Practice Exam 3

Who coined the term 'operant' to refer to behavior that acts—or operates—on the environment to produce specific consequences? A. B. F. Skinner B. John B. Watson C. Mary Ainsworth D. Carl Rogers

A. B. F. Skinner

______ can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge. A. Intelligence B. Creativity C. Proposition D. Behavior

A. Intelligence

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? A. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. B. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. C. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. D. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time.

B. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________. A. latent learning B. observational learning C. integrative learning D. enactive learning

B. observational learning

Spanking a child for repeatedly breaking glass showpieces is a form of ___________. A. positive reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative reinforcement D. negative punishment

B. positive punishment

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? A. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. B. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs .C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. D. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers

C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

Which of these statements is most likely to be made by psychologist B. F. Skinner? A. People always avoid situations that do not provide enough rewards. B. Backward conditioning is the most effective tool of behavior modification. C. People are more likely to repeat a behavior that has been rewarded. D. Observation is used as a tool to effectively modify behaviors of people.

C. People are more likely to repeat a behavior that has been rewarded.

Money, grades, and peer approval are ____________ reinforcers. A. primary B. unconditioned C. secondary D. habituated

C. secondary

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. A. stimulus generalization B. habituation C. shaping D. backward conditioning

C. shaping

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others? A. Conditioning B. Shaping C.modeling D. Reinforcement

C.modeling

Buddy knows that when his owner Sally picks up his leash, she is likely to take him for a walk. Therefore, he runs to the door. Sally started ringing a bell just before picking up Buddy's leash for a few days. She presented the bell along with the leash to Buddy over and over again; Buddy ran to the door. Then she tried presenting the bell alone to see if Buddy might now link the bell with the leash. Buddy salivated to the bell alone. Learning theorists would say that Buddy is ______. A. habituated B. oriented C. imprinted D. conditioned

D. conditioned

Punishment involves: A. increasing the frequency of a behavior by removing a stimulus. B. developing an association between an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus. C. converting an orienting response into habituation. D. decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus.

D. decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus.

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. A. positive reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative reinforcement D. negative punishment

D. negative punishment

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________. A. habituated B. dismissed C. weakened D. reinforced

D. reinforced