POLS206 FINAL EXAM

The social-psychological model of vote choice suggests that an individual's vote depends on many attitudes and characteristics that interact with each other in a

"""funnel of causality""."

Senators have a ___ year term. House members have a ___ year term.

"6,2".

Where are the top or most powerful and prestigious committees in the House?

"Appropriations, Rules, and Ways & Means"

What are the four dimensions of public opinion?

"Direction, stability, salience, intensity"

Reference groups are groups that influence the attitudes of people who

"are not members of the group, but identify with the group anyway"

"A poll on tuition finds 82% of college students opposed to tuition increases, 70% say that tuition cost is one of their most important concerns, and 75% feel strongly enough about tuition to register their opinions with university administration. On this issue, public opinion amount college students can be described as"

"clear, direction, high intensity, high salience."

Major agents of political socialization include

"family, schools, and peers."

"If the president takes no action within 10 days of a bill being passed by Congress, and Congress has adjourned, the bill "

"has been ""pocket-vetoed""."

Political participation may not be a accurate reflection of the will of the people because

"not all people participate equally, so some interests are disproportionately represented in the political process."

The majority of people who participate in politics are

"older, better educated, and more prosperous."

About how many people live in each of the 435 U.S. House districts?

"over 600,000"

The benefits and support activities that members of Congress receive in order to help them perform their job are known as

"perquisites (or ""perks"")."

The period in which presidents enjoy their highest approval ratings is

"the first-year ""honeymoon"" period."

The most important reason incumbents have an advantage over challengers in congressional elections is because incumbents

"usually face underfinanced, politically inexperienced challengers."

"In the ____, the electorate became noticeably more partisan."

1990s

"Other things being equal, about what percentage more votes would the president win if his public approval rating goes up 12 percent?"

3%

How many Supreme Court justices are needed to issue a writ of certiorari?

4

"How many members of Congress are there, House of Representatives and Senate combined?"

535

In 2012 less than _____ percent of voters identified themselves with one of the two major parties

60

In 2012 less than _____ percent of voters identified themselves with one of the two major parties.

60

All of the following can potentially undermine the validity of poll EXCEPT:

A large sample size

_______ refers to the attitudes of people with large measures of political influence or expertise.

Elite opinion

"The law that enables citizens to register to vote at public offices (e.g., the DMV) is popularly known as the"

Federal Election Campaign Act.

Which the following statements correctly describes the success of incumbents in congressional elections?

Incumbents in the House are more likely to be reelected that incumbents in the Senate.

"According to the evidence presented in class, how could congressional terms be limited?"

Limiting Congressional terms would probably require a constitutional amendment.

Rituals such as the pledge of allegiance are an example of what?

Political socialization

How does party control of Congress affect presidential success?

Presidents whose party holds a majority in Congress are more likely to get their policies enacted into law.

Which of the following is more likely to produce a reliable measure of public opinion?

Random Sample

_____ influence(s) the political attitudes of non-group members.

Reference groups

"Based on evidence presented in class, which of the following is true regarding judicial activism?"

Strongly ideological Justices more activist than moderates.

On which of the following is the direction of public opinion clearest?

The Iraq War

Which of the following is true concerning the length of time members of Congress have served?

The average length of service has remained at about 8-10 years throughout the period since 1953.

What can we say about the party ratio on committees in the House?

The majority party takes more than its fair share of seats on the top committees.

A bill may become a law without the president's signature in which of the following circumstances?

The president does not send the unsigned bill back to Congress with written objections.

"Based on evidence presented in the textbook, what is the affect of presidential bargaining skill on success in Congress?"

There is no systematic evidence to support the theory that skilled presidents are more successful than should be expected given conditions they faced.

Which of the following would be a random sample in which we could determine the sampling error?

We take a sample in which every person in the nation has an equal chance of being selected to be interviewed.

A rule that prohibits amending a bill when it is on the floor of Congress for consideration is called

a closed rule

The term ideology refers to

a coherent set of attitudes about politics and government

Who determines what committee a Republican House member serves on?

a committee of house republicans

What sort of representative is more likely to vote for the pork-barrel project?

a delegate

"When a single senator delay's the business of the chamber by making long speeches and refusing to yield the floor, that senator is engaging in "

a filibuster

Cases in U.S. Courts of Appeal are usually decided by

a panel of three judges

Getting money added to the budget for a post office back home is an example of

a pork barrel project

A heuristic is

a psychological shortcut to aid in decision making.

"As part of an election-year survey you are asked: If you knew Candidate A has donated money to al-Qaeda, would you be more or less likely to vote for her? This survey is a"

a push poll

An election that brings about major political change over the long term is called

a realigning election

Which court represents the highest level to which a case involving a question of state law can be carried?

a state court of last resort or state supreme court

Expulsion of a member of Congress requires

a two-thirds vote

On which of the following issues is public opinion most stable?

abortion

"Critics of voter ID laws, which require voters to show a valid photo ID in order to vote, contend that these laws disproportionately depress voter turnout among which of the following groups?"

all of the above

"In the senate, a hold is"

all of the above

"The wealthy are more likely to participate in politics, according to Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, because they possess which of the following advantages?"

all of the above

Congress can impeach the president and federal judges for

all of the above

How does party polarization affect presidential success in winning roll call votes in Congress?

all of the above

Resources found to be related to higher levels of participation include

all of the above

Translating public opinion into public policy is complicated because

all of the above

Which of the following groups does not have a constitutionally protected right to vote?

all of the above

Why does government often seem so unresponsive public opinion?

all of the above

"An internet poll on the Fox News website indicates that 83% of Americans disapprove of President Obama's job performance. This poll is likely unreliable, however, because"

all of the above.

Which of the following is (are) true concerning Senate conformations of the President's appointments to executive departments?

all of these are true

People who feel great trust and support for the political system are said to be

allegiant

Representation that takes the form of members of Congress ensuring that their district gets a share of federal benefits is best described as

allocation representation

The franking privilege

allows members of Congress to mail letters using their signature instead of a postage stamp

A filibuster is

an attempt of one or a few senators to talk a bill to death.

_____ is the section of the population with a strong interest in a particular issue.

an issue public

Bills that may be amended when they are under consideration on the House floor have been brought to the floor under

an open rule

Federal judges

are appointed by the president and must be confirmed by the Senate.

"Compared to the prime minister in a parliamentary democracy, the president s legislative preferences "

are approved less often

"Compared to the prime minister in a parliamentary democracy, the president s legislative preferences"

are approved less often

Polls measuring public opinion

are useful and accurate if they are based on a random sample.

A ______ is a group of poll respondents that does not accurately represent the target population and provides inaccurate estimates of the true opinions and attitudes of the target population.

biased sample

A legislature consisting of two chambers is best described as

bicameral

Among the unrealistic assumptions made by the rational choice model of voting behavior is that voters will have high levels of knowledge about

both a & b

"According to Neustadt, which of the following influences a president's ability to persuade?"

both a and b

"If the vice presidency becomes vacant, who must approve the president's nominee to fill the vacancy?"

both houses of congress

Voter perceptions of the qualities of a candidate are known as

candidate image

A bill that comes the House floor with a closed rule

cannot be amended

"When members of Congress help constituents deal with problems they are having with administrative agencies, they are engaging in "

casework

Attitudes on the issue of same-sex marriage over the past 20 years have

changed dramatically

"In his formal constitutional role as the head of government, responsible for overseeing the executive branch and administering the laws of the land, the president is regarded as"

chief executive

"In his symbolic role as the ceremonial leader of the American people, the president is regarded as the "

chief of state

Democratic government is made aware of public preferences through

circulating petitions, voting, public opinion polls (ALL OF THE ABOVE)

A vote of at least 60 senators to end a filibuster is known as

cloture

Courts in which groups of judges decide cases based on a review of the record of the lower-court trial are

collegial courts

The president has more autonomy in the exercise of the power as ______ than the exercise of other executive powers.

commander-in-chief

All of the following are reasons cited for low voter turnout in the U.S. EXCEPT:

compulsory voting

Countries that require citizens to vote or else face a fine or other legal penalty have what is called

compulsory voting

An opinion written by a Supreme Court justice who agrees with the ruling of the Court but not the reason behind it is a

concurring opinion

"The ________ is the chance , measured in percent, that the results of a survey will fall within the boundaries set by the margin of error."

confidence level

"____ has the power to establish lower courts, determine what cases courts can hear, and regulates which matters decided in lower courts the Supreme Court can review."

congress

Who sets the jurisdictional boundaries of the federal courts?

congress

"Much of the time, the threat of a veto provides the president with _______ leverage in Congress."

considerable

The notion that the president should do anything and everything to address the needs of the nation except that which is specifically prohibited by the Constitution is

consistent with the stewardship doctrine

Courts that review the decisions of lower courts are

courts of appellate jurisdiction

Trial courts that hear cases for the first time and determine issues of fact and law are

courts of original jurisdiction

The influence of family as an agent of political socialization tends to ______________ as one gets older

decline

Presidential approval ratings almost always __________ over time.

decrease

"Ironically, as the right to vote has been extended to nearly all adult citizens over time, voter turnout among those citizens has"

decreased

"A representative who makes legislative decisions based on the interests and views of his or her constituents, regardless of personal preferences is said to be a "

delegate

Public opinion is most influential with public officials who follow the

delegate model of representation.

"In recent presidential elections, minority voters have tended to vote for which of the following parties?"

democratic

Instrumentation is the process of

designing survey questions.

The number of Supreme Court justices is:

determined by congress

"After 30 years of majority control of the Polisciland legislature, the Purple Party lost its majority status in the election of 1980, only to regain the majority again in the election of 1982. The 1980 election could best be described as a "

deviating election

"Under the Articles of Confederation, the executive branch of government"

did not exist

The ____ of public opinion refers to whether public opinion is positive or negative.

direction

A committee can be reluctantly forced to report a bill for consideration on the floor of the House through the use of a

discharge petition

An opinion written by a Supreme Court justice who is in the minority that presents the logic and thinking of the justices who opposed the majority opinion is a

dissenting opinion

"Reciprocity, or logrolling , is the dominant behavioral norm under the ______ model of congressional organization."

distributive

Government expenditures and programs that concentrate benefits in specific geographical areas are known as

distributive benefits

"Based on evidence presented in class, which president was the most popular during his time in office?"

dwight eisenhower

"The principal of one person, one vote as used by the Supreme Court in the reapportionment decisions means that "

each legislative district must contain approximately the same number of people.

Voters who lack knowledge about the issue positions of candidates may base their vote on _________________ instead.

either a or b (partisan identification or candidate image)

"Agreements between the United States and other nations, negotiated by the president, that have the same weight as a treaty but do not require Senate approval are called "

executive agreements

"Which of the following takes the legal form of a contract between two nations, but does not require two-thirds approval from the Senate?"

executive agreements

Presidential directives that have the same weight as law but are not voted on by Congress are called

executive orders

"""Legal realism"" is a model of judicial decision making that requires a rigid adherence to the letter of the law. "

false

"'Political culture' refers to societies in which interest in politics is high and most citizens participate in politics."

false

"Americans tend to like Congress, even if they dislike their own representative."

false

"Compared with people in other industrialized democracies, American tend to have low levels of political knowledge and information. "

false

"Election Day is scheduled for early November due to the popularity of major league baseball, which holds the World Series in October of every year. "

false

"Of Burke's three representational styles, the ""trustee"" style most closely approximates the decisions we would make in a direct democracy. "

false

"Pork barrel projects are an expression of ""service responsiveness."" "

false

"Since 2000, the use of filibusters to block the confirmation of presidential nominees has remained relatively stable, neither increasing nor decreasing. "

false

"Sociological norms like apprenticeship, deference, and reciprocity remain the best explanations of congressional behavior even today. "

false

"The ""reciprocity norm"" is most closely associated with the ""informational model"" of congressional behavior. "

false

"The ""strong executive model"" of the presidency was borrowed from parliamentary systems in which the president was of the same party as the legislative majority. "

false

"The election of George W. Bush in 2000 is widely regarded as a partisan realignment, ushering in a new era of Republican party dominance. "

false

"The president can be convicted of ""high crimes and misdemeanors"" and removed from office through an impeachment vote by the House of Representatives. "

false

"The president's role as a party leader is an example of an ""enumerated power"" in Article II of the Constitution. "

false

"The term ""political alienation"" refers to refers to U.S. citizens who have moved abroad and can no longer vote in U.S. elections. "

false

"Wolf Blitzer reports that ""Hillary Clinton leads Donald Trump 48% to 46%"" in the latest CNN poll of likely voters, so we may reasonably conclude that Clinton is ahead in the race."

false

All presidents since George Washington have followed the tradition of personally delivering a State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress.

false

Congressional salaries are comparable to those of the average corporate CEO

false

Congressional salaries are comparable to those of the average corporate CEO.

false

Executive orders are an unconstitutional abuse of presidential authority.

false

Frequent use of the veto is an indisputable sign of presidential strength

false

People who possess low levels of political knowledge and a lack of interest in political issues are more likely to vote because they are not burdened by too much information

false

Roughly 50% of district court verdicts end up being appealed to the circuit courts.

false

The Constitution prohibits elected politicians from being nominated as Supreme Court justices.

false

The president struggles to exert a meaningful check on the power of Congress due to a lack of organizational and staff resources.

false

The psychological approach to studying the presidency is widely acknowledged as the most successful in enabling us to make predictions about future success.

false

There is no court in the federal courts system that possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction.

false

"When members of Congress send free mail home to their constituents, they are exercising the "

franking privilege

A family's influence on political socialization

generally has a lasting influence on a individual's feeling about politics and political issues.

There is mounting evidence that mass political attitudes and behaviors are

genetically influenced

"Using data based on twin studies, researchers found that some political opinions and beliefs could be attributed to "

genetics

"If a House committee refuses to report a bill, what is the procedure to bring the bill to the floor for a vote?"

get 218 signatures on a discharge petition

The concept of positive government means that

government is expected to play a major role in dealing with the problems of society.

Presidents who impose clear lines of authority within the White House and delegate important responsibilities to a chief of staff utilize which of the following organizational models?

hierarchical model

"Compared to other industrialized democracies, Americans contact public officials and participate in political campaigns at"

higher rates

The Cabinet is more a product of ____ than a Constitutional design.

historical accident

"The way a member of Congress behaves, explains legislative actions, and presents himself or herself when visiting the district is known as "

home style

"With respect to public opinion, intensity refers to"

how strongly the public feels about an issue.

"A consistent set of values , attitudes, and beliefs about the appropriate role of government in society is called"

ideology

What is the most common thing that happens after a bill is introduced and assigned to a committee?

inaction

"According to evidence presented in the text, the average length of time it takes for the Senate to consider the presidential nominations to federal appellate courts"

increased to nearly a year during the presidencies of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.

How strongly people hold the attitudes and beliefs is the _____ of public opinion.

intensity

"According to your textbook, the proposal to limit the terms of members of Congress"

is a bad idea because it would deprive Congress of experience and expertise.

The Supreme Court formally exercises it discretionary power to hear a case by

issuing a writ of certiorari

A Supreme Court justice who believes that the Court has a responsibility to use its rulings to articulate new policy when other branches fail to do so is practicing

judicial activism

A Supreme Court justice who believes that the Court should defer policy making decisions to elected branches of government is a proponent of

judicial restraint

The authority of a criminal or appeals court to hear and decide cases is called

jurisdiction

"Compared to other industrialized democracies, voter turnout in the United States is "

lower

"In 1988, the voters of Polisciland re-elected the Orange Party to a majority of the seats in the legislature for the 12th straight election. The election of 1988 could best be described as a "

maintain election

A decision of the Supreme Court in which five or more justices agree on which party to the dispute should win the case and agree on the reason that party should win is a

majority opinion

The power of judicial review conflicts with which of the following basic democratic values?

majority rule and popular sovereignty

A basic problem with the rational choice explanation for voting behavior is that

many voters do not have enough information about candidates or issues to make rational calculations.

The 1803 case in which the Court asserted the power of judicial review was

marbury v. madison

The Supreme Court asserted there power of judicial review in which of the following court cases?

marbury v. madison

The ______ is the amount by which the sample responses are likely to differ from those of the population within very tight boundaries that are know as the confidence level.

margin of error

"According to class discussion, the legislative process in Congress is best described as one governed by"

minorities consent

Efforts to stimulate higher voter turnout are known as

mobilization

A justice who interprets the Constitution by weighing the original concerns of the Founders is using

none of these

The agency within the Executive Office of the President that is responsible for assisting the president in his budget recommendations is the

office of management and budget

The idea that Supreme Court justices should interpret the Constitution in terms of the original intentions of the framers is

originalism

What is the most important consideration in the selection of Supreme Court justices?

party affiliation and politcal philosophy

The political scientists of the Michigan School of voting behavior found that _____ ______ was the best predictor of vote choice.

party identification

Which of the following presidential responsibilities does NOT have an explicit foundation in the Constitution?

party leader

"When parties ideologically homogeneous and their policy positions move farther apart, this situation is known as "

party polarization

The Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case was reversed by

passage of the 13th and 14th amendments

"A decision of the Supreme Court in which a majority of the Court agrees on the decision, but there is no majority agreement on the decision is a "

plurality opinion

Members of the House are more likely than members of the Senate to be

policy specialists

People who feel isolated from the political system suffer from

political alienation

The belief that participating in politics makes a difference is called

political efficacy

The process of turning opinion into actions that influence public policy is

political participation

_____ is the translation of personal preference into a voluntary action designed to influence public policy.

political participation

A representative whose philosophy of representation combines elements of all of Edmund Burke's representational styles is best described as a

politico

The expansion of executive authority during the New Deal reflected an increasing demand by the American people for

positive government

"When Abraham Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus during the Civil War, he was following a _______________ view of presidential power. "

prerogative

"What perspective on presidential power did Lincoln articulate to justify taking actions that were otherwise unconstitutional, but that he believed were necessary to preserve the Constitution?"

prerogative view

"In the United States, voter turnout is higher in "

presidential elections

"Based on evidence presented in class, how does public approval of the president affect presidential success in Congress?"

presidential popularity has a relatively small influence on presidential success

The conflict pitting judicial restraint against judicial activism is

primarily a battle of political rather than judicial philosophy.

Voting that is based on an individual's estimation of how well a candidate will perform duties in the future is called

prospective voting

A _____ is a method of selecting a subset of the population in which every person in the target population has an equal change of being selected.

random sample

Which of the following approaches represents the most reliable method of estimating public opinion?

random sampling

Reversals of opinion on social issues are

rare

All of the following are potential constraints on judicial power EXCEPT:

re-election concerns

The people living within a Congress member's House district who can be counted up for their votes are referred to by Fenno as the

re-election constituency

"In Polisciland, the Orange Party had held the majority in the legislature for 36 straight years, but lost their majority in 2000 to the Purple Party, which has controlled the legislature ever since. The election of 2000 would best be described as a "

realigning election

Congress may restrain the U.S. Supreme Court by

reducing the court's appellate jurisdiction

The House Rules Committee

regulates the flow of bills from other standing committees to the floor.

"The relationship between elected officials and the people who elected them, and the extent to which officials are responsive to the people is known as "

representation

The National Voter Registration Act (the motor voter bill

requires states to provide registration services when citizens renew their driver's license.

The National Voter Registration Act (the motor voter bill)

requires states to provide registration services when citizens renew their driver's license.

Judges who believe that the making of public policy should be left to the more democratic branches of government exercise a(n) ______ approach to jurisprudence.

restrained

Which of the following perspectives on presidential power suggests that the president can only exercise powers that are explicitly listed in the Constitution?

restrictive view

Courts of appellate jurisdiction

review the decisions of lower courts

Nongermane amendments that are added to popular bills in hopes that the desirability of the proposed legislation will help the amendment pass are known as

riders

_____ refers to the prominence and visibility of an issue.

salience

Presidential scholar George Edwards found that president's speeches ______ moved public opinion.

seldom

What are the chances of a Presidential veto being overridden by Congress?

seldom overriden (fewer than 10%)

Probably the most effective restraint on the exercise of judicial review is

self-restraint

The practice that allows senators from states with federal district courts to recommend individuals for the president to nominate is known as

senatorial courtesy

Presidential submission of a bill to Congress is a means of

setting the legislative agenda

The rational choice model considers which factor in predicting vote choice?

sharing a candidate's views on the issue

Pronouncements of how the president intends to interpret and apply a law when he signs a bill are called

signing statements

The ______ model of voting behavior suggests that our attitudes and opinions are products of our environment.

social-psychological

"Party identification, opinions about the candidates, and feelings about the issues of a particular election affect individual voting behaviors according to the"

social-psychological model

The sociological perspective of the Columbia school suggested that the most important determinant of an individual's vote choice is

socioeconomic status (SES)

"Due to its emphasis on demographic characteristics that do not change much over time, campaigns should have very little effect on voter choices in the ____________ model of vote choice. "

sociological model

The person who presides over the House of Representatives is called the

speaker of the house

"Presidents who prefer their advisers to report directly to the president, without using a Chief-of-Staff as an intermediary, utilize which of the following organizational models?"

spokes-of-the-wheel model

The element of ______ is the likelihood of changes in the direction of public opinion.

stability

Individual attitudes on the issue of abortion are relatively

stable

The beliefs that make up political culture are

stable and enduring

Expressions such as unelected representatives and member enterprises have been used to describe which of the following units of congressional organization?

staff organizations

All of the following are important determinants of the president's approval ratings EXCEPT:

state of union adresses

The trend in voter turnout in presidential elections from the 1950's to present

stayed within a band of roughly 10 percentage points around 50% to 60%.

Which of the following perspectives on presidential power suggests that the president can take any action the nation needs as long as it is not explicitly prohibited by the Constitution?

stewardship doctrine

Polls based on nonrandom samples are often referred to as

straw polls

A president whose power is significant and independent from the Congress reflects which of the following models of the presidency?

strong executive model

Evidence that the attitudinal model accurately explains decision making on the Supreme Court is

that justices exhibit significant differences of opinion on highly controversial issues.

Which of the following federal courts can hear appeals made from the state supreme courts?

the U.S. supreme court

Segal and Spaeth's theory that the decisions of judges are largely determined by their personal ideological and policy preferences is known as

the attitudinal model

The Informational Model of congressional organization argues that committees are agents of

the chamber floor

Early formal rational choice models tended to conclude that

the costs of voting outweigh the conceivable benefit.

"At the Constitutional Convention, supporters of the strong-executive model were helped by"

the examples of strong governors in New York and Massachusetts.

The right to vote is known as

the franchise

The benefit that allows members of Congress to use their signatures instead of buying stamps to sent mail to their constituents is know as

the franking privilege

The presidential cabinet includes

the heads of the executive agencies

Which entity is charged with resolving differences between House and Senate version of a proposal?

the joint conference committee

The attitudinal model suggest that judicial decision making is driven by

the judge's person preferences

The view of judicial decision making in which judges set aside their own values and make decisions based solely on legal criteria is called

the legal model

Scholars who argue that the decision making of judges is influenced by personal values and ideology favor which of the following models?

the legal realist model

The theory that assumes the Constitution was meant to be a dynamic document that should be interpreted in its contemporary social and political context is

the living constitution

The real leader of the Senate in terms of power is

the majority leader

The most powerful person in the senate is

the majority party leader

The practice of selecting congressional committee chairs based on seniority meant that the chair of a congressional committee was

the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee.

Richard Neustadt argued that in order to achieve their goals presidents need

the power to persuade

"The argument that the oath of office requires a president to preserve the Constitution, even if it means taking unconstitutional actions to do so, is"

the prerogative view of presidential power

Political socialization refers to

the process by which one develops opinions and attitudes about politics.

"A poll finds 52% of voters supporting candidate A, and 48% supporting candidate B, with a 3 percent margin of error. Given this information, we can say that"

the range of opinion makes it difficult to assess who has more support

The party ratio refers to

the ratio of majority to minority party members on the standing committees.

Suffrage is most accurately defined as

the right to vote

Presidential nominations to the federal courts must be approved by

the senate

The size of the margin of error in a random sample is determined by

the size of the random sample

"An approach to judicial decision making in which a judge sets a constitutional provision alongside a statute in order to ""decide whether the latter squares with the former"" is known as "

the slot machine theory

The theory of judicial decision making that suggests judges sometimes vote against their own personal preferences in order to reach a compromise acceptable to other institutional actors is

the strategic model

Public opinion is best defined as

the sum of all citizens' opinions about a matter of general interest.

Which of the following is a formal power of the presidency

the veto

"Generally, members of Congress develop home styles that fit"

their constituency

The qualifications set by the Constitution to serve as a Supreme Court justice include

there are no qualifications set by the constitution

How often are discharge petitions successful in the House?

they are rarely successful

A bicameral legislature serves two purposes:

to broaden representation and cause greater deliberation of legislative matters.

"A ""plurality opinion"" is written when there is majority agreement on the outcome of a case, but disagreement regarding the reasons for that outcome. "

true

"According to Richard Fenno, a member of Congress's behavior will change predictably depending on which constituency group he or she is interacting with. "

true

"Allocation responsiveness involves bringing ""distributive benefits"" back to the people of your congressional district. "

true

"Compared with people in other industrialized democracies, Americans tend to have low levels of political knowledge and information."

true

"Federal appeals are typically heard ""en banc,"" meaning that all of the judges in the circuit hear the case. "

true

"Like the elected branches of government, partisan polarization seems to have grown on the Supreme Court as well, with a marked increase in cases decided by one vote. "

true

"Members of the National Rifle Association would be considered an ""issue public."" "

true

"Probably the most common form of judicial restraint is the self-restraint of the judges themselves, who follow well-established professional norms of objectivity."

true

"Recent research suggests that some heritable personality traits (i.e., biological factors) may influence partisanship and vote choice. "

true

"The ""legal model"" of judicial decision making is based on sociological theories of the different professional roles played by lawyers and judges. "

true

"The ""spokes-of-the-wheel"" model of executive branch advisory systems frequently results in ineffective decision making due to information overload. "

true

"The empirical study of the presidency has been hindered in part by the ""small n problem."" "

true

"The framers' desire to avoid having a powerful, kinglike figure administering policy is partly reflected in their choice of the word ""president,"" which literally means ""one who presides, as over a meeting, to ensure orderly debate."" "

true

"The political and ideological preferences of judges are of primary importance in the ""attitudinal model"" of judicial decision making."

true

"The writings of political columnists like David Brooks or E.J. Dionne are examples of ""elite opinion."" "

true

A 2013 poll found that Congress is less popular than cockroaches

true

An internet poll on the Fox News website asking visitors to the site to rate the president's job performance will likely provide a biased sample.

true

Public policy is more likely to reflect the interests of the wealthy because they participate in politics more actively and in greater numbers than other groups.

true

Question ordering can affect the responses given in a poll.

true

Question wording is an important factor in the validity of poll results.

true

Recent research suggest that political attitudes may be partially influenced by biological factors like genetics

true

The Supreme Court is the only federal court that can hear appeals from state courts.

true

The rational choice model of vote choice assumes that voters have a fairly high level of political knowledge of the issues and candidates.

true

The threat of a veto is an important tool for presidential persuasion.

true

Voter turnout in the 2014 midterm elections was the lowest it has been in over 70 years.

true

A representative who uses his or her own judgment to make decisions promoting the best interests of the nation as a whole is said to be a

trustee

"In a ______, public officials are to make decisions based on their own expertise and judgment, and not just make decision based on the wishes and preferences of their constituents."

trustee system of democracy

Elected officials who view their job as becoming experts on the issues and making decisions that they believe are in the public's best interests regardless of what their constituents believe are called

trustees

The conditions under which a bill will be considered in the Senate may be negotiated by party leaders in what are called

unanimous consent agreements

The Supreme Court's exercise of judicial review is

very infrequent

"The strategy of ""going public"" has been found to have which of the following effects on public approval of the president?"

very little effect

To invoke cloture requires

voters from 60 senates

The 1973 law that attempted to limit the power of the executive to send troops into combat without congressional approval is the

war powers act

The power of judicial review

was established by the supreme court in Marbury v Madison (1803).

"Which of the following would be considered a ""prestige"" committee?"

ways & means

In which Supreme Court case did the Supreme Court invalidate unequal legislative districts for the U.S. House?

wesberry v. sanders

The most important determinant of the fate of legislative proposals in Congress is

what the standing committee does

The only circumstance in which the President of the Senate is allowed to vote is

when there is a tie vote

"The assistants to the majority and minority leaders of both the House and Senate, who seek to encourage party unity and cohesion, are referred to as "

whips

A court order requiring a public official to perform an official duty over which he or she has no discretion is a

writ of mandamus

Which of the following groups is most likely to have the lowest levels of voter turnout?

young people

How many Supreme Court justices have been impeached and removed from office?

zero