practice questions: final
Your work partner might not approve of your singing after her/his _____ nerve gets stimulated by it. XII Hypoglossal nerve VI Abduscens nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve X Vagus nerve XI Accessory nerve
VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve
Which of the following layers of the skin is incorrectly matched with its function? a. Stratum Basale: actively producing keratinocytes b. Stratum Lucidum: UV protection c. Stratum corneum: contains dendritic cells d. Stratum granulosum: contains glycolipids for water-proofing of the skin
c. Stratum corneum: contains dendritic cells
These are the adrenergic receptors that vasodilate blood vessels during exercise and cause bronchodilation a. Beta-1 b. Alpha-2 c. Beta-2 d. Alpha-1
c. Beta-2
Damage to the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve results in a. Loss of sensation b. Loss of motor function c. Both a and b are correct
c. Both a and b are correct
After the anesthesiologist puts you under, the surgeon goes to work to fix your pinched cervical nerve. During surgery, you stop breathing and begin to flat-line. The surgeon has most likely damaged________ a. C6-C7 b. C5-C6 c. C3-C4 d. C7-C8
c. C3-C4
Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic function? a. CN II b. CN VI c. CN VII d. CN XI e. CN XII
c. CN VII
During DNA synthesis DNA is wrapped around histone proteins and forms a complex known as which of the following? a. Chromosome b. Centromere c. Chromatin d. Centrosome e. Centriole
c. Chromatin
The parasympathetic system will do what to the bronchioles? a. Nothing, why would it b. Dilate c. Constrict d. Both dilate and constrict depending on the situation
c. Constrict
Which function would the sympathetic nervous division not be responsible for? a. Increasing contractility of the heart b. Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal gland c. Contraction of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder d. Vasodilation of the blood vessels
c. Contraction of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
You decide that you would like to run up and pet a dog at the local park. Which of the following spinal tracts will be used in order to do this movement? a. Spinocerebellar tract b. Posterior Funiculus c. Corticospinal tract d. Medial Reticulospinal Tract
c. Corticospinal tract
Which of the following is the motor function of the Axillary nerve? a. Skin over the deltoid b. Skin over the triceps brachii c. Deltoid muscle d. Triceps brachii muscle
c. Deltoid muscle
Cerumen is produced by glands in which of the following locations? a. Pancreas b. Liver c. Ear d. Nostrils e. Pharynx
c. Ear
A patient comes into the ER complaining of pain in his quadriceps. What spinal nerve would you associate with damage to this muscle? a. Obturator b. Genitofemoral c. Femoral d. Sciatic
c. Femoral
The stimulus of the sharp stabbing of the pencil was received by what kind of receptor? a. Mechanoreceptor b. Proprioceptor c. Nociceptor d. Chemoreceptor
c. Nociceptor
All of the following are matched correctly regarding its motor structure served, except: a. Phrenic: diaphragm b. Median: palmaris longus c. Obturator: skin of superomedial thigh d. Tibial: hamstrings
c. Obturator: skin of superomedial thigh
Axons of sensory neurons synapse with the cell bodies of interneurons in the _________ of spinal cord gray matter a. Anterior horn b. Lateral horn c. Posterior horn d. Gray commissure e. Lateral columns
c. Posterior horn
As you walk home from class you see a small toad in the road and instinctively plan to run towards him and rescue him. Which of the following areas of the cerebral cortex was activated during this time? a. Primary motor cortex b. Prefrontal cortex c. Premotor cortex d. Parietal association cortex e. Primary visual cortex
c. Premotor cortex
What is the function of the nucleolus? a. Production of DNA b. Production of secretory vesicles c. Production of ribosomes d. It has no major function
c. Production of ribosomes
During child birth some mothers opt to receive an epidural. During an epidural a needle is inserted into which meningeal space? a. Subdural space b. Arachnoid space c. Dural Venous Sinus d. Epidural Space
d. Epidural Space
What is a splanchnic nerve? A nerve formed by the axons of preganglionic neurons. A synapse between the pre- and postganglionic neurons. A nerve formed by the axons of postganglionic neurons.
A nerve formed by the axons of preganglionic neurons.
Axons exit the sympathetic chain ganglia by all of the following except ___. Spinal nerves Cranial nerves Splanchnic nerves Sympathetic nerves Nerves that innervate the adrenal gland
Cranial nerves
'Tracts' and 'nerves' differ in which of the following? Location Myelination Functional type of associated neurons All of the above
All of the above
A. The cerebellum helps to produce smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements by ___. comparing the movement that was planned to the movement that was executed stimulating muscle activity inhibiting muscle activity None of the above All of the above (1 through 3)
All of the above (1 through 3)
Which statement is true? Reflexes are integrated within the spinal cord Reflexes are integrated within the brain Reflexes involve excitatory neurons Reflexes involve inhibitory neurons 1+3 2+4 All of the above.
All of the above.
The formation of long-term memories ___. is a gradual process requires prior formation of short-term memories is stabilized by adding synaptic connections is made easier if the information is reviewed often All statements above describe long-term memory formation.
All statements above describe long-term memory formation.
Bethanechol promotes bladder emptying because... Binding to muscarinic receptors on detrusor muscle stimulates bladder contraction. Binding to muscarinic receptors on internal urinary sphincter causes relaxation. Both Neither
Both
After a doctor applies local anesthesia to the back of your hand, which group of spinal nerves does not receive sensory input until the anesthesia wears off? Cervical nerves Thoracic nerves Lumbar nerves Sacral nerves Coccygeal nerves
Cervical nerves
You can distinguish between sweet and sour food with the help of your ___. Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Nociceptors
Chemoreceptors
Which of these it NOT a function of the cerebellum? Coordinates control of voluntary movements Control of posture, locomotion and fine motor coordination Control heart rate
Control heart rate
After 10 years on tour of duty in Iraq John gets to go home to see him family. As he steps off the bus he recognizes his family, their faces, their voices, and runs towards them. John also notices that his youngest sibling is holding up a sign which reads "welcome home". The emotions build up as he reaches his family and everyone brings it in for a hug. *Which of the following lobes of John's brain were active in sequence according to the bolded text? A. Parietal, Temporal, Occipital B. Temporal, Frontal, Parietal C. Parietal, Temporal, Frontal D. Temporal, Parietal, Frontal E. Occipital, Temporal, Frontal
D. Temporal, Parietal, Frontal
What is the correct order of meninges and their spaces from superficial to deep? Pia mater, subpial space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater Arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater, subpial space, dura mater
Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater
Voluntary movements involve the stimulation of upper motor neurons. Their cell bodies are located in the ___. Interneurons Motor cortex Spinal cord Effector
Motor cortex
The major effect of the basal nuclei is ___. Effect emotions and emotional responses to odor Modify motor coordination Modulate pain sensations Communication with cranial nerves
Modify motor coordination
Which of the following parts of the diencephalon is correctly matched with its function? a. Thalamus - regulates the ANS; thirst, hunger and body temperature b. Hypothalamus - relays sensory information to different parts of the brain c. Epithalamus - hosts the pineal gland; regulates the sleep/wake cycle d. Subthalamus - connects to the limbic system; regulates blood pressure
Epithalamus - hosts the pineal gland; regulates the sleep/wake cycle
Neurons from which area of the body occupy the greatest area of the primary motor cortex? Face Foot Arm Torso Leg
Face
Which of these cranial nerves is NOT involved in eye movement? Trochlear Facial Abducens Oculomotor
Facial
Motor control of the face is the function of the ____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve. Trigeminal, facial Trochlear, facial Trigeminal, glossopharyngeal Facial, trigeminal
Facial, trigeminal
Cranial nerves have either a sensory function or a motor function, never both. True False
False
Sympathetic effects are always stimulatory, while parasympathetic effects are always inhibitory. True False
False
The spinal cord and spinal nerves are part of the Central Nervous System. True False
False
Short-term memory ___. Lasts only seconds to minutes Allows you to remember only a few pieces of information Resistant to brain injury Formed through increases in synaptic activity
Formed through increases in synaptic activity
Which region in the early embryo develops into the pons and cerebellum? Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
Hindbrain
When you don't really feel like studying, you can put the blame on which region in your diencephalon? Thalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Which cranial nerve(s) allows you to swallow (1 or 2)? VII Facial nerve. IX Glossopharyngeal nerve. V Trigeminal nerve. X Vagus nerve.
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve. X Vagus nerve.
The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves ___ Innervate the salivary glands Control movements of the tongue Are involved in the sense of smell Control the production of tears Carry pain from the teeth.
Innervate the salivary glands
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system? Sensory neuron Motor neuron Effector Interneuron Receptor
Interneuron
What type of reflex operates independently of the CNS? Distal reflex Voluntary reflex Local reflex Conscious reflex
Local reflex
Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people? Sensory input from the left side of your body Mathematics and speech Spatial perception Recognition of faces Musical ability
Mathematics and speech
When you go on a rollercoaster ride, your brain gets really confused about where is up or down. Which types of receptors are stimulated? Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Nociceptors
Mechanoreceptors
A. Doing the same hand movement over and over again can result in an inflammation of tendons that are closely associated with carpal bones. This would lead to an impairment of which spinal nerve? Phrenic nerve Radial nerve Ulnar nerve Median nerve Sciatic nerve
Median nerve
Frostbite is damage to the skin and other tissue due to extreme cold (at or below 0°C). What type of receptor would respond to that kind of stimulus? Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Nociceptors
Nociceptors
A given sensory receptor ___ responds to nonspecific physical or chemical changes in its environment is found at the peripheral endings of motor neurons always produces an action potential when stimulated. All of the above. None of the above.
None of the above.
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains Only sensory fibers Only motor fibers Only afferent fibers Both sensory and motor fibers A ganglion
Only motor fibers
Watching a documentary in which a woman is about to give birth and is in serious need of epidural anesthetics stimulates your ___. Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
If you have trouble breathing, it might be due to a defect in which spinal nerve? Sciatic nerve Phrenic nerve Radial nerve Medial nerve Ulnar nerve
Phrenic nerve
Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep? medulla oblongata Pons Thalamus midbrain diencephalon
Pons
If a substance is hydrolyzed, it a. Is built up b. Uses water c. Is considered anabolic d. Is endergonic e. A and B
b. Uses water
The blood-brain barrier functions to Regulate the synapses between the brain and the blood Increase blood pressure when needed Decrease heart rate when needed Regulate the movement of materials from the blood to the brain
Regulate the movement of materials from the blood to the brain
Spending long hours studying for the A&P class can be a pain in the butt. Which group of spinal nerves would mediate such as sensation? Cervical nerves Thoracic nerves Lumbar nerves Sacral nerves Coccygeal nerves
Sacral nerves
Someone steps hard onto your foot. Which spinal nerve mediates the sensation of pain from that? Tibial nerve Median nerve Radial nerve Sciatic nerve All of the above.
Sciatic nerve
Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system? Cardiac muscle Glands Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle in blood vessels Smooth muscle in the digestive system
Skeletal muscle
Structurally, the simplest reflex is the ___. Stretch reflex Golgi tendon reflex Withdrawal reflex
Stretch reflex
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the Stretch reflex Withdrawal reflex Golgi tendon reflex Crossed extensor reflex
Stretch reflex
Which one is NOT a lobe of the cerebrum? Frontal Superior Parietal Temporal Occipital
Superior
Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor (III) nerve was damaged? The patient cannot distinguish between red and green colors. The patient has the sensation of light flashing in front of his eye. The patient's pupil size does not decrease in reaction to shining a bright light into the left eye. The patient's lens is discolored. The patient has poor night vision.
The patient's pupil size does not decrease in reaction to shining a bright light into the left eye.
One reason you can distinguish between a needle prick on the foot and an ice cube on the wrist is that The ice cube stimulates a different class of receptors than the needle prick, even though both signals go to exactly the same location in the brain The nerve impulse from the needle prick is inherently different from the impulse generated by the ice cube The region of the brain to which one receptor pathway leads is different from the region to which the other pathway leads The needle prick generates a stronger action potential in any one neuron than an ice cube does
The region of the brain to which one receptor pathway leads is different from the region to which the other pathway leads
The thoracic plexus ___. Supplies the muscles of the pelvic floor Supplies the muscles of the upper limb and shoulder Supplies the muscles of neck muscles Supplies the muscles of thigh, leg, foot, lower back, hip, lower abdomen There is no such plexus under that name.
There is no such plexus under that name.
When a person loses consciousness, working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness. Why? The traumatic blow to the head caused a concussion through violent displacement of the brain in the skull Conflicting external interference prevents conversion of short-term to long-term memory There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas
There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas
Which of the following is NOT true regarding association areas in the cortex? They may receive sensory information directly from primary sensory areas They are found in each lobe of the cerebral cortex They are involved with complex processing of sensory information They are involved with complex processing of motor information
They are involved with complex processing of motor information
Which of the following is NOT true regarding cortical association areas? They may receive sensory information directly from primary sensory areas They are found in each lobe of the cerebral cortex They are involved with complex processing of sensory information They are involved with complex processing of motor information
They are involved with complex processing of motor information
Which of these options does NOT describe the role of the association areas in the sensory cortex? They check if a given stimulus is familiar. They determine if a stimulus is significant or not. They help to determine which motor action to initiate after receiving the stimulus. They participate in giving an emotional value to a given stimulus.
They help to determine which motor action to initiate after receiving the stimulus.
An example for a reflex mediated by cranial nerves is the increase in saliva production in response to food that smells delicious. False True
True
Hitting your 'funny bone' pinches which spinal nerve? Phrenic nerve Radial nerve Ulnar nerve Median nerve Common fibular nerve
Ulnar nerve
After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged. V Trigeminal nerve II Optic nerve VII Facial nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve
V Trigeminal nerve
If you poke yourself in the eye, which cranial nerve is stimulated? VII facial V trigeminal III oculomotor IV trochlear I olfactory
V trigeminal
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve? X Vagus XII Hypoglossal IX Glossopharyngeal X Trigeminal VIII vestibulocochlear
VIII vestibulocochlear
Which cranial nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera? Accessory nerve Vagus nerve Hypoglossal nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Which cranial nerve allows you to sing? XII Hypoglossal nerve VI Abducens nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve X Vagus nerve XI Accessory nerve
X Vagus nerve
Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation? a warm bath a clock radio coming on in the morning a long lecture in a darkened auditorium eating a big meal
a clock radio coming on in the morning
Place the structures in which sympathetic neurons travel in the correct order. 1. Preganglionic neurons exit through the anterior roots of the spinal cord 2. Preganglionic neurons originate from the spinal cord at T1-L2 3. Fibers enter the sympathetic trunk 4. Fibers separate from anterior ramus to form the white ramus communicans a. 2, 1, 3, 4 b. 2, 3, 4, 1 c. 3, 4, 2, 1 d. 1, 2, 3, 4
a. 2, 1, 3, 4
Place the following functional divisions of the nervous system in the correct order of the response when you touch your hand to a hot pan. 1.Integrative neurons relay the information to the brain 2.Sensory receptors detect pain from the hot pan on your hand 3. An effector will send a signal to your hand to move it away from the pan 4.Afferent nerves carry the pain signal through the PNS 5.Somatic motor division in your brain is activated a. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3 b. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 c. 2, 5, 4, 1, 3 d. 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 e. 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
a. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3
One of the major autonomic neurotransmitters is ______________ which is released from _____________ fibers. a. Acetylcholine; cholinergic b. Acetylcholine; adrenergic c. Norepinephrine; cholinergic d. None of the above are correct
a. Acetylcholine; cholinergic
Nodes of Ranvier are breaks in the myelin sheath. The purpose of these breaks are for __________, which allows the action potential to travel ______. This is called _________. a. Amplification of the action potential, faster, saltatory conduction b. Amplification of the action potential, slower, electronic spread c. Loss of signal to not overwhelm the axon, slower, saltatory conduction d. Prorogation of the action potential, faster to get through the insulation that slows down the potential, action potential propagation
a. Amplification of the action potential, faster, saltatory conduction
Which of the following is composed of gray matter? a. Anterior Horn b. Posterior Funiculus c. Denticulate ligament d. Central canal e. All of the spinal cord is gray matter
a. Anterior Horn
Mammary glands are a type of modified _________. a. Apocrine glands b. Holocrine glands c. Eccrine glands d. Sebaceous glands
a. Apocrine glands
Bob is cooking Thanksgiving dinner. His great Aunt Marcy busts open the door and yells 'Happy Thanksgiving'. Bob jumps and burns his hand on the oven. Which of the following spinal tracts will most likely be activated from the burn? a. Ascending Tract b. Descending Tract c. Corticospinal Tract d. Lateral Horn
a. Ascending Tract
Bacterial meningitis is characterized by which of the following? a. Bacteria invade the subarachnoid membrane and enter the subarachnoid space b. Dormant bacteria become active again and feed on glial cells c. Bacteria make their way past the blood brain barrier and into the spinal cord d. Through ingestion of spoiled foods, bacteria will make their way into the bloodstream and feed on the peripheral blood vessels
a. Bacteria invade the subarachnoid membrane and enter the subarachnoid space
Where are preganglionic neurons located in the ANS? a. Brainstem and S2-S4 b. Medulla oblongata c. L1-L5, S1-S4 d. Everywhere on the spinal cord
a. Brainstem and S2-S4
What is the function of the gray commissure? a. Connects the left and right horns b. Increase the speed of signals transmitted down the spinal cord c. Provides nutrients to the spinal cord d. It has no function
a. Connects the left and right horns
The deepest portion of sleep, also known as slow wave sleep, involves ______ waves a. Delta b. Beta c. Theta d. Alpha
a. Delta
What kind of chemical bonds allow proteins to fold into 3-dimensional structures? a. Hydrogen bonds b. Peptide bonds c. Ionic bonds d. Covalent bonds
a. Hydrogen bonds
Please place the following steps in the correct order: I. Skeletal muscle contracts II. Premotor areas of the cerebral cortex III. Stimulation of upper motor neurons IV. Basal Nuclei and cerebellum V. Stimulation of lower motor neurons VI. Descending tracts a. II, III, IV, VI, V, I b. III, II, IV, V, VI, I c. IV, II, III, V, I - VI should be ascending tracts to be included d. II, IV, III, VI, V, I
a. II, III, IV, VI, V, I
Which of the following shows the correct pathway of CSF circulation? a. Lateral ventricles --> interventricular foramen --> third ventricle --> Cerebral Aqueduct --> fourth ventricle --> central canal b. Lateral ventricles --> cerebral aqueduct --> Third Ventricle --> Interventricular Foramen --> fourth ventricle --> central canal c. Ependymal cells --> dural sinus --> third ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> spinal cord d. Medial Ventricles --> later ventricular foramen --> third ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> fourth ventricle --> central canal
a. Lateral ventricles --> interventricular foramen --> third ventricle --> Cerebral Aqueduct --> fourth ventricle --> central canal
The postganglionic cells of the sympathetic division are ____ in size and ____. Whereas the preganglionic cells are ___ in size and ____. a. Long; unmyelinated; short; myelinated b. Short; myelinated; long; unmyelinated c. Long; myelinated; short; unmyelinated d. Short; unmyelinated; long; unmyelinated
a. Long; unmyelinated; short; myelinated
Jenna heads out to the beach to get a nice tan and decides not to wear sunscreen. After 6 hours in the sun would you expect her melanocytes to increase in number? a. No b. Yes
a. No
Which of the following areas of the cerebral cortex allows you to be aware of your orientation in space? a. Parietal association cortex b. Premotor cortex c. Temporal association cortex d. Visual association area
a. Parietal association cortex
During transcription, which of the following is NOT required? a. RNA primase b. RNA polymerase c. RNA nucleotides d. Transcription factors
a. RNA primase
What is the basic function of the spinal cord? a. Serves as a connection of the PNS to the brain b. Integrates sensory information c. Generation of action potentials to the PNS d. Stimulates unconscious movement
a. Serves as a connection of the PNS to the brain
Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter released from what type of fibers? a. Muscarinic b. Nicotinic c. Adrenergic d. Cholinergic
c. Adrenergic
A police officer pulls over a suspected drunk driver. He conducts the field sobriety test (suspect must touch his or her nose with eyes closed). Which spinal tract is being inhibited in this case? a. Spinocerebellar b. Corticospinal c. Descending Tracts d. Anterior Column
a. Spinocerebellar
What is the sympathetic effector organ when a neurotransmitter binds to a muscarinic receptor? a. Sweat gland b. Sebaceous gland c. Parathyroid gland d. Adrenal gland
a. Sweat gland
Which of the following is derived from the embryonic structure, prosencephalon? a. Thalamus b. Midbrain c. Superior colliculus d. Inferior colliculus e. Pons f. Two of the above
a. Thalamus
Where are preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous division located? a. The craniosacral region, S2-S4 b. The thoracolumbar region, T1-L2 c. The craniosacral region, T1-L2 d. The thoracolumbar region, S2-S4
a. The craniosacral region, S2-S4
What part of the brain is the primary regulator of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for preserving homeostasis? a. The hypothalamus b. The viscera c. The midbrain d. The spinal cord e. The thalamus
a. The hypothalamus
True or false? The right side of your brain controls muscles on the left side of your body. a. True b. False
a. True
Your cousin Mark recently turned 16 and tells you about how he grew almost a foot taller between his 15th and 16th birthday and he keeps getting taller every day. What can you tell Mark when he asks if this is normal? a. Yes Mark, this is a completely normal growth spurt. Your long bones are going through "interstitial growth" which will make you taller. It will eventually stop some time before you turn 25. b. No, I think you should see a doctor because it can be a sign of acromegaly. c. Yes Mark, this is a completely normal growth spurt. Your long bones are going through "appositional growth" which will make you taller. It will eventually stop some time before you turn 25. d. No, I think you should see a doctor because you are not growing fast enough for your age and you can end up being too short as an adult.
a. Yes Mark, this is a completely normal growth spurt. Your long bones are going through "interstitial growth" which will make you taller. It will eventually stop some time before you turn 25.
Which cranial nerve transmitted action potentials stemming from the stabbing stimulus? a. VII- Trigeminal b. V- Trigeminal c. VII- Facial d. V- Facial
b. V- Trigeminal
Which of the following parts of the spinal cord contains only the cell bodies of motor neurons to skeletal muscles? a. Doral Horn b. Ventral Horn c. Lateral Horn d. Gray Commissure
b. Ventral Horn
Neural networks that are formed by complex interconnections between neurons from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are called ___. autonomic nerve plexuses chain ganglia ganglia interneurons nerve bundles
autonomic nerve plexuses
Place the steps of mitosis in the correct order: 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Interphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase a. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 b. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 c. 2, 1 and 3, 4, 5 d. 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
b. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
Humans have ____ chromosomes in their cells of which there are ____ pairs of chromosomes. a. 46, 46 b. 46, 23 c. 23, 46 d. 23, 23
b. 46, 23
What component is not part of the chemical makeup of DNA? a. Phosphate group b. 6 carbon sugar c. Nucleotide d. 5 carbon sugar
b. 6 carbon sugar
The adrenergic neurotransmitters are released from the _____ a. Medulla Oblongata b. Adrenal Medulla c. Pituitary Gland d. Adrenal Cortex
b. Adrenal Medulla
Which molecule is paired incorrectly with their classification? a. Water; inorganic b. CO2; organic c. DNA; organic d. NaCl; inorganic
b. CO2; organic
With what you know about the autonomic nervous system (AN96), what might be happening to someone while watching a scary movie? a. Constriction of the pupils b. Dilation of the pupils c. Decreased heart rate d. Two of the above
b. Dilation of the pupils
Jamie hit his head hard on the concrete while playing some basketball with his buddies a few weeks ago. Ever since then he has been making terrible decisions and acting very mischievous. In addition, the mood swings he's been having are unreal. Which lobe and cortical region of Jamie's brain was likely affected by the injury? a. Temporal, temporal association area b. Frontal, prefrontal cortex c. Occipital, primary somatosensory cortex d. Parietal, parietal association area
b. Frontal, prefrontal cortex
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that coordinate the transmission of signals from one nerve cell to the next. Which of the following of the neurotransmitters is matched correctly? a. Serotonin -->Excitatory --> functions in mood b. Glutamate -->Excitatory--> associated with memory c. Epinephrine --> Excitatory --> functions in the sleep wake cycle d. GABA --> Inhibitory --> focuses on the CNS
b. Glutamate -->Excitatory--> associated with memory
If you had a blood glucose concentration of 7%, then your blood would be considered __________ to normal blood? a. Hypotonic b. Hypertonic c. Isotonic d. None of the above
b. Hypertonic
The act of regulating your body temperature in order to initiate the various temperature-control mechanisms is directly controlled by which of the following? a. Medulla oblongata b. Hypothalamus c. Thalamus d. Anterior pituitary e. Vagus nerve
b. Hypothalamus
Given these characteristics: I. Sometimes called the thoracolumbar division II. Preganglionic cell bodies are located in cranial nerve nuclei and S2-S4 in the spinal cord III. Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine IV. Preganglionic neurons project to chain ganglia Choose the characteristics that apply to the sympathetic division of the ANS: a. I, II, III, IV b. I, III, IV c. II, III, IV d. III, IV
b. I, III, IV
Which of the following statements is true regarding the reticular formation? a. It is a collection of more than 10 000 nuclei b. It forms the central core in the brainstem, connecting the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata c. It receives information from the cerebral cortex and relays it to the limbic system only, to regulate mood and arousal d. It is considered a part of the cerebellum due to its location far back in the brain
b. It forms the central core in the brainstem, connecting the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
A patient comes into the ER. She has been in a car accident and has suffered from multiple severed nerves in her legs. Which of the following is correct regarding nerve repair? a. Nerves cannot be repaired b. Macrophages are recruited and clean up debris --> Schwann cells begin dividing to regenerate the damaged nerve c. Astrocytes are recruited and clean up the debris --> oligodendrocytes begin dividing to regenerate the damaged nerves d. Macrophages are recruited and clean up debris --> ependymal cells begin dividing to regenerate the damage nerve
b. Macrophages are recruited and clean up debris --> Schwann cells begin dividing to regenerate the damaged nerve
For a muscle that produces delicate and precise movements, you would expect it to contain ________motor units with ________ myofibrils. a. Fewer, many b. Many, fewer c. Many, many d. Fewer, fewer
b. Many, fewer
What molecule is not able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion? a. Water b. Na+ c. CO2 d. O2
b. Na+
The _________ nerve arises from ventral rami C3-C5 and is the only nerve to innervate the diaphragm. a. Radial b. Phrenic c. Brachial d. Sacral
b. Phrenic
Which of the following is not true about the protection of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)? a. You only find the epidural space in the spinal cord b. Pia mater is the most superficial meninx in the brain c. The dura mater is the thickest meninx d. The dura mater is made of two layers in the brain but only one layer in the spinal cord
b. Pia mater is the most superficial meninx in the brain
An action potential is propagated by; a. Voltage gated Na+ channels are triggered causing an influx of sodium causing vesicles of Ach to fuse with the membrane in a process called exocytosis, Ach bind to voltage-gated Na+ channels causing depolarization b. Voltage gated Ca++ channels are triggered causing an influx of calcium causing vesicles of Ach to fuse with the membrane in a process called exocytosis, Ach binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels causing depolarization c. Voltage gated Ca++ channels are triggered causing an influx of calcium causing vesicles of Ach to fuse with the membrane in a process called endocytosis, Ach bind to ligand-gated Na+ channels causing depolarization d. Voltage gated Na+ channels are triggered causing an influx of sodium causing vesicles of Ach to fuse with the membrane in a process called endocytosis, Ach bind to voltage gated Na+ channels causing depolarization
b. Voltage gated Ca++ channels are triggered causing an influx of calcium causing vesicles of Ach to fuse with the membrane in a process called exocytosis, Ach binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels causing depolarization
The autonomic nervous system is a dual innervation system, this means that a. You can control both your left hand and your right hand at the same time b. Your heart rate will increase or decrease according to your body's homeostatic needs c. Your visceral organs are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system d. The autonomic nervous system can only control two organs at one time
b. Your heart rate will increase or decrease according to your body's homeostatic needs
Which of the following is a distinct left hemisphere function? a. art appreciation b. speech c. music awareness d. left-handedness e. imagination
b. speech
The basal nuclei in the cerebrum help to refine motor activities. They do this by ___. stimulating muscle activity inhibiting muscle activity both stimulating and inhibiting muscle activity
both stimulating and inhibiting muscle activity
Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic neurons? a. Epinephrine b. Norepinephrine c. Acetylcholine d. Oxytocin
c. Acetylcholine
You come into a patient's room and find it to be empty. You know you are not in the wrong place because you double checked the room number and the patient's jacket and shoes are in the room. You look around and see a nurse coming towards you with your patient, exclaiming "his wife told me he has been wandering off lately, I should have kept an eye on him. He has Alzheimer's disease". What does this tell you about the patient? a. The patient is experiencing a reversible disease of the brain which affects his memory b. The patient is experiencing a loss of nondeclarative memory, which is why he walks off all the time c. The patient is experiencing the most common form of dementia and is most likely walking around due to confusion d. The patient is experiencing a form of dementia that is caused by disruption in blood flow to parts of the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex e. Two of the answers above are correct regarding Alzheimer's disease
c. The patient is experiencing the most common form of dementia and is most likely walking around due to confusion
The painful stab caused you to furrow your brow in agony. Which cranial nerve caused this facial expression? a. VII - Trigeminal b. X - Vagus c. VII - Facial d. V - Facial
c. VII - Facial
Match the root with the correct fibers in the root. a. Ventral; afferent b. Dorsal; efferent c. Ventral; efferent d. Lateral; afferent e. The nerve fibers are the same within all the roots.
c. Ventral; efferent
During the school spelling bee, you 1) listen to the word you will have to spell, and then 2) spell the word to the audience. List in order the following areas of the cerebral cortex that were activated. a. Broca's area, Wernicke's area b. Premotor cortex, Primary motor cortex c. Wernicke's area, Broca's area d. Temporal lobe, Primary motor cortex e. Primary motor cortex, Temporal lobe
c. Wernicke's area, Broca's area
A new medical resident is preparing to give an epidural. He inserts the needle at the L4 vertebral level. Will he be able to provide proper anesthesia to the patient? a. Yes, the spinal cord extends the entire length of the vertebrae. b. No, the spinal cord stops at L2 c. Yes, he will insert the epidural into the cauda equina d. No, he will insert the epidural into the cauda equina, which is not a part of the spinal cord
c. Yes, he will insert the epidural into the cauda equina
Ms. Nord presents to the doctor with inappropriate movements of different parts of her body. She states it interferes with her daily activities and she wants to know what's wrong with her. What can you tell her? a. Your problem is most likely due to a problem of the white matter basal ganglia in the center of your brain; have you had difficulty with balance lately? b. Your problem probably lies within the pons of your brainstem; have you had any trouble sleeping lately? c. Your involuntary movements are probably caused by problems in your basal nuclei; have you noticed any difficulty understanding others lately? d. Your problems arise in the thalamus; have you been having trouble remembering things lately?
c. Your involuntary movements are probably caused by problems in your basal nuclei; have you noticed any difficulty understanding others lately?
You are walking to your final exam in A&P I but you didn't realize that the temperature had dropped over night and it had started to snow, so you did not grab your jacket. You feel your body start to shiver when you step outside; which of the following statements are false concerning your body? a. Shivering is a negative feedback response to a drop in temperature. b. The receptors for detecting a change in temperature are in the skin. c. Your skeletal muscles are the control center in this example. d. Another effector response to conserve heat is vasoconstriction. e. The negative feedback response would end when your body temperature returns to normal
c. Your skeletal muscles are the control center in this example.
Which subtype receptor would be most useful during long term exercise? a. Alpha-1 b. Alpha-2 c. Beta-1 d. Beta-2
d. Beta-2
Which option best describe splanchnic nerves? a. Preganglionic axons that synapse with collateral ganglia b. Synapse near organs of the abdominopelvic cavity c. Postganglionic axons that reunite with spinal nerves d. Both a and b e. Both b and c
d. Both a and b
Which of the following will activate a second messenger inside the cell? a. cAMP binding to a protein kinase b. Chemicals binding to ligand-gated channels c. Ion channels opening in the cell membrane d. G-proteins binding to adenylate cyclase, converting ATP
d. G-proteins binding to adenylate cyclase, converting ATP
A doctor explains to you that an incoming patient has sacral plexus damage. You would associate which ventral rami with this plexus? a. L3-S4 b. L1-S4 c. L1-S3 d. L4-S4
d. L4-S4
You wake up early in the morning for class absolutely exhausted and craving some coffee. As you walk downstairs you can smell the coffee brewing and it immediately brightens up your day. Which of the following brain structures was active during this time? a. Superior colliculus b. Inferior colliculus c. Reticular formation d. Mammillary bodies e. Hypothalamus
d. Mammillary bodies
Which type of receptors are located on sweat glands within the sympathetic nervous system? a. Adrenergic b. Cholinergic c. Nicotinic d. Muscarinic
d. Muscarinic
What is the difference between a muscle fiber and a muscle cell? a. A muscle cell is smaller than a muscle fiber b. A muscle cell does not contain fibers c. Muscle fibers are made of actin only and muscle cells are made of myosin only d. Nothing, they are the same structure
d. Nothing, they are the same structure
Cerebral achromatopsia is a type of color-blindness caused by damage to the cerebral cortex. Which of the following lobes would you expect to be damaged in a patient with this condition? a. Parietal b. Temporal c. Frontal d. Occipital e. Cerebellum a. Retina
d. Occipital
Which lobe of the brain was responsible for receiving the initial stabbing stimulus? a. Occipital b. Temporal c. Frontal d. Parietal
d. Parietal
The __________ gland was secreting _________ which caused you to fall asleep. a. Hypothalamus, Melatonin b. Pineal, Calcitonin c. Pons, Melatonin d. Pineal, Melatonin
d. Pineal, Melatonin
What is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer? a. Nonpolar heads, hydrophobic tails b. Polar heads, hydrophilic heads c. Nonpolar heads, hydrophilic tails d. Polar heads, hydrophobic tails
d. Polar heads, hydrophobic tails
You are walking along a glass floor and suddenly, the glass breaks beneath you. It just so happens that there was a metal support beam that ran through the middle of the glass, so you reflexively attempt to balance on the beam to avoid falling. Unfortunately, your body is not able to adapt to the situation and fails to relay information from your cerebellum to your brainstem. Which of the following structures was not functioning properly during this time? a. Corpus callosum b. Medulla oblongata c. Thalamus d. Pons e. Midbrain
d. Pons
Which of the following nerve is mismatched for its sensory function? a. Median nerve: palm of 1-4 digits b. Radial: Posterior arm and forearm c. Femoral: skin of anterior and medial thigh; medial leg d. Sciatic: skin of posterior and lateral leg
d. Sciatic: skin of posterior and lateral leg
Which of the following is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential? a. Potassium leak channels b. Sodium leak channels c. Calcium channels on the presynaptic terminal d. Sodium potassium pump e. Two of the above
d. Sodium potassium pump
Which nucleotide is paired incorrectly with its classification? a. Adenine; purine b. Guanine; purine c. Cytosine; pyrimidine d. Thymine; purine e. Uracil; pyrimidine
d. Thymine; purine
Match the spinal root with the its correct functions. a. Dorsal root --> Somatic Sensory & Cranial reflexes b. Ventral Root --> Autonomic Motor & Visual Sensory c. Dorsal root -->Visual Sensory & Autonomic Reflexes d. Ventral root --> Autonomic motor & Somatic Motor
d. Ventral root --> Autonomic motor & Somatic Motor
You are working with a patient and notice that her blood work is showing dangerously low calcium levels. You deduce that the following 3 reasons could explain this blood reading: The ________ gland is affected; ________ are being overstimulated; or there is an absence of ________ in the body. a. thyroid; osteoblasts; calcitonin b. parathyroid; osteoclasts; PTH c. thyroid; osteoclasts; PTH d. parathyroid gland; osteoblasts; PTH e. parathyroid; osteoblasts; calcitonin
d. parathyroid gland; osteoblasts; PTH
You accidentally pierce the skin of your thumb with an old rusty nail and it starts to bleed. Through which of the following layers of the skin epidermis did the nail completely puncture? a. Stratum corneum b. Stratum spinosum c. Stratum basale d. Stratum granulosum e. All of the above
e. All of the above
What is the monomer of lipids? a. Amino acids b. Monosaccharides c. Fatty acids d. Nucleotides e. None of the above
e. None of the above
Which of the following is true regarding salutatory conductions? a. They only occur on unmyelinated axons b. De-accelerate the transmission of action potentials down the axon c. Reduces the energy expenditure over the axon membrane d. Increases the conduction velocity of action potentials e. Two of the above
e. Two of the above
Which polymer is incorrectly matched with its monomer a. Monosaccharide - carbohydrate b. Amino acid - protein c. Triglyceride - cellulose d. Nucleotide - purine e. Two of the above f. Three of the above
e. Two of the above (c and d)
Which chemical messenger acts as a long-distance effector in the sympathetic NS? a. Acetylcholine b. Epinephrine c. Norepinephrine d. Melatonin e. Two of the above mentioned
e. Two of the above mentioned (b and c)
The cerebellum exhibits folds called gyri separated by grooves called sulci. true false
false
During brain surgery, the superior portion of the postcentral gyrus of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to ___ flex his fingers. talk to the surgeon. smile. feel pressure on his toes. move his hand.
feel pressure on his toes.
Purkinje cells are the largest neurons in the CNS. When activated, they coordinate smooth movements and muscular balance. You would expect these cells to be stimulatory inhibitory
inhibitory
Smelling your grandma's cookies fresh out of the oven gives you a feeling of comfort. Which region of your diencephalon is stimulated? basal nuclei pineal gland mammillary body Inferior colliculus
mammillary body
Walking a tightrope would activate what portion(s) of the brain stem? medulla oblongata pons midbrain reticular formation
medulla oblongata
Cholinergic receptors that are classified as ________ are located in the membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia and membranes of skeletal muscle cells. muscarinic adrenergic nicotinic
nicotinic
A. Cranial nerve function includes ___ parasympathetic control. sympathetic control. cognitive skills. regulation of emotions. none of the above.
parasympathetic control.
A. All ____________ sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, as well as all ___________neurons of the parasympathetic division are cholinergic, while most __________ neurons of the sympathetic division are adrenergic. postganglionic, preganglionic, preganglionic postganglionic, preganglionic, postganglionic preganglionic, postganglionic, postganglionic preganglionic, postganglionic, preganglionic
preganglionic, postganglionic, postganglionic
If an animal has its cerebrum removed, it cannot ___ see breathe live regulate body temperature regulate heart rate.
see
What is NOT a function of the limbic system? survival speech reproduction nutrition
speech
Voluntary movements also involve the stimulation of lower motor neurons. These___. are directly involved in decision making are located in the motor cortex end in the spinal cord stimulate effectors
stimulate effectors
A bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. Which of the following is responsible for this action? medulla oblongata superior colliculi reticular formation thalamus cerebellum
superior colliculi
