POLS 1101 Exam 3

federal bureaucracy

over time the president and the ___________ have become distinct (has become more insulated from the president due to job protections being extended to members, making it hard for the president to directly hire and fire most gov employees

types of gerrymandering

packing and cracking

open seats

the most competitive seats in congress

Rules Committee (House)

13 members, Speaker appoints 9, proposed laws go through them before going to the House. They decide which bills get talked about, for how long, amendments added and when its brought to the floor

-Policy implementation

is the function of the President and executive branch.

six year itch

midterm elections during second term usually go very badly for incumbent party in White House

executive power

- Administrative Head of the Bureaucracy - vest in the President to ensure that all laws are faithfully executed (or implemented) and to appoint, remove, and supervise all executive officers and to appoint all federal judges -President has the power to appoint the heads of the executive branch departments and agencies

bicameral legislature of GA general assembly

- Georgia House of Representatives •180 members •2-year terms -(2) Georgia Senate •56 members •2-year terms

the president

- has a unique representational role in American political systems voted on by everyone

Governors who became president

-(1) Jimmy Carter (GA) 1976 -(2) Ronald Reagan (CA) 1980 -(3) Bill Clinton (AR) 1992 -(4) George W Bush (TX) 2000

conference committees

-(temporary - work out difference between Senate and House versions of a bill) •temporary committees composed of members appointed by the Speaker of the House and the presiding officer of the Senate •This temporary committee is charged with reaching a compromise on a piece of legislation once it has passed both the Senate and the House. •Often the House and Senate pass bills with differences that must be reconciled in a ________________________.

limits on presidential power during watergate

-1) By Federal Courts: Restricted use of "Executive privilege" -- by Supreme Court. Presidents cannot use "executive privilege" to cover-up wrong doing in the White House. It is limited to being used for things like protecting national security. -(2) By Congress: Serious threats of Impeachment -- by Congress. President is not above the law. Nixon resigned because he knew he would be impeached and removed from office. The Constitution lays out impeachment, but no president had been impeached for100 years (since Andrew Johnson). -(3) By the Media: Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward investigations kept Watergate alive. If it wasn't for them, the truth would probably have not been revealed.

Cabinet Departments

-15 Departments -the heads of each of the departments (The Secretary of...) form the President's cabinet. Secretaries are appointed by the president to head the department - based on politics and not on merit. -Examples: Department of Defense, Department of the Treasury, Department of Agriculture, Department of Transportation, Department of Health and Human Services

majority leader

-: leader of party with most members [Current: Steny Hoyer (Democrat)] •elected by party members of U.S. House (Senate) •public face of party •is a key power broker - setting agenda and schedule with Speaker

Labor Commissioner

-Administers employment services & compiles state labor statistics.

Agriculture Commissioner

-Administers pure food and drug laws, control standards for milk, weights and measures & promotes nationally Georgia agricultural products (Vidalia onions, peaches, etc.)

State School Superintendent

-Along with appointed state Board of Education, runs public schools in Georgia.

Lieutenant Governor

-Assumes the Governorship if the governor is incapacitated or dies. In most states, the _______________ role is largely ceremonial. -In Georgia, the _________________ presides over the state Senate and assumes the Governorship if the sitting Governor dies or leaves office for some other reason.

semi-professional legislature

-Being a legislator is mostly a part-time job (it is full-time between early January and early May, but then part-time the rest of the year). -Salary: about $18,000 base + per diem (for housing and travel) per legislative session day (about $170). -Problem: gives special interests and advantage - insurance agents, business owners overrepresented in state legislature. •

trial in US Senate (for removal from office)

-Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme Court presides -Actual trial, with witnesses and sworn testimony -2/3rds vote needed to remove President

attorney general

-Chief legal counsel for the state. The attorney general defends the state in lawsuits and issues advisory legal opinions if there is some uncertainty or ambiguity in the law. These legal opinions have the full force of law unless struck down by a court.

packing

-Concentrating one party into a single district; this makes surrounding districts "safe seats" for the other party. -Example: Republicans pack all Democrats into one district preventing Democrats from winning any more than one seat. Republicans are guaranteed the other seats.

Role of Governor: crisis manager

-Disaster management coordinator (declare "disaster areas"; make requests to national government for disaster aid) -Governors play prominent roles in disasters: floods, hurricanes, coal mines explosions or collapses. -9/11/2001 terrorist attacks: New York Gov. Pataki with New York City Mayor Guiliani -Hurricane Katrina in 2005: Governor Blanco in Louisiana and local and federal officials

Chief administrator (Executive Bureaucracy) aka Governor

-Governors coordinate the bureaucracy, much like the President does at the national level. -However, the power of the Governor is limited because of the divided executive in state governments (e.g., separately elected Attorney Generals, Secretary of States, etc.) -Head of state agencies

Role of governor: commander in chief of national guard.

-Governors head the state national guard, but the President can overrule the governor and take control of state national guards.

Role of Governor: Promoter of economic development

-Governors promote the economy of a state by negotiating with private firms to relocate (offer economic incentives, etc.) -Example: Kia plant in West Point, Ga.

Congressional Override if a Bill is Vetoed by the President

-If both the Senate and the House override the veto with a 2/3rds vote of both Houses, then the bill becomes law. -If the 2/3rds majority cannot be mustered, then the bill dies and does not become public policy.

. Full Floor Action by Both Houses

-If the bill passes out of committee, it then goes to the full House or Senate for a floor vote. -Full House and gull Senate vote floor debate. -live coverage on the cable C-SPAN network -Amendments may be offered that change the bill in some way. -If the bill is passed by a majority vote in both houses, it goes to a Conference Committee to work out the version differences.

vote of impeachment in US house

-Judiciary committee debates and makes recommendations to full house on articles of impeachment -Majority vote of US House -Presidents Clinton and Trump were -_______- = indictment (not removal)

Characteristics of members of congress

-Law and business dominant occupations -Women and minorities underrepresented compared to general population (U.S. House is more representative of the general population than the U.S. Senate) -Wealth (Members of Congress are wealthier than the general population)

independent agencies of the US government

-Not part of Cabinet departments -Set up by Congress outside the departmental structure - president appoints and directs the heads of these agencies. -Have broad powers to provide public services that are either too expensive or too important to be left to the private sector. -Examples: •National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) •Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) •Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Social Security Administration

Gerrymandering

-Occurs when redistricting gets highly political -Members of political parties often engage in this to gain an advantage in the number of seats

house of representatives

-Organization and procedures in the U.S. House are different from those in the Senate. The U.S. House is bigger and more unruly and needs different rules than the U.S. Senate.

constitutional powers

-Overall, the ______________________ of the President are fairly limited.

senate

-President of the Senate: Vice President (Current: Kamala Harris) •presides over Senate •little power -- only votes when there is a 50-50 tie vote

Diplomatic power

-Recognize nations & make treaties •President has the power to "receive ambassadors and other public ministers" from foreign countries -- power to recognize other countries. •President has power to make treaties with other countries, but they must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate.

insurance commissioner

-Regulates insurance companies in Georgia (rates, complaints, etc.).

secretary of state

-Runs elections, maintains state records and archives, registers corporations and business entities seeking to do business in Georgia.

Conference Committee

-Senators and Representatives selected by the leadership of both Houses meet to iron differences in the Senate and House versions of a bill. -When a compromise is reached, a compromise bill is sent back to both houses of Congress for another vote.

how a bill becomes a law in georgia

-Similar to the U.S. Congress, except: •(a) a bill passes through one chamber at a time -Once second chamber approves bill, it returns to the first chamber for approval of second chamber amendments. Majority vote required. •(b) Governor of Georgia has line-item veto power (can veto specific parts of a bill and sign the rest into law. -A U.S. President must sign or veto the whole bill (no ability to do line-item vetoing)

Watergate scandal

-The ____________ illustrates the limits of presidential power -The president is not above the law -the president is not the only important figure in the American political system -_________ was an important test of the system of checks and balances in the Constitution

Incumbency advantage

-There is a strong __________________________________ in Congressional elections -typically 95%+ reelection rates for U.S. House

full floor vote on compromise bill (conference committee) in both houses of congress

-When the conference committee's compromise bill comes back to both Houses, the full Senate and the full House must vote on it. This is generally done quickly and approval is not usually a problem at this stage. -If approved, the bill goes to the President.

subcommittee

-a bill may get referred to a highly specialized ____________ -holds hearings on bill; study the bill and mark it up or make changes -vote on the bill -- should it be passed?

3 determinants of Presidential popularity

1. economic performance 2. National crisis 3. Time: "coalition of minorities effect"

reasons why bureaucracies are important

1. policy implementation 2. Rule making process and the issuance of regulations 3. administrative discretion

bicameralism

-a bill must pass both houses before it can become law. -Congress is organized into two houses -- House and Senate. Each house runs its own affairs and each house has veto power over proposed public policies. -A proposed Bill can die in either the House or the Senate. _____________________ was intended by James Madison to be another check in the system -the U.S. House is to reflect the popular will of the average citizen, while the Senate is to provide stability, continuity, and in-depth deliberation.

elections and electoral mandates

-a president can and will claim to have a mandate after an election to govern--especially after a landslide election. Reagan won a landslide in 1984 -- Congress pays attention. -Clinton won 49% in 1996--not a majority or a landslide. The 1992 and 1996 elections were not much of a resource for Clinton-- could not claim an overwhelming mandate to govern.

The two chambers of US Congress

-a. U.S. House of Representatives (435 voting members - 2-year terms) •members elected from 435 districts across the nation -b. U.S. Senate (100 members - 6-year terms) •originally, state legislatures selected U.S. Senators (no direct elections for the Senate) •in 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment provided for the direct election of senators by popular vote. -Due to corruption in the selection of Senators

cracking

-breaking up a concentration of the other party so that party receives no seats -central city = Democrat -rural areas = Republican -if Republicans are in charge (for example), they might divide or crack the central city and make it part of many different districts - resulting in a Republican majority in each district.

Governor of the state of georgia

-current governor (Brian Kemp) -4-year term -US citizen for 15 years, citizen of GA for 6 years, 30 years old -limited to two consecutive terms

Public service commission

-five members elected for 6-year terms -Regulate public utilities (rates, new facility locations, etc.), such as natural gas and electric companies, in Georgia.

the cabinet (secretaries of 15 departments)

-implement (carry out) the legislative mandates of Congress. Presidents sometimes pay little attention to these ppl -•composed of the heads of the major departments in the executive branch -- Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Veterans' Affairs, etc. -Secretary of State, Defense, and Treasury - most important

bill

-introduced into both the US house and senate -policy alternatives -assigned to a committee in both House of Congress based on the policy area of the bill

house of representatives

-large and has more rules on debate -is bigger and more unruly and needs different rules than the Senate.

Department of Homeland Security

-newest department of the cabinet -an agency of the cabinet

Constitutional Powers of the President

-powers enumerated for the President in the U.S. Constitution

Time "Coalition of minorities effect"

-presidents gradually lose popularity over time. most presidents are less popular at the end of their term than the beginning -president alienates small groups of people whenever he makes a decision -he may alienate only a small number with each decision. but the numbers of alienated people add up as the president makes more and more decisions

rule making process and the issuance of regulations

-process conducted by agencies of the bureaucracy of government -involves translating the vague policy statements of elected lawmakers in Congress or in state legislatures into specific goals and ways to achieve those goals. -Example: •Law passed by State legislature: improve food safety •Implementation (by local county inspectors): increase random inspections of restaurants and food processing factories.

Presidential Power

-results from the ability of an individual President to persuade others in Washington (Congress, members of the bureaucracy, even the Courts) to carry out his will. Presidents lacking the ability to persuade others have limited power.

institutional resources of presidential power

-second set of powers for the President -these powers come from the office of the President; these powers are not mentioned in the Constitution.

Office of Vice President

-the _________ has little formal role in government •succeeds the President if he dies or is otherwise incapacitated •the ___________ can cast a deciding vote if there is a tie in the Senate. •The ______________ can be a power resource during elections -- the _________ "balances" the ticket (region, particular states, religion, expertise in a particular area (foreign policy), etc.).

bureaucracy

-the _____________ is part of the Executive Branch of the national government, but it is distinct from the Presidency. -•composed of agencies of government responsible for implementing public policies adopted by the elected legislative branch. -the president is responsible for directing

White House Chief of Staff

-the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President. -Appointed by the President-Office of Management and Budget

administrative discretion

-the latitude that Congress gives agencies to make regulations in the spirit of their legislative mandate (put teeth into laws). -Congress typically grants wide implementation discretion to agencies because of the lack of specifics in many bills (the agencies implementing a policy must add the specifics to implement).

the presidency

-the office created by the constitution with certain powers -one of the three branches of the national government

-) Military power - "Commander in Chief"

-the president is the __________________ of the army and navy of the united states -the position of ________________ makes the president the highest military authority in the US -Power is limited: only congress can declare war

Political resources of presidential power

-third source of president power (and probably the most important) -the personality and communication skills of a President affect his power --In the American political system, the President cannot command Congress to adopt a particular public policy -- the Congress (and the Federal Courts) have the power to check the commands of the President. -1993 and 1994: President Clinton wanted to expand the health care system to cover all Americans. Clinton was unable to persuade Congress to adopt this policy.

seniority system

-used for determining committee chairs (the most senior committee member of the majority party becomes committee chair). -________________ is determined by years of continuous service on a particular committee, not years of service in the House or Senate. This avoids the inevitable problem of trying to decide who is most qualified to serve if _________________ is not the determining factor.

committee and subcommittee system

-when a bill is introduced into a chamber, it is automatically sent to a committee dealing with the subject matter of the bill. -Both houses of Congress divide work up into groups, called committees and subcommittees. -Most of the work of Congress (drafting bills, hearings, etc.) is completed in committees and subcommittees. -Committees are composed of people with an interest and some specialized knowledge about a policy area, such as agriculture, transportation, small business, banking, or national security.

minority leader

: leader of "second" party in chamber (elected by fellow party members in the chamber) [Current: Kevin McCarthy (R)]

cloture

A filibuster can be ended by a procedure called cloture -- but 3/5ths or 60 of 100 Senators must vote for _________________

filibuster

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue. -The big difference between House and Senate is that debate in the Senate is less limited by rules. -a Senator who gains the floor may go on talking until he or she relinquishes the right to talk voluntarily or through exhaustion. -this right to unlimited debate may be used by a small group of Senators to filibuster -- that is, delay Senate proceedings by talking continually in order to delay a vote. •

rules committee

A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the house.

crises

_______ can also result in decline in presidential popularity if the president appears to mishandle the situation

presidents

________ can enhance their power to persuade by making use of several different political resources for political persuasion

George Busbee

______________ -was the first modern governor to serve two terms. In the 1970s, the state constitution was changed to allow governors to run for reelection. Prior to 1970s, governors could only serve one term. -Governors have the power to veto bills passed by the legislative branch (Georgia General Assembly) -Legislature can override a veto by the Governor by a 2/3rds vote of both house of the General Assembly.

Congress

_________________ is the institution that formally adopts public policies. Gets its powers from Article I of the Constitution -lasts two years

home style

______________________ describes the behavior of incumbents in Congress seeking reelection

rules and regulations

_______________________ -Regulations have the full force of law (since agencies are authorized by state legislatures to draft rules and regulations). -This means they must be obeyed, or a person risks large fines and jail.

select committees

are created on a temporary basis to investigate current concerns; temporary; usually single issue

•War Powers Resolution (Act) of 1973:

requires Presidents to get approval from Congress for troops deployed overseas after 60 days. -most presidents consider this unconstitutional; Reagan violated it multiple times

Examples of Offices in the EOP

»largest and most important office in the EOP - deals primarily with budget creation/management and managing agency spending and programs. -Council of Economic Advisers »a group of who advise the President on economic policy. It is a part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, and provides much of the economic policy of the White House. -White House Office of National Drug Control Policy - "Drug Czar"

options of the president during the process of a bill becoming a law

•(1) Sign Bill: If President signs the bill, it becomes law (the bill is officially adopted and becomes a public policy). •(2) Veto Bill: If President vetoes the bill, it goes back to the Congress. •(3) Do Nothing: If President does nothing with the bill, 2 things can happen: -(a) After 10 days and Congress is still in session, the bill automatically becomes laws -(b) Pocket Veto: After 10 days and Congress is no longer in session, the bill dies

legislative power

•(a) Annual "state of the union" address -the Constitution requires President to provide Congress periodically with an update on the condition of the union - it has become a tradition for Presidents to give an annual "state of the union" address to Congress every year. •(b) Veto power -President has veto power over congressional legislation (bills). -Congress must muster a 2/3rds majority to override the veto.

Why there's an incumbency advantage in congressional elections

•) Better name recognition than challengers •(2) Fundraising (Easier to raise money from PACs and individuals) -MCs able to raise campaign money more easily than challengers, because PACs and lobbyists seek their ears and their favors. -Also, many campaign contributors know that incumbents are more likely to get elected than their challenger, so they give money to the candidate most likely to win. •(3) More campaign experience MCs usually have campaign experience, and they can claim to have more experience in government than their opponent •(4) Staff paid by public dollars -MCs have staffs that help with case work and constituency services for the folks back home. •(5) Pork barrel projects -MCs take credit for the federal money that gets put back into the home district.

GA Gubernatorial Election of 1966

•: established the Republican Party in Georgia - Republican candidate for Governor Bo Calloway received a plurality of the vote (but not a majority). •A majority is required. If no majority, then the state legislature decides. In 1966, the state legislature elected a Democrat to be Governor.

Economic performance

•A strong economy with low unemployment usually benefits the popularity of a President. •Like wise, it unemployment is high and there are economic problems, such as high inflation, then a President will get blamed by citizens, which will reduce a President's popularity. •While the President gets credit and blame for the economy, the President does not have much direct control over the economy. The true control of economic policy rests with the Federal Reserve Board members who can adjust interest rates and the money supply.

-Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives

•Current Speaker (2021-2023): Nancy Pelosi (Democrat) •Presiding officer in the House -- Speaker is formally elected by the whole House -- Third in presidential succession line. •Elected by whole House (usually a member of the majority party)

Governor

•Currently, being _______________ of a state is seen as the best pathway to running for President. If you are an effective chief executive of a state, you have the potential to be an effective President. •Members of Congress are less successful - they are not viewed as a "chief executive."

divided executive

•In the State of Georgia, the power of the Governor is undermined by a _________________: the Attorney General, Secretary of State, etc. are separately elected executive officials with distinct power bases. •In contrast, in the State of Tennessee, the governor gets to appoint all high-level executive officials (as does the US President).

) National Crisis: "Rally 'round the flag" effect

•National emergencies can result in a temporary surge in presidential popularity -- George Bush approval rating skyrocketed to more than 80% during and immediately after the Gulf War in 1991. •There is a "Rally 'round the flag" effect, which tends to be temporary. •President Bush (Sr.) lost the 1992 election even though he had high popularity after the end of the Iraq war because the economy went bad in late 1991 and 1992 -- unemployment went up and the national went into recession.

redistricting

•States are responsible for redrawing U.S. House and state legislative districts every 10 years after the decennial U.S. Census is completed (1990, 2000, 2010, 2020). •_________________ is required in order to ensure that all districts have about the same number of people in them - "one person, one vote principle •______________________ involves a substantial amount of politics -- parties in state legislatures try to redraw district borders to favor their own party

) Judicial power: Pardons

•The President is granted the power in the U.S. Constitution to "grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the US" •Presidents have used _____________- on individuals and on groups of people: -

procedures

•The U.S. Dept. of Justice has set up ______________ for applying for a pardon from the President.

political parties

•Unified control of the National Government -A President usually finds it easier to get his way with policy in the Congress if the majority party in both houses of Congress is the same affiliation. It is usually easier to persuade members of your own party.

The first lady

•generally ceremonial, but recently have been important in policy discussions. •Nancy Reagan helped run White House -- hired and fired staff + War on Drugs - "just say no". •Hillary Clinton was active in leading health care reform in 1993. •George W. Bush's wife played an important calming role during the post Sept. 11 period.

Executive Office of the President

•internal White House support apparatus •staff advise, direct and support the President on a wide variety of matters. -•created in 1939 by President Franklin Roosevelt, performs most of the management tasks of the President. It contains permanent agencies in the executive branch that perform defined management tasks for the President. -•headed by the White House Chief of Staff:

standing committees

•permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or appropriations _____________committees are the permanent committees of Congress -- Both the Senate and the House have their own set of ____________________- dealing with specialized areas

patronage (spoils system)

•the power to reward supporters through their appointment to top levels of the bureaucracy based on loyalty to the President and partisan affiliation.