Population/Migration

Historical Migration Great Atlantic Migration -started around the _____ -migrants traveled _____________ to North America -Germany and _______ led in the 1840s -the second wave of immigrants occurred from 1880-1910, bringing some __ million immigrants to North America from Europe alone -the total number of Europeans settling in _____ _______ amounted to 37 million people between 1820 & 1980

-1840s -transatlantic -Ireland -17 -North America

Key Population Statistics Higher in LDCs -___, ___, ___, & ___: since there are less maternal planning methods and less use of contraception, more children are born, but more die more often due to the less safe methods -___ & ________ ____: since CBR & TRF are high, more children are being born in LDCs, it takes less time for a country to increase its population

-CBR, TRF, IMR, & CDR -RNI; doubling time

Historical Migration World War II Migration -the ______ community experienced voluntary & involuntary migration across Europe & to other surrounding countries -many Jews migrated to the British Mandate of Palestine, which later became the state of ______ -post World War II, over __ million people migrated, __ million of which were Germans being pushed west out of Eastern Europe after losing the war

-Jewish -Israel -20; 16

Malthusian Theory Examples -__________ __________ ______: the rapid population growth of humans on Earth would lead to exceeding the carrying capacity, therefore a lack of resources, resulting in poverty and misery -___________ ______: as the humans on Earth continue to innovate, new technologies will be invented to prevent us from running out of a food source

-Malthusian Population Theory -Cornucopian Theory

Population Density -with more than 1.5 square million kilometers of land & fewer than 2.9 million residents, ________ is the world's least populous sovereign nation -______ is the most densely populated country in the world, with more than 18,000 residents per square km.

-Mongolia -Monaco

Population Density -________ sprawls across 6,340 square km. of coastal northeastern China, & has a pop. over 23 million people, making it the most populated city in the world -the most densely populated city, however, is ______, with over 43,000 people/square km.

-Shanghai -Manila

Push and Pull Factors Everett Lee (Theory of Migration) -____ __ ______: factors that affect how people become attached to a place -____ __ ___________: factors that influence a person's attraction to their destination -___________ _________: factors that complicate migration -________ _______: perceptions, emotions, & not completely accurate information that makes the decision to migrate personal

-area of origin -area of destination -intervening obstacles -personal factors

Malthusian Theory While food supply increases ______________, population increases _____________.

-arithmetically -geometrically

Consequences of Migration Spread of Culture and Diseases -as migration occurs, spread of culture takes place due to migrants ________ their culture along with them -can occur because migrants bring _____ from their source country into their destination country -more people are coming to one place, allowing those germs to spread ______

-bringing -germs -faster

Malthusian Theory -the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support -the study of the impacts of population on the environment and vice versa

-carrying capacity -population ecology

Demographic Transition Model Stage 3 (Late Expanding) -in conjunction with industrialization & urbanization, social needs & opportunities ______ -more educational & employment opportunities for women + _____________ technology = declining CBR; CDR is still _______ -rate of natural increase is _________ Ex: Saudi Arabia

-change -contraceptive; falling -declining

Population Density -______ are home to half of the world's population -nearly __% of the world's population lives within 400 km off a coast -if everyone lived as densely as they do in _________, the entire human race could fit in New Zealand

-cities -70 -Manhattan

Demographic Transition Model Stage 2 (Early Expanding) -country still has an agriculturally based economy, but starts to become ______________ -CBR is stationary (still high), but the CDR is _______ rapidly; new agricultural & medical innovations enable food surpluses & improved living conditions = ______ life expectancy -significant increase in rural to urban migration, but most population still resides in _____ areas -____ __ _______ ________: equals CBR minus CDR or the annual percentage of population growth is very high Ex: Yemen

-commercialized -falling; higher -rural -rate of natural increase

Population Pyramids Stage 1 (High Fluctuating) -no _________ -the narrowing of the ____ ____ shows a lot of people being ____ -_____ at a young age

-countries -wide base; born -dying

Demographic Transition Model DTM is based on... -_____ _____ ____: # of annual births/1,000 people -_____ _____ ____: # of annual deaths/1,000 people

-crude birth rate -crude death rate

Key Population Statistics -total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people living in the region -total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people living in the region -annual rate of population growth & can be found by subtracting CBR by the CDR without taking into account any migration -amount of time it takes for the region to double in population, assuming that it's a constant rate -average number of children a woman gives birth in a lifetime for a given population -the percentage of children under the age of one that die within a specific region -the average age that individuals are expected to live -the difference between immigrants and emigrants -a TFR of 2.1; rate so that women have enough babies for the next generation

-crude birth rate (CBR) -crude death rate (CDR) -rate of natural increase (RNI) -doubling time -total fertility rate (TFR) -infant mortality rate (IMR) -life expectancy -net migration -replacement rate

Key Population Statistics -_____ _____ ____ = live deaths/population per 1,000 -____ __ _______ ________ = CBR-CDR/10 -______ _________ ____ = deaths among children < 1/live births x 1,000 -_____ _____ ____ = live births/population per 1,000

-crude death rate -rate of natural increase -infant mortality rate -crude birth rate

Malthusian Theory Neo-Malthusians Generally refers to people with the same basic concerns as Malthus who advocate population control programs, to ensure resources for _______ and ______ populations.

-current -future

Women and Population Mortality -mortality = _____ -mortality lower in MDCs due to better __________ -mortality higher in LDCs due to lack of good __________ and less _________ -results in more people dying from infectious ________ and untreated medical problems

-death -healthcare -healthcare; education -diseases

Aging Populations Effects of an Aging Population -countries enact pronatalist policies to prevent population _______ -number of retirement communities _________ -country's politicians become more ______ friendly to attract votes -less people in ______ class (as the dependency ratio increases, there are more dependents and less people to work)

-decline -increases -senior -working

Aging Populations -usually found in _________ countries -countries with aging populations have a high __________ ratio b/c there is an increased amount of people over the age of 65 -countries with aging populations also have long ____ ____________ -these countries with long lived populations are referred to as ____ _____

-developed -dependency -life expectancies -blue zones

Malthusian Theory Thomas Malthus -English _________ -concluded that the growing population would ______ carrying capacity -speculated this when England was experiencing __________ growth

-economist -exceed -population

Women and Population Fertility -women have more direct impact on population growth and _________ -MDCs have lower _________ rates due to more ______, education, and ____________ -____ education, wealth, & urbanization = waiting to get married & have kids, _______ career focus than child raising focus, & more contraceptives among other things = _____ fertility -LDCs have higher fertility rates due to the ________: less wealth, poverty, less education, less urbanization, and less female employment -those things = earlier marriage & childbearing, little educated family planning, less career focus due to not having a job, & less contraceptive access among other things = ______ _________

-fertility -fertility; wealth; urbanization -more; greater; lower -opposite -higher fertility

Demographic Transition Model Stage 5 (Declining) -at this point the CDR is _______ than or equal to the CDR, leading to ____ population growth or natural decrease in the population Ex: Germany

-greater; zero

Aging Populations Causes of an Aging Population -access to __________ (lower IMR & less spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS -access to a steady supply of _______ food -stable social and political __________ -_________ access to birth control

-healthcare -healthy -conditions -increased

Malthusian Theory Cornucopian Theory -human population growth will result in ___________ -new ____________ will make it possible to increase food supply along with the carrying capacity

-innovations -technologies

Consequences of Migration Impacts of Migration on Destination Country -more source of _____ -helps the _______ grow -there is more _________ in culture, allowing new ideas to spread -can be helpful when it comes to _______ ______ -_______ conflicts can arise -there is a willingness to take ___ ___

-labor -economy -diversity -foreign affairs -cultural -low pay

Population Pyramids -males on the ____ & females on the _____ -age groups in the middle; ________ to ______ going up -_______ of population along the bottom

-left; right -youngest; oldest -percent

Women and Population Politics -worldwide, women have ____ political participation than men -connects again to education: more education = more _________ involvement = more involvement in MDCs than in LDCs

-less -political

Women and Population Education -women are generally ____ ________ worldwide, especially in LDCs -female education affects all other aspects of woman in ___________ -more female education = _____ fertility rate, ____ women in politics, ____ female economic participation, and an overall ______ population

-less educated -populations -lower; more; more; better

Demographic Transition Model Stage 4 (Low Stationary) -CBR & CDR are low and the RNI is ___ -low CBR reflects higher levels of ___________ achievement, especially among women -lower rate of ________ and higher food production; _________ is stable Ex: U.S.

-low -educational -diseases; population

Consequences of Migration More on Remittances -remittances are very impactful on source countries of ________ -majority of them are sent to __________ countries -more important to the economies of developing countries than the money they get from a country's _______ -usually seen when migrant workers are able to make enough money to support their ______ in their home country -_____ (temporary) _______: temporarily come to a country to make money; often low skilled workers & work seasonally

-migrants -developing -exports -family -guest workers

Push and Pull Factors -the long term or permanent relocation of an individual or group to another place; single, twenty-five year olds are most likely to migrate -out migration; in migration -number of immigrants minus number of emigrants -migration stems from choice & can be affected by push & pull factors; migration occurs when an entity insists that an individual or group must relocate

-migration -emigration; immigration -net migration -voluntary; forced

Consequences of Migration -the movement of someone or something from one place to another -when a person or group of people willingly move from one place to another -people migrate because of ____ and ____ factors -_________ = leaving; __________ = coming

-migration -voluntary migration -push; pull -emigrants; immigrants

Population Pyramids Stage 4 (Low Fluctuating) -______ base -very ____ growth -_____ population -top of the pyramid ______

-narrow -slow -aging -widens

Key Population Statistics Higher in MDCs -___ _________: more immigrants & less people are leaving to the country due to better standards of living & jobs -____ __________: more people live longer lives due to a better standard of living in MDCs

-net migration -life expectancy

Malthusian Theory Ester Boserup -a critic who _______ of the Malthusian Theory -believed that with more people to provide labor, food production would ________

-opposed -increase

Push and Pull Factors -these factors can be _________, economic, environmental, or social -____: unfavorable conditions that encourage people to emigrate -____: favorable conditions that encourage people to immigrate

-political -push -pull

Demographic Transition Model -defines __________ dynamics -defines the ________ context of a country -provides insights into _________, roles of women, _____, etc.

-population -economic -fertility; labor

Demographic Transition Model Limitations & Assumptions -does not account for the effect of migration of __________ change -is based on the experiences of Western Europe, so it may not be applicable to developing countries that experience ____________ differently

-population -urbanization

Historical Migration 2015-2016 Historical Migration? -we could currently be in another historical migration, with millions of ________ fleeing war-torn countries in the Middle East -in 2015 alone, more than 1 million refugees crossed into ______ -experts say that this is the _______ European migration since WWII -the top three countries that produced refugees in 2015 were Syria, ___________, and Iraq

-refugees -Europe -largest -Afghanistan

Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 (High Stationary) -preindustrial society with most people living in _____ areas -high fluctuating CBR & CDR & low ____ __________ as a result of climate, warfare, & disease -society is mainly engaged in ___________ agriculture Ex: No countries are currently in this stage.

-rural -life expectancy -subsistence

Population Pyramids Stage 3 (Late Expanding) -_______ base -______ slows -_____ life expectancy

-smaller -growth -higher

Historical Migration Transatlantic Slave Trade Migration (forced migration) -spanned the course of _____ centuries -in the time period, ______ million men, women, & children were forcibly removed from their homeland of Africa & shipped to the Americas & Europe -the trade led to more _____ in the Americas from free labor -slaves helped to _____________ many cities in Europe & the Americas -the slaves were also accompanied by _____ being shipped from Africa & surrounding areas -this was one of the _______ migration periods ever recorded -the ________ of the slaves were going to Central & South America

-three -twelve -wealth -industrialize -goods -largest -majority

Population Pyramids Stage 5 (Decline Aging) -___-_____ pyramid due to few children being born -people live to be very ___

-top-heavy -old

Consequences of Migration Impacts on Source Country -there aren't as many individuals that are __________ -loss of a source of labor as well as money, similar to _____ _____, which is when skillful workers that can't make a living in their home country migrate to another country -___________: when a migrant worker sends money back to their family in their home country -_______ _________: returning to home country

-unemployed -brain drain -remittances -counter migration

Population Pyramids Stage 2 (Early Expanding) -____ base -_____ growth

-wide -rapid

Women and Population Economics -women have it _____ in the economy -women get paid ____ than men overall -women _______________ in some jobs like education and ________________ in others like STEM jobs

-worse -less -overrepresented; underrepresented

Population Distribution What are the six main population clusters?

1. East Asia 2. South Asia 3. Southeast Asia 4. Nigeria 5. Europe 6. Northeast United States

Push and Pull Factors Ravenstein's Laws of Migration 1. most migrations cover a _____ ________ 2. migrants that move to cities create ____ that are filled by other migrants from more distant places 3. __________ and __________ are two processes involving migration; __________ refers to the departure of migrants moving from distant places; __________ means the arrival of migrants at a destination 4. migrant flows create _______ _____ 5. ____ ________ migrants tend to go to _____ areas 6. _____ ________ are more likely to move than urban residents 7. _____ migrate more often ______ their country and ___ migrate _______ of the country

1. short distance 2. gaps 3. dispersion; absorption; dispersion; absorption 4. counter flows 5. long distance; urban 6. rural residents 7. women; inside; men; outside

Population Density This type of density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

Agricultural Density

Population Density This is land used for agriculture.

Arable Land

Population Density This type of density is the number of people per unit of land.

Arithmetic Density

Population Distribution Areas near an ocean, river, or large lake are very likely to have high population densities because bodies of water are important economic resources. Ex: Large seaports, such as NYC, have high population densities.

Bodies of Water

Population Distribution Areas with extreme temperatures (cold or hot) or little rainfall are more likely to have low population densities. Areas with a temperate climate and moderate rainfall are more likely to have high population densities because these factors support agriculture. Ex: Low population density of the Saharan Desert.

Climate

Population Distribution Some ethnic groups prefer to live near each other while others do not mind isolation. Ex: Europeans live close together.

Cultural

Demographic Transition Model A theoretical model used to estimate a country's population projection.

Demographic Transition Model

Population Pyramids This is the number of people above 65 and below 15 years old (aren't working). It can be seen by looking at the age groups above 65 and below 15.

Dependency Ratio

Population Distribution Areas with good infrastructure, large markets, and a skilled workforce have more economic opportunities, and therefore have higher population densities. Ex: India and China have large economies and high population densities.

Economic

Demographic Transition Model This describes a shift in infectious diseases to chronic diseases. This is evident throughout the world, where chronic diseases are the leading cause of death in stage 4-5 countries, whereas communicable diseases are the leading cause of death in stage 1-2 countries.

Epidemiological Transition

Population Distribution Colonialism has shaped modern day population distribution. Many former European colonies such as the United States or India have high population densities. Ex: High population density of Nigeria, United States, or India.

Historical

Population Distribution Mountainous or desert areas are more likely to have low population densities while lowland areas along with areas by bodies of water are more likely to have high population densities. Ex: Low population density of the Himalayan mountains.

Landforms

Population Pyramids This is how long a person is supposed to live. It can be observed by looking at age groups at the top and how much of the population is in those groups.

Life Expectancy

Population Density This type of density is the number of people per unit of arable land.

Physiological Density

Population Distribution Areas with stable and fair governments such as democracies have higher population densities than countries with political instabilities or war. Ex: Low population density of Sudan.

Political

Population Distribution The way people are spread out across the Earth's surface.

Population Distribution

Population Pyramids This is a bar graph that shows the composition (primarily gender and age) of a population.

Population Pyramid

Population Pyramids The total fertility rate is 2.1 the number of children each female is expected to have in her life time to maintain the same population. It can be seen in how wide pyramid base is.

Replacement Rate

Population Pyramids This is the number of males vs. number of. It can be seen by comparing the 2 halves of the population pyramid.

Sex Ratio