudicots. d. neither monocots or eudicots
b.
Plant cell types can be distinguished by all of the following except a. vacuole size. b. identity of peroxisomes. c. cell wall thickness. d. vitality at maturity.
b.
Roots differ from stems because roots lack a. vessel elements. b. nodes. c. an epidermis. d. ground tissue.
b.
What will happen if a cell with a solute potential of -0.4 MPa and a pressure potential of 0.2 MPa is placed in a chamber filled with pure water that is pressurized with 0.5 MPa? a. Water will flow out of the cell. b. Water will flow into the cell. c. The cell will be crushed. d. The cell will explode.
b.
What would be the consequence of removing the Casparian strip? a. Water and mineral nutrients would not be able to reach the xylem. b. There would be less selectivity as to what passed into the xylem. c. Water and mineral nutrients would be lost from the xylem back into the soil. d. Water and mineral nutrients would no longer be able to pass through the cell walls of the endodermis.
b.
When Charles and Francis Darwin investigated phototropisms in plants, they discovered that a. auxin was responsible for light-dependent growth. b. light was detected at the shoot tip of a plant. c. light was detected below the shoot tip of a plant. d. only red light stimulated phototropism.
b.
Which is the correct sequence of cell types encountered in an oak tree, moving from the center of the tree out? a. Pith, secondary xylem, primary xylem, vascular cambium, primary phloem, secondary phloem, cork cambium, cork b. Pith, primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cork cambium, cork c. Pith, primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cork, cork cambium d. Pith, primary phloem secondary phloem, vascular cambium, secondary xylem, primary xylem, cork cambium, cork
b.
Which of the following is not an adaptation to a high saline environment? a. Secretion of salts b. Lowering of root water potential c. Exclusion of salt d. Production of pneumatophores
b.
Which of the following statements is not true of the stems of vascular plants a. Stems are composed of repeating segments, including nodes and internodes. b. Primary growth only occurs at the shoot apical meristem. c. Vascular tissues may be arranged on the outside of the stem or scattered throughout the stem. d. Stems can contain stomata.
b.
Why are seeds an important evolutionary improvement over spores? a. because they contain little water b. because they can remain dormant until conditions are right for germination c. because seeds such as beans, corn, and rice are important food resources d. because seeds can be far larger than spores
b.
Guttation is most likely to be observed on cold winter day. cool summer night. warm sunny day. warm cloudy day.
b. cool summer night
When pollen from the anther of one flower pollinates the stigma of a different flower, the process is called stigmatization. outcrossing. self-pollination. wind pollination.
b. outcrossing
The first division of the fertilized egg produces two cells, one larger than the other. The larger one divides repeatedly to form a ball of cells. a suspensor. endosperm. the gametophyte.
b. suspensor
A plant must expend energy to drive transpiration. translocation. both transpiration and translocation. neither transpiration nor translocation.
b. translocation
Auxin promotes plant growth toward a light source by a. increasing cell division rates on the shaded side of the stem. b. shortening the cells on the light side of the stem. c. causing cells on the shaded side of the stem to elongate. d. decreasing the rate of cell division on the light side of the stem.
c
Root hairs form in the zone of a. cell division. b. elongation. c. maturation. d. More than one of the above.
c
Stems bend away from gravity because of a. increased auxin on the upper side. b. decreased auxin on the upper side. c. increased auxin on the lower side. d. decreased auxin on the lower side.
c
A plant lacking the WOODEN LEG gene will likely a. be incapable of transporting water to its leaves. b. lack xylem and phloem. c. be incapable of transporting photosynthate. d. All of the above.
c.
A unique feature of plants is indeterminate growth. Indeterminate growth is possible because a.meristematic regions for primary growth occur throughout the entire plant body. b. all cell types in a plant often give rise to meristematic tissue. c. meristematic cells continually replace themselves. d. all cells in a plant continue to divide indefinitely.
c.
Flowering competence means the plant a. has successfully produced viable flowers. b. has had its flowers mature into fruit. c. is capable of producing flowers. d. has only germinated from the seed.
c.
If you could override the control mechanisms that open stomata and force them to remain closed, what would you expect to happen to the plant? a. Sugar synthesis would likely slow down. b. Water transport would likely slow down. c. Both a and b could be the result of keeping stomata closed. d. Neither a nor b would be the result of keeping stomata closed.
c.
Leaves are an extension of a. meristematic tissue. b. the axillary bud. c. the shoot apical meristem. d. the microphyll
c.
The tensile strength of a column of water a. varies directly with the diameter of the column. b. varies directly with the height of the column. c. varies inversely with the diameter of the column. d. varies inversely with the height of the column.
c.
The water potential of a plant cell is the a. sum of the membrane potential and gravity. b. difference between membrane potential and gravity. c. sum of the pressure potential and solute potential. d. difference between pressure potential and solute potential.
c.
Which of the following is not a factor that promotes outcrossing in angiosperms? a. having dioecious plants b. asexual reproduction c. physical separation of stamens and carpels d. genetic self-incompatibility
c.
in vascular plants, one difference between root and shoot systems is that a.root systems cannot undergo secondary growth. b. root systems undergo secondary growth, but do not form bark. c. root systems contain pronounced zones of cell elongation, whereas shoot systems do not. d. root systems can store food reserves, whereas stem structures do not.
c.
During seed germination, this hormone produces the signal for the aleurone to begin starch breakdown. Abscisic acid Ethylene Gibberellic acid Auxin
c. Gibberellic acid
You are performing an experiment to determine the nutrient requirements for a newly discovered plant and find that for some reason your plants die if you leave boron out of the growth medium but do fine with as low as 5 ppm in solution. This suggests that boron is an essential macronutrient. a nonessential micronutrient. an essential micronutrient. a nonessential macronutrient.
c. an essential micronutrient
The shoot tip of an emerging maize seedling is protected by hypocotyl. epicotyl. coleoptile. plumule.
c. coleptile
Perennial plants are always herbaceous. always woody. either herbaceous or woody. neither herbaceous nor woody.
c. herbaceous or woody
what are trichomes?
cellular or multicellular hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis
what are the two types of cells that are continuously formed by the root apical meristem?
columella cells(inner) root cap cells (outer lateral)
what is the function of vascular tissue?
conducts fluid and dissolved substances
woody plants have two types of lateral meristems which are called what?
cork cambium (outer bark) vascular cambium
what is the periderm?
cork cambium, cork and phelloderm ; forms outer bark
Fruits are complex organs that are specialized for dispersal of seeds. Which of the following plant tissues does not contribute to mature fruit? a. Sporophytic tissue from the previous generation b. Gametophytic tissue from the previous generation c. Sporophytic tissue from the next generation d. Gametophytic tissue from the next generation
d
Cells of the __________ regulate the flow of water laterally between the vascular tissues and the cell layers in the outer portion of the root. a. periderm b. endodermis c. pericycle d. xylem
d.
Megaspores are produced in a. anthers by mitosis. b. anthers by meiosis. c. ovules by mitosis. d. ovules by meiosis.
d.
The food-conducting cells in an oak tree are called a. tracheids. b. vessels. c. companion cells. d. sieve-tube members.
d.
Unlike bee-pollinated flowers, bird-pollinated flowers a. produce a strong fragrance. b. contain a landing pad. c. produce a bull's-eye pattern. d. are red.
d.
Which cells lack living protoplasts at maturity? a. Parenchyma b. Companion c. Collenchyma d. Sclerenchyma
d.
Which of the following is not a component of a flower? a.Sepal b. Stamen c. Carpel d. Bract
d.
Which of the following is not a modified stem? a. a tuber b. a rhizome c. a stolon d. a bract
d.
Which of the following plant cell type is mismatched to its function? a. Xylem—conducts mineral nutrients b. Phloem—serves as part of the bark c. Trichomes—reduces evaporation d. Collenchyma—performs photosynthesis
d.
You can determine the age of an oak tree by counting the annual rings of _______________ formed by the ____________. a. primary xylem; apical meristem b. secondary phloem; vascular cambium c. dermal tissue; cork cambium d. secondary xylem; vascular cambium
d.
what happens in the zone of maturation?
elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types and root surface cells become epidermal cells
Casparian strips are found in the root cortex. dermal tissue. endodermis. xylem.
endodermis
In stems, gravity is detected by cells of the epidermis. cortex. periderm. endodermis.
endodermis
what does the inner boundary become in the zone of maturation?
endodermis
If you exposed seeds to a series of red-light versus far-red-light treatments, which of the following exposure treatments would result in seed germination? Red; far-red Far-red; red Red; far-red; red; far-red; red; far-red; red; far-red None of the above.
far-red; red
where does the cork cambium arise?
in the outer cortex
The hormone abscisic acid ripens fruit. induces dormancy. stimulates cell division. enhances stem elongation.
induces dormancy
Which of the following is a micronutrient? Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Iron
iron
what do trichomes do?
keep the leaf surface cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings
what protects the shoot apical meristem?
leaf primordia
According to the pressure flow theory, which is the source for carbohydrates? Shoots Roots Leaves Stem
leaves
what do secondary cell walls contain in sclerenchyma cells?
lignin
what do sclerenchyma cells lack at maturity?
living protoplasts
what does the zone of cell division mainly contain?
mostly cuboidal cells with small caucuses and large central nuclei
how many layers is the dermal tissue?
one
what is the function of stomata?
passage for gas exchange and water vapor
Which of the following is stimulated by blue light? Seed germination Detection of plant spacing Phototropism Shoot elongation
phototropism
Nondirectional light triggered development is mediated by phytochrome. chlorophyll. auxin. glucose.
phytochrome
where is lateral meristems found?
plants that exhibit secondary growth
what protects the root apical meristem?
root cap
what do trichomes sometimes do?
secret substances that deter herbivory
what are living cells that contain clusters of pores called?
sieve areas of sieve plates
what are the two types of elongate cells present in phloem?
sieve cells (seedless vas. and gymnosperms) sieve tube members(angiosperms)
what is the function of ground tissue?
storage, photosynthesis and secretion
what is the function of parenchyma?
storage, photosynthesis and secretion
what is the function of collenchyma?
support and protection
what is the function of sclerenchyma?
support and protection
what are the purpose of root hairs?
to increase the root's surface area and efficiency of absorption (these should not be confused with lateral roots)
what are sclerenchyma cells made up of?
tough thick walls
Plants adapted to drought have many stomates. trichomes. leaves. lenticels.
trichomes
true or false. parenchyma cells are less specialized that other plant cells.
true