POB Chapter 3

Which type(s) of cells may possess a cell wall?

archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes

plasma membrane

archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes

select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic: archaeal cell fungal cell plant cell animal cell bacterial cell

archaeal cell bacterial cell

Based on evolutionary relationships, which is the more likely ancestor to eukaryotic cells?

archaeans

Which of the following have undergone adaptation to the most extreme habitats on Earth?

archaeans

Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal ________________, such as beta-hexosaminidase

enzymes

Which of these cells have a membrane bound nucleus?

eukaryotes only

membrane bound nucleus and organelles

eukaryotes only

Humans, oak trees and protists are all composed of which type of cell?

eukaryotic cells

True or false: All cells in a multicellular organism tend to have a similar number of mitochondria.

false

True or false: Plant cells do not have centrosomes.

false

True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall.

false

Some bacteria have short extracellular appendages that function in attachment. These appendages are called

fimbriae

the organelles that function in intracellular digestion.

lysosomes

leeuwenhoek

made microscopes

The inner fluid-filled space of a mitochondrion is called the

matrix

In a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the ______.

nucleoid

A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ______. This is the location of rRNA production.

nucleolus

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called

nucleoplasm

Cyanobacteria have internal membranes called thylakoids, which are involved in what biochemical process?

photosynthesis

which of the following are components of the endomembrane system? vesicles mitochondria the nuclear envelope centriole endoplasmic reticulum chloroplasts golgi apparatus

vesicles the nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus

Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?

cell theory

Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use?

chloroplasts and mitochondria

The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus is called ________________. When highly condensed, as it is in preparation of cell division, this material is called _________________.

chromatin chromosomes

Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, undergoes coiling and condenses during cell division to form

chromosomes

Select the following which relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell cilia and flagella organelle movement cell contraction cell shape

cilia and flagella organelle movement cell shape

A microscope that uses a set of glass lenses to focus light rays passing through a specimen to produce an image viewable by the human eyes is called a(n) ____________________ microscope

compound light

A microscope that uses more than one lens to produce an image is called a

compound microscope

What is the the function of the mitochondria?

convert substrates into ATP

In a bacterial cell, ribosomes are located in the

cytoplasm

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the

cytoplasm

The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred as the

cytoskeleton

As cell size increases, surface area-to-volume ratio

decreases

transmission and scanning are types of _______________ microscopes

electron

which has a higher magnification ability? compound light microscope or electron microscope

electron microscope

The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the

endomembrane system

A cell that has numerous mitochondria is most likely a cell that needs a large amount of

energy or ATP

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the nuclear

envelope

select all of the correct statements about bacterial chromosomes: -surrounded by a protective membrane -located in the nucleoid region of the cell -typically only have one chromosome -have a plasmid instead of a chromosome -composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins

-located in the nucleoid region of the cell -typically only have one chromosome

Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce

ATP

The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions is

ATP

Which molecule is used to fuel all energy dependent cellular processes?

ATP

Which of the following statements are true statements that support the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and shape Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own ribosomes Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are bounded by a double membrane which may have been derived during endocytosis

Which type of cells lack membrane-bound organelles?

Prokaryotes

Who was the first scientist to use the term "cell"?

Robert Hooke

List, in order, the BEST sequence of organelles/structures which can be used to synthesize and secrete a particular protein from a cell. Rough ER, nucleus, Golgi Nucleolus, smooth ER, Golgi Rough ER, Golgi, secretory vesicle Golgi, smooth ER, rough ER

Rough ER, Golgi, secretory vesicle

Cells in which two domains lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

archaea eubacteria

Formerly called microfilaments, ________________ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.

actin

peptidoglycan

bacteria only

gelatinous sheath that surrounds and protects the cell

capsule

What is the the function of chlorophyll?

capture solar energy

Which enzyme found within the peroxisome functions to degrade hydrogen peroxide?

catalase

The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life

cell

Which of the following are functions of the cytoskeleton? cellular structural support aids in cell division intracellular transport stores water and nutrients

cellular structural support aids in cell division intracellular transport

The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called

cellulose

From which part of a eukaryotic cell do microtubules radiate?

centrosome

The main microtubule organizing center for a eukaryotic cell that lies near the nucleus is called the

centrosome

Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi?

chitin

Which of these is a pigment located within the thylakoid membrane that functions to capture solar energy?

chlorophyll

According to endosymbiotic theory, organelles specific to plants called ______________, probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.

chloroplasts

Evidence supports a similar process for the origin of the energy organelles, the _____________ that carry out photosynthesis and the ______________ that carry out cellular respiration

chloroplasts mitochondria

Some bacteria have long, thin appendages that rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterial cell to move in fluid. These appendages are called

flagella

where are ribosomes typically located in a cell? free in the cytoplasm inside the lysosome attached to the endoplasmic reticulum attached to the golgi apparatus

free in the cytoplasm attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Which organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles?

golgi apparatus

Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called _____________ filaments

intermediate

functions of the lysosome include: intracellular digestion protein synthesis autodigestion storage of water modification and routing of proteins made in the rough ER

intracellular digestion autodigestion

The smooth ER synthesizes primarily _______________ molecules while the rough ER is involved with the production of _____________ molecules.

lipid/phospholipid protein/polypeptides

A protistan engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. Which organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down this molecule?

lysosome

Which organelle is formed in the Golgi apparatus?

lysosome

A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a

lysosomes

Due to a mutation in the HEXA gene, a substance called GM2, normally present in the tissues and nerve cells of the brain, accumulates there. This mutation mainly effects enzymes associated with which organelle in an affected individuals' cells?

lysosomes

What is the function of the centriole?

microtubule assembly and disassembly

Both cilia and flagella are composed of what type of cytoskeletal component?

microtubules

Centrioles are formed from which of the following?

microtubules

In a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria

select all of the following structures that are found in animal cells: mitochondria plasma membrane centrioles cell walls chloroplasts nucleoli

mitochondria plasma membrane centrioles nucleoli

select the structures that are found in plant cells: mitochondrion plasma membrane cell wall chloroplast centriole central vacuole

mitochondrion plasma membrane cell wall chloroplast central vacuole

From which parent(s) are mitochondrial genes inherited?

mother

Molecules that can attach, detach, and reattach to actin filaments to produce movement are called

motor molecules

An organism that consists of many cells is said to be

multicellular

Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

A nuclear pore is best described as a(n)

opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus

The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called

organelles

Bacterial cell walls contain which complex molecule composed of carbohydrate chains connected by peptides?

peptidoglycan

Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle?

peroxisomes

Vesicles that function in the metabolism of fatty acids and contain an enzyme to break down the hydrogen peroxide byproduct of this metabolism, are called

peroxisomes

During the evolutionary development of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope and membranous organelles may have developed from the _______________ of the original prokaryote

plasma membrane

One side of the Golgi apparatus is directed toward the endoplasmic reticulum, while the other faces the

plasma membrane

A group of ribosomes that are attached to a single mRNA are called a

polyribosome

The openings in the nuclear envelope through which particles may pass are called nuclear

pores

Which of these live in a broader range of habitats? eukaryotes or prokaryotes

prokaryotes

Bacterial ribosomes are generally a good target for antibiotic drugs, because

prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes

what is the main function of the bacterial cell wall

protection

Chromatin consists of DNA and associated

proteins

select all of the following that are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes: cellulose peptidoglycan plasmids proteins phospholipids

proteins phospholipids

select all the organisms that are composed of eukaryotic cells: protists mushrooms humans bacteria oak trees

protists mushrooms humans oak trees

Which of the following is larger? vacuole or vesicle

vacuole

Which organelle is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus?

ribosome

In a cell, proteins are made at structures called

ribosomes

The organelles that function in protein synthesis are called

ribosomes

select all of these that are components of the cytoplasm: DNA salts dissolved organic molecules water phospholipids

salts dissolved organic molecules water

The action known as ______________, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

secretion

The release of cellular products from a cell is called

secretion

On average, all cells are approximately the same size whether they are found in elephants or beetles. What is the best explanation for why cells are so small?

small size allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the surrounding environment

Which cellular organelle will attach to the chromosomes and ensures they are distributed evenly during cell division?

spindle apparatus

schwann

stated that animals are composed of cells

virchow

stated that cells come from preexisting cells

schleiden

stated that plants are composed of cells

The main function of a vacuole is

storage

The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the

stroma

which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments? support the plasma membrane support the nuclear envelope formation of pseudopods for movement formation of cell-to-cell junctions

support the plasma membrane support the nuclear envelope formation of cell-to-cell junctions

What would be the result if a cell was unable to form a spindle apparatus?

the cell would be unable to separate its chromosomes during cell division

Which of the following are true about cilia? their microtubular structure is very different from that of flagella they are typically limited to one or a few for any particular cell they are shorter than flagella they all beat together in a coordinated manner

they are shorter than flagella they all beat together in a coordinated manner

Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of

thylakoids

Which of these are internal cellular membranes that contain light-sensitive pigments needed for photosynthesis?

thylakoids

The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell. true or false

true

True or false: A sperm does not contribute mitochondrial genes when fertilizing an egg.

true

True or false: Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA like chromosome found in a prokaryotic cell.

true

True or false: Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain.

true

True or false: The Golgi apparatus produces both secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

true

True or false: Vacuoles may function in storage or elimination of water from a cell and intracellular digestion.

true

Which protein forms microtubules in the cell?

tubulin