Political Philosophy Readings/ Weekly Questions

One of the Fraser's main ideas is justice has two dimensions -Redistribution and Recognition-Do you agree with this approach?

-"Redistribution" Fraser indicates the economic structure of a society, its class dimension, the institutions that regulate labor and its social division, access to resources, services and welfare. -recognition--> one becomes an individual subject only by recognizing and being recognized by others. -economic and cultural equality are different as economic equality searches for equality while cultural searches for difference, therefore making justice two dimensional

Tocqueville --> ◦A material approach to democracy would defend more deliberative and participative mechanism. In this sense, what rules must regulate the deliberation of public affairs? What institutions must be reformed or created?

-Collective aspects developed in the immediate environmentto be expanded to a regional, national or international level -Relationships with government, public authorities and thelocal community

An aim of women is to occupy the posts before considered as masculine (business, politics, education...) This is not a way of considering that men are the measure of things or women for having success must behave "as a man"? Give reasons

-Even though the argument is for women to occupy jobs that were previously dominated by men, doesn't mean that women have to behave like a man. -In order to achieve success in that occupation, women have to accept their differences and utilize them as a strength towards performing the task even better than a man could.

•Why the civil disobedience is the litmus test of democracy? Give reasons Habermas

-Every constitutional democracy that is sure of itself considers civil disobedience as a normalized-because of necessity- component of its political culture. -Civil disobedient people accept the punishment when they want to change the system. -They accept the legitimacy of the system, therefore proving that the democracy has a valid "position" in society.

Pareck-->Explain the arguments of the discussion on female circumcision. Are the same arguments in the case of an adult woman?

-Female circumnstision is common in muslim countires and greatly offends the values of liberal societies. -The argument that adult women have is that it is imposed on young women who are too blinded by their religion to realize what procedure they are actually going through with. -takes pleasure away from the woman

Taylor maintains the equal value of all cultures. Do you agree? If you don't, how you answer the accusations of ethnocentrism?

-I agree that all cultures have the same value. Each, in fact, is particular and different from another, but they are all expressions of peoples and people of verse. -need to strive for the recognition of difference

The post-westphalian vision assumes that the debate of politics also includes the question of who as political actor. Under this perspective it is conceived three visions: cosmopolitan, internationalist and nationalist. What vision do you consider is more justified? Why?

-I consider the international more justified because we are living in a globalized world. -Transnational corporations are the architects of the global economy and are often shielded from the reach of justice. -The Keynesian-Westphalian frame "protects the very partitioning of political space that it institutionalized, effectively excluding transnational democratic decision-making on issues of justice".

Marx-->In comunist society, the governing principle is "From everyone according his/her capacity, to everyone according his/her need". Do you agree with this principle? How would a society function in accord with this principle?

-I do not agree with this communist principle, as I believe it is the responsibility of the individual not the community to provide equal pensions accordingly. -In a society this communist philosophy would function by having the government intervene in the economy. -This socialist state would prioritize welfare and equality over the principle of a liberal state in which functions within the structure of a free market.

In his work Multiethnical society, Sartori criticizes multiculturalism and defends pluralism. Specifically, he considers that immigrants can not integrate in Western societies because they don't separate religion from politics. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons. What could Taylor suggest on this point?

-If the institutions commit themselves to guaranteeing real support, guaranteeing, for example, help in learning the language of the new country for all emigrants, providing them with the bases to integrate into the society in which they will live. -I think that the integration of immigrants in Western society is possible only if you work for a real integration that is not limited to the granting of residence permits.

Explain the approach of Locke's Letter of tolerance. How does the Social Contract integrate tolerance with liberalism?

-Man is a free individual with natural rights (including self-preservation and spirituality). They are inviolable by anybody or any State. -Letter of Tolerance develops the concept of "individual freedom", criticizing intolerance and coercion that both religious sects and the state, can perform against the individual. -Individual freedom and religious tolerance (religious freedom) is one of the bases on which the liberal and civil government of John Locke is supported.

Discuss the arguments in the case of polygamy.--> Pareck

-Polygamy within liberal societies is greatly frowned upon as it is based greatly off of catholic pretenses. -In Asian societies however it is a commonly used practice. -The arguments here are in relation to religion and within a catholic society, adultery is a form of sin, making it so having multiple partners is frowned upon. -In Asian sociwties however, polygamy is utilized to present how much wealth a bachelor has and is custom to their religion.

In what sense "religion is the opium of people"? What is the meaning that Marx gives to the concept 'ideology'?

-Religion is promoted by the Bourgeoisie to give purpose to the Proletariat, who suffer through capitalism. -Thus for Marx, ideology is a belief system that changes individuals perception of reality. -The Proletariat turn to religion because they will never find economic happiness.

Recently Fraser included Representation as a dimension of justice, where it's included issues from politics. Do you think the ideal from politics is Representation or Inclusion? How it's linked with Redistribution and Recognition?

-Representation is a matter of social belonging, which ties it to Recognition; all community members must be acknowledged in political decisions. -Representation is always already inherent in all claims for redistribution and recognition.

Fiss-->•Do you agree with the silencing effect of free speech for minorities members in cases of hate speech, pornography and political campaign regulations? Do you think these topics should be regulated or should be no State intervention?

-Silencing effect→ how minorities feel because they are less able to speak out→ this is the right version for pornography, causes a stigma towards minorities -Silencing effect is towards the minorities -Hate speech: It is, outside the law, communication that vilifies a person or a group based on discrimination against that person or group •It is a tool very used by the politicians and revolutionary groups •It is not fair, it shuts up a lot of voices which are not heard

Pareck--> Discuss the pros and cons of animal slaughtering and arranged marriages

-The allowance of animal slaughtering has held great debate between Jewish/Muslim cultures and animal activists. -Pros to allowing animal slaughtering would be that it is religiously sanctioned within the Islamic and Jewish cultures. -Muslim and Jewish communites also argue that the animal feels minimal pain and that killing them should not hold greater moral weight then the traditions of their religions. -The arguments against slaughtering animals come from animal rights activists who argue that the animal suffers for a cause that wouldn't cause any disorientation for the religion if the practice were to stop. -Arranged marriages has aroused some unease in american societies as well. -The argument for it is that its an important part in sustaining the asian way of life, where the arguments against it are that it has no religious basis.

Explain in what consisted the Declaration of rights of women and citizen of Olimpia de Gouges. Did it achieve its purposes in its age? What were the phases of the fight for women's rights?

-The phases of the fight for the women's rights, is to first recognize their oppression. This has to be done holistically as reform and equality can only be achieved if everyone is willing to want to fight for equality. The phases then transition into how equality will reach all sectors of society in which women will be equally at fault for crimes as men are. -how women need to realize their oppression and work harder to reform the societies that they lived in. She argues that it's up to women to change the status quo, as the men aren't going to do anything.

Pareck--> What are the operative public values? What their role is in intercultural dialogue?

-The public operative values provide the context and point of orientation for discussions on changing core and shared values. -The resulting dialogue, in which different values are brought into a creative interplay and balanced and traded-off, yields an inherently tentative consensus that helps us decide on a generally acceptable response to disputed practices.

Do you agree with the Thoreau's ethical vision of Civil disobedience? Give reasons for your answer. What do you think of the argument that accepting civil disobedience leads to the end of the State?

-he practiced civil disobedience at walden pond -his views of civil disobedience coincide with the idea that the state should have little to no interference. Thoreau argues that the "government is best which governs less," and by stating this he is calling to action for citizens to pursue civil disobedience in which allows them to no longer be controlled by the state which is using them as one would use machinery. -Leads to the end of the state because by accepting civil disobedience, the citizen is rejecting state interference and the state's ability to control both private and public spheres of their life. -end of the state if you're not complying to taxes based on your beliefs—> thoreau not paying slavery tax

Which elements justify considering Locke's philosophy as representative of liberalism?

-separation of powers -separation of public and private ethics -the power of the society or legislative constituted by them can never be supposed to extend farther than the common good, but is obliged to secure every one's property by providing against those three defects above mentioned that made the state of Nature so unsafe and uneasy -Men break out with the state of nature through the "SOCIAL CONTRACT" because there was no impartial justice to ensure natural rights there. -Social contract means the entry in a civil society. -If it is violated by public authority that resulted from the will of the people, there is a right to resistance -The authority is held while natural rights that the individual sought to enter society are insured.

•What are the main points of the feminist criticism of pornography? Do you agree?--> Fiss

-sexualizes women makes women looked at as objects from the male gaze

Marx--> Superstructure

-societal relationships, ideas and culture

Wollstonecraft--> Do you think that the argument of nature is relevant for legal regulation between women and men? What are the opposing arguments?

-yes -These legal regulations were created and supported by men who benefit from traditional ideas and the submission of women in society and in their private lives -Wollstonecraft would oppose this argument as she advocates for educational improvements for women, as she believes society has put them in an unfavorable situation, not nature

Is the right to protest part of the democracy? Are there limits for the right to protest? Habermas

-•There is no consensus on how to define democracy, but in our minds we usually think of democracy as of system where higher democratically elected power acts in the public interest so its logical when public thinks it is not like that they should have the right to object -There is a significant difference between law and right. When citizens feel that democracy is being violated they have no other possibility to object the law.

Explain the meaning of Marx's historical materialism and economic determinism. Do you consider that his concepts are justified?

1. Historical materialism--> - events are historically predetermined or currently constrained by various forces -predetermination/constraint 2. Economic Determinism--> -A theory that suggests economic forces determine, shape, and define all political, social, cultural, intellectual, and technological aspects of a civilization.

Marx--> Alienation

Alienation--> -The process in which people become foreign to the world they live that has been stratified as of wage labour. 1.Workers are alienated from the products of their labor 2.Workers are alienated from the labor process. 3.Workers are alienated from their bodies and human potential. 4.Workers are alienated from other workers.

Thucydides-->◦The citizens in Athens needed to be educated for participating in and debating public affairs. The first educators were the sophists, although they have a bad name. Give arguments in favour and against

Sophists -Wisdom or wise -First educators in Ancient Greece, who were described to have expertise in a particular area of knowledge, especially human affairs -Taught through oral speaking -Were not concerned with accuracy or facts, and hence gained a bad reputation of being deceptive -Held no values other than winning and succeeding -"How to win friends and influence people" -"How to succeed in business without really trying" Favor Increased political activity → increases human capital- Lowers political activity costs- Indoctrination hypothesis - Socialisation hypothesis Against - Merely passing on knowledge- Students are inactive learners- Casual political participation

Taylor--> Do you share the author's vision on the transition from equal dignity to differentiated identity? What conflict could there be between the two ideals?

Yes -A common misconception regarding differentiated identity is that it does not consider all people equal. -Particularly, white people in the United States have criticized any special or preferential treatment toward people of color as acts against true equality. - However, Taylor and I recognize that many groups of people have experiences and behaviors that put them at a disadvantage. -EX:Jews affected by the Holocaust, Muslims affected by the 9/11 terrorist attacks and subsequent wars in the Middle East -Differentiated identity is critical in understanding and ensuring people are adequately represented and cared for in society. -Differential identity→ politics of difference

•Explain the argument from equality -Fourteenth Amendment- for regulating free speech in cases of hate speech, pornography and political campaigns. Do you agree?--> Fiss

Yes, -It makes them to feel inferior, without the capacity to choose and participate in the public life -They underestimate their own capacities just because of their gender -•And the last case, the political campaigns •The more richer is a party, or a candidate, the more publicity it will get -the rich are more easily heard--> they can get advertisements

Is intercultural evaluation a good tool to assess cultural practices?--> Pareck

Yes, in order to have people understand the values of their culture they have to try and understand the values of that culture too.

◦How could the State foster civic virtues in citizens?.Must it be imposed by law?Toqueville

oCivic virtue, indispensable to democratic state

Toqueville--> ◦It's a common saying that democracy needs active citizens, that in certain way they sacrified by the community. Do you thing this happens in currentsocieties? What tools could helps to achieve?

oLive in society = means accepting a minimum standard of living, and assume that the behaviors of the person must be governed by the legal rules established by law oRights of citizens must be safeguarded oCivic practice promoted by society

It's a common saying that democracy needs active citizens, that in certain way they sacrified by the community. How Tocqueville reflects this view?

oPower of all free and equal citizens oNecessary principles: - Order - Limitation and division of power - Freedom - Respect for the law oDefensor of the liberal democracy without excesses, becauseit leads to tyranny

Explain the different injustices according the Fraser's complex model. Do you agree with this approach? Why?

political misrepresentation -when a political decision rules wrongly denying some of the included community the chance to participate fully. Misframing -when the community's boundaries are drawn in such a way as to wrongly exclude some people from the chance to participate at all in its authorized contests over justice

•Following Sunstein, there are three possible State regulations: a) neutral respect the content;

•1st REGULATION: Neutral with respect to the content of thespeech at issue - The government could regulate speech in a waythat is neutral with respect to the content of the speech at issue. •To put an example, it's the case if the government is permitted to saythat people may not use loudspeakers on the public streets aftermidnight, or if it bans virus, not referring to its content. •A regulation of this kind imposes no controls on speech of anyparticular content.

•Following Sunstein, there are three possible State regulations: b) regulation "content-based" but "view-point neutral";

•2nd REGULATION: "Content-Based" but "Viewpoint-Neutral" - The government might regulate speech in a way that depends on thecontent of what is said, but without discriminating any particular point of view. •For example, government bans commercial speech on the subways butallows all other forms of speech on the subways. Other case could bethe sexually explicit speech and its inacessibility for children. •Here, the content of speech is highly relevant to what government isrequiring, but no specific point of view is benefited or punished.

•Following Sunstein, there are three possible State regulations: c) view point discrimination. What regulation should have the negation of Holocaust?

•3rd REGULATION: "Viewpoint discrimination" - Thegovernment could regulate a point of view that it fears or dislikes. •For example, the case when the government decides that no one maycriticize a decision to go to war, or no one could claim that one racial group is inferior to another. •Here, the government is banning a point of view, because it believesthat this particular vision is especially dangerous.

What would you do were you a judge who had to apply and unjust law? Would you act differently if you were military? Were those military men under the Nazi regime responsible for their acts when they obeyed unjust laws? Thoreau

•As a judge your main priority is to obey the law and apply this law, regardless if you consider it unjust; • If you are a military nothing really changes - you are in the same situation - you have to obey orders, regardless if you consider them unjust or not; • The military men under the Nazi regime did not have a say at all - it was not up to them what should or should not be done. Therefore they cannot be held responsible for what happened during the Nazi regime. -The only responsible are the ones who actually took those decisions (and not the ones who had to obey them!)

Do you think the assaults to supermarkets accomplish the Rawls' conditions for civil disobedience? And the actions to avoid evictions? •And the actions to avoid evictions?Habermas

•If speaking of assaults on supermarkets we are dealing with stealing, which is basicelly breaking the law, so I think this act doesn't accomplish Rawls' conditions. •About anti-eviction activists I would say the same, because it was too close to break-in.

MUST NEGATIVE POLITICAL ADS BE REGULATED?--> Sunstein

•In some cases, negative campaigning presents twisted or spun information under the guise of bringing hidden negatives into the light. Sometimes those who practice negative campaigning and publicity also denounce the approach when used against their side.

Why civil disobedience is not an offense like others? Habermas

•It doesn't hurt anyone •It has higher purposes •No personal goals are trying to be achieved •Key target is to establish better conditions for living

Fiss--> •Explain the regulation of political campaigns expenditures in USA and Spain. Is relevant to limit political expenditures or should be free of regulation? Discuss this from the approaches of freedom and equality.

•Organic law 6/2002 of Political parties of June 27, 2002, Organic Law 3/1987 of May 12 and the law 7/1988 of April 5 of Functioning of the Account court •They are financed by public and private money •Subsidy of 224,32 Euros for every elect councilman, 0,45 Euros for each of the votes obtained(achieved) by every candidacy •For the municipal choices(elections), the limit will be the result of multiplying 0,09 Euros by the number of inhabitants of the corresponding zone Private Finance •Without limit for the auto financing contributions proceeding from legal persons that will need agreement adopted in due form as the social competent organ •Contributions of the same natural or juridical person who does not overcome 60,000 Euros a year •They will be able to receive donations of heredities and legacies and person's foreign contributions with the limits and requirements that the law establishes

•Explain the predominant view of free speech in U.S.A. related to the image of marketplace of ideas. Do you agree with no State interference in free speech? Do you think this is clear in new media and networks?--> Sunstein

•The "marketplace of ideas" is a rationale for freedom of expressionbased on an analogy to the economic concept of the "free market". •The "marketplace" of ideas holds that the truth will emerge out of thecompetition of ideas in free, transparent public discourse. This concept is often applied to discussions of patent law as well as freedom of the press and the responsibilities of the media in a liberal democracy. •It is not an absolute •Government can regulate criminal conspiracy •Political campaigns treated as markets

•Comment this phrase "the free speech principle protects political expression unless government has exceedingly strong ground for regulating it". Must negative political ads be regulated?--> Sunstein

•The government is permitted to regulate the emerging communicationsmarket however it wishes. It's important to know what kind of line isfollowing, to know what to object.

Sunstein--> How could quality of democracy increase with the media regulation?

•The role of the media is to inform the citizens about the politicalparties, their programs and candidates as well as to contribute to theformation and opinions created in the electorate. This can include thetransmission of the informative material given by the EMB. Themedia can produce their own information about the elections. -no fake news

•What would you do were you a judge who had to apply and unjust law? What happens in the case of a pharmacist and the day-after pill, there is an obligation to sell or an objection?--> Thoreau

•Thoreau was very anti-slavery, but the law at that time made it mandatory for all adults to pay a poll tax and some of this money went to the government's approval and support of slavery. Thoreau believed this was an unjust law, refused to pay the tax, and was imprisoned in July of 1846. • According to Thoureau a man disgraces himself by associating with a government that treats even some of its citizens unjustly, even if he is not the direct victim of its injustice.

Thucydides-->Could new forms of communication and participation, known as "e-democracy", be a viable alternative to the current representative system? What difficulties could be encountered?

●E democracy: electronic + democracy ●Form of government in which all adult citizens are presumed to be eligible to participate equally in the proposal, development, and creation of laws -Essence: Strengthening the participation of citizens in government + Citizens being offered information -FLAWS 1.Danger from data protection 2.Granting access for information 3.Problems of sociological reliability concerning "free" voting 4.Potential for direct governance to tend towards the polarization of opinions and populism 5.Information and communications technologies can be used for both democratic and anti-democratic ends

In the Athens of Antiquity, the practice of democracy presupposed the active participation of citizens in public affairs. Do you think that today the same engagement to participate could apply--> Thucydides

◦Administration in hand of the "many" ◦Freedom, without fear or judgement ◦As long as in confines of law ◦Equal justice under law ◦All men equal in settlement of private disputes ◦Personal merits over social class or wealth ◦Any man capable to rule is allowed to do so ◦Private and public affairs of equal importance ◦Public decisions reached through debate ◦Debate not hindrance, but asset FLAWS ◦Participation ◦Had to be citizen (no women, slaves, etc.) ◦Left out more than 50% of population ◦Direct democracy ◦Not designed for spread-out, diverse populations

Which are the natural rights according to Locke? What happens if the political power violates these rights?

- LIFE: everyone is entitled to live once they are created. - FREEDOM: everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it doesn't conflict with the first right. - PROPERTY: everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it doesn't conflict with the first two rights. -If the political power violates these rights, the citizens are not obligatedto obey. There is a right to resistance

Marx--> Fight of Classes

- The relationship between the Bourgeoisie (capitalists ) who own the means of production and the proletariat (working class) who must sell their labour power

Fiss--> •Give more information of the R.A.V. v. St Paul case. Do you agree with the reasoning of Supreme Court? Hate speech regulation should be content neutral?

After allegedly burning a cross on a black family's lawn, petitioner R.A.V. was charged under, inter alia, the St. Paul, Minnesota, Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance, which prohibits the display of a symbol which one knows or has reason to know "arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender." The trial court dismissed this charge on the ground that the ordinance was substantially overbroad and impermissibly content based, but the State Supreme Court reversed. It rejected the overbreadth claim because the phrase "arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others" had been construed in earlier state cases to limit the ordinance's reach to "fighting words" within the meaning of this Court's decision in Chaplinskyv. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 572 , a category of expression unprotected by the First Amendment. The court also concluded that the ordinance was not impermissibly content based, because it was narrowly tailored to serve a compelling governmental interest in protecting the community against bias-motivated threats to public safety and order

Explain the characteristics of democracy in Ancient Athens. What differences are there between the democracy of the Ancients and modern forms of democracy? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of every system--> Thucydides

Athenian Democracy ◦Direct democracy ◦Not an effective government ◦Useful for the smaller communities of this time ◦Excluded women, foreigners, children, and slaves ◦Less accurate & more prone to corruption Today's democracy ◦Representative democracy ◦Problems of minority representation ◦Suitable for larger, more diverse and highly developed cities ◦Universal suffrage ◦Still excludes children ◦Separation of powers allows less possibility for corruption ◦No great sense of participation

Explain the differences between objection of conscience and civil disobedience?

Civil Disobedience -• it is first and foremost an act of civil, public protest stemming from civil responsibility, the purpose of which is to change a law or policy with which the objector disagrees; • the perpetrator of civil disobedience does not have a value system different or contrary to that of the existing law and order, and in this he is clearly different in essence from the conscientious objector. Objection of conscience -• law-breaking for moral reasons: private act of an individual aiming to prevent, in his opinion, an immoral act which would result from obeying a partly or wholly morally bad law; • the conscientious objector believes that he has a moral injunction to disobey that law; - a private moral act

Highlight the differences between Social Contracts of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. Compare the differing anthropological visions, the differences in the State of Nature and the different ideologies that legitimize the Social Contract

Locke--> People agree to renounce their legislative and executive power and to limit their freedom creating a civil society - People choose a govern(with divided powers) able to ensure the rights of everyone. - If the govern doesn't perform properly, the people have the right to revolt. Hobbes--> - The pact is produced between equals whereby they renounce to their freedom and submit to a power (Leviathan). - This power is absolutist and can control people. - The pact creates at the same time the civil society and the power able to ensure the pact. Rousseau--> - Men pact with their equal to get freedom and equality. - They give their freedom and receive in change the force of the law. - With this contract, humans become citizens. - Everyone is responsible for the freedom of all, and that gives legitimacy to a community policy.

Thucydides-->◦Compare the political ideas of Plato with the democratic system of Athens. Has the Cavern Myth influenced his political position?

Plato - not a believer of democracy - argued in favour of guardianship - and in kings who, he believes, can govern in the interest of the whole. ◦Politicians seek to gain power and are not concerned with, what is good for the state ◦Citizens are ill-informed about politics and don't know what is best for themselves and civics education won't be able to fix this Democratic system of ancient Athens - democracy is best form of government ◦Individuals are still the best judges of their own interests ◦Individual's interests are only well protected if they have the chance to stand up for the ◦Individuals feel more included through participation and voting encourages them to be more politically active and interested

Marx--> Plusvalue/Surplus

Plusvalue/ Surplus--> -The capitalist regime to making a profit through only providing labourers with a subsistence level of pay, lesser than the value of the goods they produce. The remained is the surplus in which the capitalist gains as a profit.

Socrates obeying an unjust judicial sentence that condemned him to death. Gandhi fought specifically to achieve the independence of India. Which of these approaches do you think is more ethically correct? Why?

Socrates -•Believed in civil obedience: • 399 BC! • Socrates said that nothing can harm a good man neither in life and death. He was given a chance to determine his penalty but Socrates wanted to be punished for his actions. Socrates chose death because he did not want to break the law of the city and also held a belief that since he was a good man nothing can harm him. Gandhi -•Believed in civil disobedience: •Believed that if they can gain rights with nonviolence then why be violent and harm others and ourselves; • Gave rise to Satyagraha - tool used for nonviolence and civil rebelliousness which is the appropriate methods for obtaining political and social goals; • Mahatma Gandhi fought for the rights of Indian people without spreading violence.

Marx-->Workers movements were composed of socialists and anarchists. What are the coincidences of and the differences between these two groups?

Similarities -Anti-Capitalist -Responsibility of Oppressed -State as Instrument of Class Oppression -Create Classless and Stateless Society Differences -How to Achieve this Society -For Anarchists: Classes exist because of the state -For Marxists: State is a Result of Class Conflict

Is the Enlightenment feminist? What opinions have Enlightenment thinkers about women?

enlightenment isn't feminist -feminists were killed off during this time period women were still subordinated -rousseau stated that women aren't ask skilled as men -hobbes, locke and kant also all said this -enlightenment was against feminism -women couldn't study or vote -household values were privileged for women enlightenment is feminist -all about equality and natural rights -wollstonecraft argues during this time period -women should have adequate education -women and men are equal in the eyes of god -hard for people to deny that during this time period -progressive for its time -strove for political and economic equality that helped feminism