Praxis 5081 Notes US History

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Abraham Lincoln vs Stephen Douglas -Lincoln spoke out against slavery -Douglas supported the right of states to decide its legality on their own.

Civil War [Lincoln Presidency]

Anaconda Plan- Union would squeeze the Confederacy by using naval blockade and taking control of the Mississippi River. -South depended on international trade in cotton for income, with that blocked, it had serious economic ramifications. First Battle of Bull Run- Union could not rout Confederacy -Hopes of a quick war dashed -Second Battle of Bull Run- Confederate Victory (General Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson); Union took a morale hit. Battle of Antietam- first battle on Union soil, General George McClellan halted Lee's invasion but no defeat. *Battle of Gettysburg*- major union victory, led by General George Meade; bloodiest battle in American history. -confederate never recover Following Siege of Vicksburg, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant gained control over Mississippi River, completing Anaconda plan. Battle of Atlanta- final major battle of civil war; Union victory led by General William T. Sherman. -Union proceeded into the South and the Confederacy fell. Battle of Appomattox Court House- Confederate surrender in Appomattox, Virginia (1865). -General Lee surrendered to General Grant.

Abraham Lincoln's Presidency

Anti-slavery ideas made South Carolina secede immediately after he was elected. -Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Georgia and Texas followed. -Formed the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) 1861, under the leadership of Jefferson Davis. Battle of Fort Sumter: Confederate forces attacked Union Troops in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina which started the war. -Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Arkansas seceded after. In the first month of war, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus, by which an accused had the right to release unless specific charges were preferred, and by putting suspected secessionist under lock and key at Fort McHenry. Emancipation Proclamation 1863: decreed the end of slavery in rebel states.

Recent 21st Century History

Barack Obama first African American president in 2008. -helped country emerge from the recession. -ended occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan -Affordable Care Act: reformed healthcare system -legalized same-sexmarriage.

1754 Benjamin Franklin Join or Die

Ben Franklin helped organize the defensive Albany Plan of Union and argued for his plan in the Pennsylvania Gazette. -Crowns worried this plan allowed for too much colonial independence, adding to tensions.

Malcolm X

Black empowerment for African Americans in Urban Areas. X and Black Panthers believed African Americans should stay separate from whites to develop stronger communities. -Advocating for self-defense in response to police brutality. -Demanded release of black prisoners because of racism in the criminal justice system. -Wore military garb, ran health clinics, schools and children's breakfast programs.

The Roots of the Revolution

Boston Massacre (1770) British troops fired on a crowd of protestors. Tea Act lead to Boston Tea Party (1773): dressing as Native Americans and tossing tea off a ship in Boston Harbor. Intolerable Acts- closing Boston Harbor and brining Massachusetts back under direct royal control.

The French and Indian War/ The Seven Years' War

Both France and Britain tried to secure forts in the Ohio River valley, French and their Indian allies and Washington and his Indian allies, Washington defeated a small French unit and so the 7 years' war began. War officially declared in 1756. -William Pitt the Elder British leader -The British government in 1754, instructed all colonies north of Virginia to plan for a collective defense and to shore up the alliance with the Six (Iroquois) Nations. -A deeply ingrained value, localism was suspicious of the centralized European state and its army of professionals. -Colonial soldiers were reluctant to obey an officer from another colony, let alone one from the British army. British and colonist argued over causation of the defeat. Unwillingness to sacrifice and disastrous infighting among the colonists, and arrogance among the British. Colonies and British had different expectations about their roles in the war. Colonists were not prepared for the high taxes or sacrifice of liberty that waging an international war required. The Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1763. French surrendered all of Canada and the British had seized the French sugar islands in the Caribbean and Spain's Havana (Britain let them keep Havana and the Philippines).

The End of the Revolution

British people did not favor war; voted out Tories; Whig party sought to end war. Battle of Yorktown 1783 Treaty of Paris: US was recognized as a country, agreeing to repay debts to British merchants and provide safety to those British loyalists who wanted to remain in North America.

Other Civil Rights Movements

Cesar Chavez founded the United Farm Workers: organized Hispanic and migrant farm workers in California and Southwest to advocate for unionizing and collective bargaining. -boycotts, non-violent tactics and hunger strikes Feminist Activists who fought for fair treatment of women in the workplace -National Organization for Women and Gloria Steinem led the movement for equal pay -*Roe v Wade*: struck down federal restrictions on abortion American Indian Movement- injustices and discrimination suffered by Native Americans. -achieved more tribal autonomy and address problems. *Stonewall Riots* (1969)- occurred in response to police repression of the gay community.

Spanish Treatment of Indians

Conquistadors- explored Southwestern US -Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado -claim land and spread Christianity. *Encomienda*- the system that allowed Spanish royal officials to force the Indian's to work for them. Each encomendero (holder of the encomienda), was responsible for the Indian's education into Christian manner and that the Indians lived in villages. Treaty of Tordesillas- gave Spain all lands to be discovered west of the imaginary line 270 leagues west of the Azores, and Portugal all lands east of it. *1513: The Requerimiento or requirement*. A document drafted by the Spanish that said if all Indians accepted Christianity they could live in peace. If they refused, they would be subjected to war and enslavement

Rise of Conservatism

Conservatism became popular because heavy role of government in public life, high rates of government spending, and social challenges to traditional values. Richard Nixon: conflict in Vietnam ended, diplomatic relationships with China -*Détente*- period of improving relations between the US and Communist nations, particularly China and the SU, during the Nixon administration. -lifted gold standard to stop *stagflation* (both unemployment and inflation are high at the same time) >reduced value of dollar in relation to other global currencies, foreign investment in US increased. -*Affirmative Action*- policy efforts to promote greater employment opportunities for minorities. -*Watergate Scandal*: burglary at Democratic National Headquarters connected to Oval Office (spying); Nixon forced to resign. >Shook people's faith in government more. Ronald Reagan: tax cuts, aggressive foreign policy against SU. -cut taxes and government spending -*Supply-side/Reaganomics*- cutting taxes on wealthy provided investment incentives, wealth would "trickle down" to the middle, working and poor classes. >forced Congress to cut or eliminate social programs that benefited million of Americans -Tax Reform Act of 1986: ended progressive income taxation -Arms race with the SU, helped bring about an end to Cold War in 1991. >general arms buildup, military technology. -Despite, *Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties* (SALT I & II (1972)): limiting nuclear weapons and other strategic armaments.

Conservatism among people

Conservative values of Reagan era. -After Johnson administration many Southern Democrats became Republicans. -Democrats gained support of African Americans and other minority groups. Conservative Republicans wanted a return to traditional values -Christian Fundamentalism -Focus on the Family: group that lobbied against civil rights reform for women and advocated for traditional, two-parent, heterosexual families

Constitution

Constitutional Convention called for by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. -*Federalists*: John Adams and Madison believed in the separation of powers, republicanism and a strong federal government. -*Anti-Federalists*: Jefferson called for more limitations on the power of federal government For structure: combined two deals into a *Great Compromise*, a bicameral legislature -*New Jersey Plan*: legislature composed of an equal number of representatives from each state (benefit smaller states); proposed a single-house legislature, with all states having an equal vote, and a plural executive, chosen by the legislature. -*Virginia Plan*: legislature composed of representatives proportional to the population of each state; a strong central government divided into 3 branches: executive, legislative, and judicial, that would check and balance one another; a system of federalism that guaranteed every state a republic government; and proposals for admitting new states and amending the Constitution. -*3/5ths Compromise*: slaves as 3/5ths of a person, while represented in a state's population to determine that state's number of representatives in Congress (enslaved people no say) -Created the House of Representatives and the Senate. Bill of Rights- first 10 amendments; list of guarantees of American freedoms, concession to Anti-federalists, would would later become Democratic-Republican Party (eventually, Democrats) -helped convince the hesitant Supreme court and inferior federal courts, and granted them authority over the state constitutions. George Washington President (4 year term) -John Adams Vice President -Hamilton Secretary of the Treasure -Jefferson Secretary of State

Muscogee Confederacy

Creek, Muscogee, Chickasaw, Choctaw formed this alliance to engage the US who threatened tribal sovereignty.

Age of Exploration

Crusades, expansion of military into Ireland and other areas in the Baltic Sea. -Resources of the east such as sugar, spices, fabrics, jewels, and precious metals. (desired) - As a result, Europeans searched for new routes to Asia. -Gained access to the use of gunpowder, and navigational tools such as the compass; Mounted cannons to their ships. -The caravel- a faster ship that allowed for greater distances to be covered while sparing less resources such as food and water. -Prince Henry the Navigator: rounded the southern tip of Africa Allowing for trading posts to be established for better access to Asia

MLK Jr

Dr. King Southern Christian Leadership Conference: believed in civil disobedience, non-violent protests. -Rosa Park arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man on a bus. -Montgomery Bus Boycott- challenge segregation of buses. -Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- peaceful protests and boycotts to protest segregation at lunch counters, in stores, at public pools and other public places (sit-ins). -Congress of Racial Equality- supported students and other activists to include voter registration >Freedom Riders: they rode buses from around the country to join the movement. -protestors met with violence by police and state authorities (water cannons, police dogs) -March on Washington (1963) and MLK's I have a Dream speech.

Scott v. Sandford 1856

Dred Scott escaped to Illinois (free state) and wanted to stay; "owner" argued he could bring him back regardless of the state he was in. -Chief Justice Roger Taney argued that, Dred Scott was not a citizen because he was black and in Founders' day, African Americans had "been regarded as...so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect." >Because they were not citizens in 1787 they could never be citizens. -Second, Taney ruled that slaves were property, like any other property, and declared equally inaccurately, that the Constitution "expressly" affirmed the right of property in slaves. -case ruled in favor of Sanford, upholding Fugitive Slave Act, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and nullifying the Missouri Compromise. -African Americans not entitled to rights under US citizenship.

Navigation Acts (1651-1696)

English Civil War caused colonies to face salutary neglect, allowing them great autonomy, until... Navigation acts (prevent colonial trade with any other country) requires that all goods shipped to England and its colonies be carried in ships owned and manned by the English (including colonists). -All foreign goods going to the colonies had to be shipped via Britain, where they could be taxed, and some colonial products (tobaccos, sugar, indigo, and cotton) had to be sent first to England before being shipped elsewhere.

The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

Enlightenment was a transatlantic intellectual movement that held the universe could be understood and improved by the human mind. -Roots of the Enlightenment can be traced to the Renaissance and its spirit of inquiry and faith in science. -Both men and women on both sides of Atlantic contrasted the ignorance, oppression and suffering of the Middle or "Dark" Ages, as they called them, and their enlightened time. -The Enlightenment was interested in knowledge not for its own sake but for the improvements it could make in human happiness. -The Enlightenment encouraged a broad toleration of religion. -Scientific inquiry and experiments such as Franklin's with electricity all had as their object the improvement of human life. -The Enlightenment responded to the pain and violence of the world in two ways: it attempted to alleviate and curtail them (scientists eagerly sought cures for diseases). -Both gentility and the Enlightenment were espoused by the same set of people, the urban elite; professionals, merchants, and prosperous planters tied into the global economy. -Enlightenment thinkers began to study the connections among society, politics, and the economy. The Great Awakening was a transatlantic religious movement that held all people were born sinners, that they could feel their own depravity without the assistance of ministers, and that all were equal in the eyes of God. -attracted traveling preaches, must confess sines publicly to avoid going to hell. Both movements criticized authority and valued the experience of the individual and contributed to the humanitarianism that emerged at the end of the century.

James Monroe's Presidency

Era of Good Feelings: strong sense of public identity and nationalism. Second Great Awakening: Religious revival became popular and people turned from Puritanism and predestination to Baptist and Methodist faiths. -art and culture, romanticism and reform movements elevated the "common man" -fueled abolitionist movement Tariff of 1816: divided instrualists, who believed in nurturing American industry, from Southern landowners, who depended on exporting cotton and tobacco for profit. Second Bank of the US and the Panic of 1819: government cut credit following over speculation on western lands; BUS wanted payment from state banks in hard currency, or specie. -Western banks foreclosed on western farmers and farmers lost their land. -Captain William Jones as the Second Bank of the US's director (1816). >He accepted bribes, overlooked reckless local practices. >Cheves, his successor, called in loans. Overextended loans, the banks were forced to respond with their own programs of retrenchment. >Credit dried up, and the value of paper money plummeted. >Cotton market fell by almost 2/3. Tens and thousands of workers lost their jobs. *Monroe Doctrine*- Western Hemisphere was "closed" to any further European colonization or exploration, asserted US hegemony in the region.

Africa during the Age of Exploration

Europeans feared that Africa was uninhabitable due to immense heat. Spain introduced African people to the Americans. -Forced labor and diseases like smallpox killed Natives off. -*Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade*: kidnapping African people and purchasing them on the West African coast and bring them to Americans them into slavery in mines and plantations. >Africans were eager to trade desirable natural resources like gold, ivory and human slaves in exchange for textiles, metal goods (guns)

Continental Congress

First Continental Congress (1774): Convention of delegates from the colonies called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts -Declaration of Rights and Grievances: presenting colonial concerns to the King, who ignored it. Second Continental Congress (1775): convention where delegates debated continued efforts at compromise, negotiations, and declaring independence. -Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking up Arms, which asked the King to consider the colonies' objections and Olive Branch Petition, which sought compromise and an end to hostilities [Both of these ignored] July 4, 1776: Declared independence of the United States of America and issued Declaration of Independence. -drafted by Thomas Jefferson and heavily influenced by Locke

Second Industrial Revolution

First in Britain with textile production and Southern cotton Gilded Age: rapidly growing income inequality -*Social Darwinism* and Gospel of Wealth: god made people rich and they were socially more deserving of it. >application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of "survival of the fittest" to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty. >Government must not interfere. >Do not have laws regulating work or public assistance to the poor. >Saw failure as a lack of character, absence of self-reliance and determination in the face of adversity. >Workers should practice personal economy, keep out of debt and educate their children in principles of the marketplace, not look to the government for aid. Second IR: westward expansion and railroads -rise of John Rockefeller's Standard Oil and Andrew Carnegie's US steel. -*Monopolies* (same leaders control market for their own products) and *trusts* (monopolies organized into trusts, control each other, buying and selling from each other) helped few industrial leaders consolidate control over economy. -*Vertical integration* (Carnegie): dominate each step in manufacturing process of a good -*Horizontal integration* (Rockefeller): companies acquire their competition. -Capitalism becoming dominated by elite *Robber barons*- wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated marketplace. -Weak government response through Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act New Imperialism: similar to European but rather than controlling territory, the US sought economic connections with countries around the world.

Great Depression

Following WWI: -era of consumerism and corruption -government sponsored laissez-faire policies and supported manufacturing, flooding markets with cheap consumer goods (families used credit for spending) Risky consumer loans, overspeculation on crops and the value of farmland, and weak banking protections helped bring about the Great Depression (October 29, 1929/ Black Tuesday). -Stock market crashed -Dust Bowl in the Great Plains -Weak Response from Hoover Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal: -Emergency Acts (alphabet soup) during FDR's First Hundred Days to repair the banking system. >*Glass-Steagal Act*: established Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to ensure customer deposits in the wake of bank failures. >Agricultural Adjustment Act: address overspeculation; reduced farm prices by subsidizing farmers to reduce production of commodities. >*Tennessee Valley Authority*: regional public-planning (first of its kind); create jobs, bring electricity to impoverished, rural inhabitants. >Federal Emergency Relief Act: federal aid to states to be distributed to poor. >*Public Works Administration*: federal aid to states to develop infrastructure and provide construction jobs for unemployed. >*Civilian Conservation Corps* federal aid to states to offer employment in environmental conservation and management projects. -Securities and Exchange Commission: monitor stock trading, punish violators of the law. -Home Owners Loan Corporations: refinanced mortgages to protect homeowners from losing homes -*Federal Housing Administration*: insure low-cost mortgages

Abolitionism

Frederick Douglas and the American Colonization Society wanted to end slavery and send former slaves to Africa. -Northern states showed signs of racism- expressed concern about the ability of former slaves to adjust to freedom and democracy and suggested that free slaves should be resettled in the territories or Africa. -Some refused to work with AA, ride in stagecoaches alongside them, and landlords refused to rent them any by the worst housing. John Brown led violent protests against slavery. 1846 Wilmont Proviso attempted to halt the extension of slavery by failed. Compromise of 1850: admitted California as a free state and Utah and New Mexico with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty, or by the residents. -Reaffirmed the *Fugitive Slave Act*- allowed slave owners to pursue escaped slaves to free states and recapture them >federal crime to assist escaped slaves. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854: Kansas and Nebraska decide slavery by popular sovereignty as well, repealing the Missouri Compromise. -Bleeding Kansas- violence between pro- and anti-slavery factions.

Chickasaw Wars

French and Choctaw vs England and Chickasaw -In the Louisiana Territory (Ohio Valley through Mississippi Valley, New Orleans) -France wanted to strengthen its hold in the southeastern part of North America

John Adams' Presidency

French seized American ships; Adams sent delegates to negotiate -XYZ Affair: Americans were asked for bribes to meet with French officials -Americans began uncleared Conflict in the Caribbean until Convention of 1800 negotiated a cessation of hostilities. >France agreed to return captured American ships; the US assumed Americans' claims against French for damages in shipping: and the earlier Franco-American Alliance was replaced by a mutual most-favored-nation status. Jay's Treaty: Britain unwilling to let the US trade with France, Britain agreed to open West indies ports to smaller US ships. -Also, both countries agreed their ships would receive equal treatment. -Furthermore, both countries agreed to establish arbitration boards to determine compensation for prewar debts and seized ships, as well as to set the boundary between Canada and the US. Britain promised to evacuate its forts in the Northwest by June 1, 1796. Pickney's Treaty: Thomas Pinckney concluded a treaty with Spain, opening the Mississippi River to US navigation and permitting Americans to use the port at New Orleans. -Set a boundary between the US and Florida. Alien and Sedition Acts 1798: -Alien Act: allowed president to deport "enemy aliens"; increased residency requirements for citizenship. -Sedition Act: forbad criticism of the president or of Congress Judiciary Act of 1801, gave Adams the power the expand the federal judiciary by appointing new judges, justices of the peace, attorneys, clerks and marshals. -He filled these positions with good Federalists then left office.

Beaver Wars

French, Dutch and Algonquin vs English and Iroquois -control over fur trade in northeastern part of continent. -Iroquois pushed Shawnee and other tribes associated with Algonquin from Northeast and Great Lakes region farther west. -*Northwest Territories*: areas belonging to the Iroquois and Beaver war (Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region)

End of the Cold War

George H.W Bush signed Strategic Arms Reduction (START) treaty with SU in 1991. Crisis in the Middle East: Iraq led by Saddam Hussein invades oil-rich Kuwait. -US intervened; Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm (1991)- cemented US status as the world's sole superpower. >Saddam's forces were driven from Kuwait and Iraq was restrained by sanctions and no-fly zones Bill Clinton: US took an active role in international diplomacy -brokered peace deals in former Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East -Contract with America (young conservatives elected to Congress): promising a return to lower taxes and traditional values. > despite this, society became more liberal (LGBTQ activism, environmental issues)

Washington's Presidency

Hamilton: currency stabilization and repayment of debts -established Bank of the United States (1791) -also favored tariffs and sales taxes (Anti-Federalists/Democratic Republican opposed) Whiskey Rebellion- rebellion over excise tax on whiskey; indicated unrest, but down by milita. Neutrality Proclamation 1793 Farewell Address: Recommended US follow a policy of neutrality in international affairs, no political parties.

WWII: Fighting Japan

Japanese-Americans faced discrimination and oppression at home -put into internment camps -Korematsu vs US: Supreme Court ruled that forced displacement was constitutional Navajo Code Talkers to break Japanese code. Island Hopping: allowed US to take control of Japanese-held Pacific islands, proceeding closer to Japan itself. -Faced Kamikaze (intentionally crash plane into ship) attacks on US ships Harry Truman's authorized the bombing (nuclear weapons) of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan -Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945 GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen's Readjustment Act)- 1944 legislation that provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from WW2. -Unemployment pay, scholarships for education, low-cost mortgage loans, pensions and job training. -did not apply to people of color.

Westward Expansion and the question of Slavery

Manifest Destiny- sense that it was fate of the US to expand westward and settle the continent. Slavery profitable for southern states and plantation economy, but increasingly condemned in the North. *Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820*: allowed Missouri to join the union as a slave state, but provided that any other states north the thirty-sixth parallel (36 30) would be free. -Maine would also join as a free state

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Mexico abolished slavery; Texas (white settlers) wanted to maintain it so they declared independence from Mexico -Immigrants criticized the Mexican government in the language of republicanism: objected high taxes, object being required to convert to Catholicism in order to intermarry with Mexicans and control their Mexican wives' property, they objected to having to adopt the Spanish language; deep discontent with the autocratic Mexican government. -1845 Texas joined the Union. -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- ended the war following the surrender of Mexican General Santa Ana, US obtained territory in the Southwest: New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, as well as California. California gold rush: prospectors headed west in search of gold; led to population growth. -Latinx who had lived there (under Mexico) lost land and were denied many of the rights that whites enjoyed (despite being promised US citizenship under the treaty) [racial and ethnic discrimination]

New Amsterdam/NY (came under English control in 1664) and Philadelphia (1682) [Mid-Atlantic]

NA/NY: ideal trading post -religious tolerance Philly: founded by Quaker William Penn -Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware were founded in the Quaker spirit as part of the Penn's Holy Experiment to develop settlements based on tolerance. Both suited for agricultural trade with fertile lands and natural harbords.

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon was an elite, well educated. Bacon's rebellion was triggered by a routine episode of violence on the middle ground inhabited by Indians and Europeans. Seeking payment for goods they had delivered to a planter, a band of Doeg Indians killed the planter's overseer and tried to steal his hogs. An isolated incident escalated into a militia expedition of 1,000 men. For 6 weeks, the war party laid siege to the reservation of the Susquehannocks. They turned around and attacked people on the frontier. Berkley refused to fight them, the frontier planters were infuriated. Women gossiped and said that Berkley was a greater friend to the Indians than the English. Bacon's wife influenced him and he lead a wholesale war on all Indians whatsoever. After they massacred some formerly friendly Occoneechees, Bacon marched on the government of Jamestown with 400 armed men, demanding to fight "all Indians in general, for that they were all enemies". Bacon took control and Berkley fled. After Bacon's rebellion, the government remained in the hands of the planter elite, but the rebels had achieved their primary objective: the frontier Indians had been dispersed, and their land was now free for settlement. -Also, landowners wanted to increase their own profit rather than redirect revenue to Britain.

North Vs South Civil War

North: larger population (immigration helps), stronger industrial capacity (making weapons), naval blockade of Southern trade, superior leadership South: strong leadership and vast territory

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

Ottawa leader, Pontiac, led a revolt that extended from Great Lakes region through Ohio Valley to Virginia. -After 7 Years War land had been ceded to England from France; -Ottawa people and other Natives resisted further British settlement and fought back against colonial oppression. -Led to Proclamation of 1763

Socioeconomic Change Before WWI

Panic of 1907: banks restricting credit and overspeculating on value of land and interests, coupled with a conservative gold standard -Federal Reserve Act of 1913: protect banking system; federal reserve banks established to cover 12 regions of the country >commercial banks had to take part >"Fed" control interest rates Jacob Rii's How the Other half LIves: poverty of poor urban classes-often impoverished immigrants- endured leading to more public calls for reform. Interventionism vs Isolationism -Interventionism: spread US democracy >Wilson- Moral Imperialism- US foreign policy should be guided by morality and should teach other peoples about democracy. -Isolationism: development at home

The Declaratory Act of 1766

Parliament, "had, hath, and of right out to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes...to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever.

Populism

People's (Populist) Party: formed in response to corruption and industrialization injurious to farmers. -National Grange advocated for farmers -Las Gorras Blancas disrupted railroad construction. -*Silver standard* to inflate crop prices but putting more money into circulation (Greenback-Labor Party) >Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) allowed treasury notes to be in gold and silver. >Panic of 1893: resulted from silver standard and failure of major railroad companies. Colored Farmers Alliance: support sharecroppers and other African Americans in the South. Labor movement to support mistreated industrial workers in urban area. -*AFL* led by Samuel Gompers using strikes and collective bargaining to gain protections for works. -*Knights of Labor* empowered workers by integrating unskilled workers into action; 1869, first national union >Strikes, boycotts, political action, and educational and social activities. >Need to guarantee a basic set of economic rights for all Americans. -Mother Jones included women, children and African Americans in labor actions.

Resistance to Spanish rule from Natives in North America

Pueblo Revolt/ Navajo Wars (1680): Popé, two-year loss of land for Spain Bartolomé de las Cases- appalled at oppression of colonization, argued for rights and humanity of Native Americans. -For Native Americans who converted to Christianity (educate them) Juan de Sepulveda- natives needed rule and "civilization" brought by Spain, justifying treatment.

Religious Differences in the colonies

Puritans believed in original sin of Adam and Eve. Jesus Christ gave his life. -wealth and success showed that one was a member of the elect or privileged by God. -poorer farmers were tenant farmers, did not own land and rarely made profit. However, Calvinists insisted there was nothing that people could do to guarantee that God, by an act of grace, would grant them the faith that would save them from hell. -Calvinists wanted to purify the Church of England of all remnants of Catholicism including rituals and priestly hierarchy. Protestants felt that the relationship between God and humanity should be direct and unmediated. God could talk to each individual through the Bible. Encouraged literacy and translated the Bible into modern languages. Anglicans believed that Christians could earn their way to heaven by good works, a doctrine the Puritans labeled Arminianism

Civil Rights Movement

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X: fought for African Americans rights in the South, including the abolition of segregation, and for better living standards for Blacks in Northern cities. *Brown vs the Board of Education* (1954): Warren found segregation unconstitutional, overturning Plessy vs Ferguson (separate is not equal) *Civil rights Act* (1964)- outlawed segregation. -voting restrictions still present despite 15th and 19th amendments >South used literacy tests, and poll taxes which disproportionately affected African Americans *Voting Rights Act* (1965): forbade restrictions impeding the ability of African Americans to vote. -24th Amendment: poll taxes unconstitutional.

Sons of Liberty

Samuels Adams: organized a nonimportation movement using both coercion and patriotic appeal. Women actively recruited into the movement, both to encourage household manufacture and to refuse British imports. -violent acts against tax collectors

John Locke's Treatises

Second Treatise: have become the founding documents of political liberalism/*republicanism* and its theory of human rights -Locke argued that governments were created by the people, not by God. Man was born "with a Title to perfect Freedom" or "natural rights". -When people created governments, they gave up some of that freedom in exchange for the rights that they enjoyed in society. -The purpose of the Government was to protect the "Lives, Liberties" and "Fortunes" of the people who created it, not to achieve glory or power of the nation or to serve God. -Moreover, should a government take away the civil rights of its citizens, they had a "right to resume their original liberty."

Northwest Confederacy

Shawnee, Lenape, Kickapoo, Miami among others in Midwestern region. -Shawnee: Algonquian-speaking people based in Ohio Valley (males Kings, only men inherit property) -Lenape: "grandfathers" to Shawnee and deserved respect. -Miami: moved from Wisconsin to Ohio Valley region forming settled societies and farming maize (also fur trade)

Great Plains, Southwest, Pacific Northwest

Sioux, Cheyenne, Apache, Comanche, Arapaho tribes. -traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic -use buffalo for food and materials to create clothing, tools, domestic items (followed herds: surround them or frighten them off cliffs) -equestrian skill (horse riding): horses introduced by Europeans; used to hunt buffalo. Navajo: Four Corners area; descendants of Ancestral Pueblo or Anasazi -three sisters tradition, stone construction (cliff-dwellings) -pastoralism (nomadic): lived in semi-permanent wooden homes (hogans). Coast Salish and Chinook -Both: fishing, created canoes, totem poles to depict history.

Leading up to Andrew Jackson's Presidency

Technological advances like the cotton gin: more persons enslaved; urgency to issue of slavery Immigration from Europe to the US was increasing mainly Irish Catholics and Germans -Nativist Movements like the Know-Nothing Party feared the influx of non-Anglo Europeans, particularly Catholics, discrimination was widespread Railroads and steamships were speeding up westward expansion and improving trade throughout the continent. -large-scale market economy was emerging Universal Manhood suffrage: extended voting rights to white men who did not own land or substantial property. -electorate would come to reflect the "common man"

Plymouth (1620) and Massachusetts

The Pilgrims at Plymouth and the Puritans at Massachusetts Bay sought to escape persecution and to establish new communities based on God's law as they understood it -*Separatists*: members of the Church of England who believed it had strayed too far from theological roots, came to seek more religious freedom. >Separatists who had given up hope of reforming the Church of England. The Mayflower and the Speedwell. Speedwell was leaking had to turn back. Mayflower Compact- guaranteeing government by the consent of the governed. -Because there was no legal claim to the land, the Pilgrims drafted the Mayflower Compact. A civil body politic to make laws and govern the colony and also to recognize the authority of the governor

The 1950s

The TV transformed society: every 9/10 American families had one -TV became the nation's leading leisure activity: TV dinners, replacing newspapers as the most common source of information about public events. -Middle class families Cars became a part of the "standard consumer package" Films, TV shows, ads portrayed marriage as the most important goal of American women. -*Baby Boom*- markedly higher birthrate in the years following WW2; led to the biggest demographic "bubble" in American history. >Americans lived longer than in the past because of "miracle drugs" like penicillin to combat bacterial infections. Urban Renewal- series of policies supported by all level of gov't that allowed local gov'ts and housing authorities to demolish so-called blighted areas in urban centers to replace them with more valuable real estate usually reserved for white people. -Whites who were displaced moved to suburbs; non-whites moved to run-down city neighborhoods. -A *Levittown*- low-cost, mass-produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after WW2 on Long Island and elsewhere (for whites only)

Progressive Era

Theodore Roosevelt's *trust-buster*: -Sherman Antitrust Act: prosecuted Northern Securities (and Standard Oil) railroad monopoly under Interstate Commerce Act, breaking up trusts and creating a fairer market. -Square deal for fairer treatment of workers; More direct federal regulation of the economy. >Pure Food and Drug Act- passed in 1906, first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling. >Conservation Movement- a progressive reform movement focused on the preservation and sustainable management of the nation's natural resources. >Set aside land for the creation of new natural parks. >Parks required the removal of Indians who hunted and fished there as well as the reintroduction of animals that had previously disappeared. >Gov'ts moved to control the power of western rivers, building dams and irrigation projects to regularize their flow, prevent waste and provide water for large-scale agriculture and urban development. -Acts to protect workers, health, farmers and children. Muckraking- writing that exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the 20th century; included popular books and magazine articles that spurred public interest in reform. -Upton Sinclair- The Jungle-1906 unsanitary slaughterhouses and the sale of rotten meat stirred public outrage and led directly to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. Roosevelt Corollary: promised US intervention in Latin America in the case of US intervention there, assert US dominance over Latin America. -Hay Pauncefote Treaty- GB granted claims to area that would become Panama Canal to US. >Colombia did not accept this treaty. > Roosevelt engineered a revolution, creating Panama and taking control of the canal. >New Imperialism expanded US markets and increased presence and prestige on a global scale.

John Winthrop- A City Upon a Hill

"We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw his present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world." (Society based on the word of God) -Massachusetts Bay Colony in the model of Biblical city Upon a Hill: rooted in unity, peace, free, democratic spirit (capital Boston)

Domestic Issues during WWI

*Espionage Act*- 1917 law that prohibited spying and interfering with the draft as well as making "false statements" that hurt the war effort. *Sedition Act*- 1918 law that made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that criticized the US gov't or encouraged interference with the war effort. Stimson Doctrine- neutrality in Asia after Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1932 -Neutrality Acts (of 1930s): US neutrality in Asian and ongoing tensions in Europe Red Scare (1919): fear of homegrown radicals (communists and anarchists) and xenophobia against immigrants. -series of anti-immigration laws: immigration laws like the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act of 1924 -J. Edgar Hoover leads Palmer Raids on suspected radicals. Marcus Garvey- self-sufficiency for blacks settling in Urban areas and facing racial discrimination and isolation. -United Negro Improvement Association inspire Black Panther Party and Nation of Islam. -In contrast, NAACP believed in integration. -Tensions with Ku Klux Klan was growing in power, race riots, intimidation, violence, death and *lynching* (African Americans kidnapped and killed, sometimes publicly)

Racial Conflict after the Civil War

*Freedmen's Bureau*: assisting freed slaves and poor whites in the South -Helped finance the activities of northern societies committed to black education. -Provided medical care and drugs to both black and white southerners. -Could divide abandoned and confiscated land into 40-acre plots for rental and eventual sale to the former slaves. -law said slaves should be free, they did not know that or remained voluntarily or involuntarily on plantations. -those that were free had no education or skills; still oppressive social structure *Jim Crow Laws*: enforced segregation -*Plessy vs Ferguson* (enforced JC): Homer Plessy forced off whites-only train car. Separate but equal (until Brown vs the Board of Ed) -By 1872- Redeemers (conservative white Democrats) had regained control of the whole upper and border South through acts of terrorism such as driving black people from their homes, raping them, beatings, killing, burning black schools and churches, whipped (Ku Klux Klan), and caused a sense of panic throughout the South. >They rigged election laws to curb the black vote and put any Republican comeback out of reach and Democratic newspapers defamed their victims. Booker T. Washington: gradual desegregation and vocational education for African Americans (his Tuskegee Institute) -Atlanta Compromise- speech to the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 >Adjust to segregation and abandon agitation for civil and political rights. >Advised his people to seek the assistance of white employers who would rather have a docile, dependable black labor force versus a white unionized one. >W.E.B Du Bois criticized Washington for encouraging blacks to accommodate segregation and disenfranchisement. W.E.B DuBois: immediate desegregation and aim for higher education and leadership positions in society. -NAACP supported him Great Migration: blacks fled the South for greater opportunities in Northern cities and father West. -Higher wages in northern factories, opportunities for educating their children, escape from the threat of lynching, prospect of exercising the right to vote. -Encountered restricted employment opportunities, exclusion from unions, rigid housing segregation, and outbreaks of violence that made it clear that no region of the country was free from racial hostility.

Lyndon Johnson's Presidency

*Great Society*- Liberalism: government should fight poverty at home, and play an interventionist role abroad. War on Poverty: support the poor -*Medicare Act*: medical care to elderly -Department of Housing and Urban Development: federal role in housing and urban issues increases -Head Start: early intervention for disadvantaged children before elementary school. -*Elementary and Secondary Education Act*: increased funding for primary and second education. -VISTA- domestic Peace Corps for inner cities. -Immigration Act of 1965: overturned provisions of Emergency Quota Act, ends racist limitations on immigration to US. Vietnam War was unpopular: high casualties; draft; purposelessness of the war -Rise of *counterculture* by student activists to protest non-violent and violently the war. >popularity of rock and roll, culture of hippies, changing concepts of drug use and sexuality. >added to rebellious nature of Americans, usurping government authority and challenging traditional values.

Cold War

*McCarthy Era* (1950s): domestic distrust and fear of communism. *Truman Doctrine*: US would support any country threatened by authoritarianism (communism) -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the US, and Canada to deter Soviet Expansion in Europe. -*Korean War* (1950-1953): US South K; SU North K (ended in a stalemate at 38th parallel) *Containment*: contain Soviet (communist expansion), defined US foreign policy -*Domino theory*- once one country fell to communism, others would quickly follow. *Bay of Pigs* invasion in Cuba (1961), a failed effort to topple communist government of Fidel Castro -*Cuban Missile Crisis* (1962): Soviet Missiles discovered in Cuba nad military crisis narrowly averted by JFK; Kennedy imposed a blockade of the island and demanded the missiles' removed; secret meeting to agree to end hostilities. *Vietnam War*: US South V; SU North V -*Gulf of Tonkin Resolution* (1964): Congress never formally declared war in Vietnam but gave the president authority to intervene militarily there. -Led to social unrest at home, increased US deaths >especially after Tet Offensive (1968) surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the in Vietnam. >Mi Lai Massacre- 1968 massacre of 347 Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai by Lieutenant William Calley and troops under his command. US army officers covered up the massacre for a year until an investigation uncovered the events. >Pentagon Papers- informal name for the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam conflict; leaked to the press by former official Daniel Ellsberg and published in the NYT in 1971. -War Powers Act- 1973, reflecting growing opposition to American involvement in Vietnam War; required congressional approval before the president could send troops abroad. -US withdrew from Vietnam and left North Vietnamese forces, led by Ho Chi Minh, to take over the country.

The seeds for the Revolution

*Proclamation of 1763*- attempted to confine the colonists to the east of an imaginary line running down the spine of the Alleghenies. -King George III wanted to maintain the size of his army. In 1763 Parliament agreed to maintain a huge peacetime army, part of which would be posted in the colonies and the West Indies. -Colonists feared that the army would enforce customs regulations rather than police the Indians. Molasses Act of 1733 and *Sugar Act 1764*: raise revenue by taxing sugar and molasses. -which dropped the duty to three cents but established procedures to make certain it was collected. *Currency Act 1764*- forbade the issuing of any colonial currency. *Stamp Act 1765*- direct tax on the American people, sought to raise revenue by taxing documents used in court proceedings; papers used in clearing ships from harbors; college diplomas; appointments to public office; bonds; grants; and deeds for mortgages; indentures, leases, contracts, and bills of sale; liquor licenses; playing cards and dice; and pamphlets, newspapers (ads in them), and almanacs. -Patrick Henry protested it: violation of colonists' right, given that they did not have direct representation in British parliament. -British argued that colonists had virtual representation and so the act was justified. *Quartering Act 1765*- required the colonies to house troops in public buildings and provide them with firewood, candles and drink.

Philosophies during the Progressive Era

*Socialism*: workers own means of production, wealth distributed equally, and strong economic planning. Utopianism: conceptualized establishing utopian settlements with egalitarian societies. Social Gospel: society's obligation to ensure better treatment for workers and immigrants. -Jane Addams- resented "family claim"- obligation to devote herself to parents, husband and children. >1889 Hull House in Chicago (Settlement House)- late 19th century movement to offer a broad array of social services in urban immigrant neighborhoods. >Built kindergartens and playgrounds for children, established employment bureaus and health clinics, showed female victims of domestic abuse how to gain legal protection. >Stronger building and sanitation codes, shorter working hours and safer labor conditions, and the right of labor to organize. Women advocating for poor and themselves and aligned with labor movements. -Encapsulating of the Progressive Movement. -New Feminism- new aspect of the women's rights movement that arose in the early part of the 20th century. added a focus on individual and sexual freedom to the movement and introduced the word "feminism" into American life. -Birth Control Movement (Margaret Sanger)- saw access to birth control and "voluntary motherhood" as essential to women's freedom. Fordism- early 20th century term describing the economic system pioneered by Ford Motor Company based on high wages and mass consumption. -Concentrated on standardizing output and lowering prices. -Moving assembly line. Expanded output by reducing time it took to produce each car. High wages- $5 a day. >Monotonous (Same task all day, every day), used spies and detectives to prevent unionization. >Ford believed in high wages so they could afford to buy the goods being turned out by American factories. Scientific Management- management campaign to improve worker efficiency using measurements like "time and motion" studies to achieve greater productivity; introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911. -Role of workers was to obey the detailed instructions of supervisors (Loss of freedom)

Reconstruction

*Ten Percent Plan*: if 10% of Southern State's population swore allegiance to the Union, that state would be readmitted to the Union. Lincoln assassinated, Andrew Johnson weak -Ku Klux Klan emerged to intimidate and kill black people in the South -*Black Codes* (defining or rather confining, blacks' new freedom. Lawmakers forbade freed people from renting land, owning guns or buying liquor) to limit African American rights >Denied them the rights to testify against whites, serve on juries or in state militias or to vote. >Those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested and hired out to white landowners. *Civil Rights Act 1866*: citizenship to African Americans and guaranteeing them the same rights as white men *13th Amendment* (1865): abolished slavery *14th Amendment*: upheld Civil Rights Act -Representation no longer reliant on 3/5 compromise but based on a state's voting population. -If freed blacks entitled southern states to additional House seats, that representation entitled blacks to the right to vote. *15th Amendment* (1870): granted African American men the right to vote Reconstruction Acts: placing former Confederate states under the control of the US Army (martial law) [Positives] -African Americans carved out a space in which their families could live more freely than before. -Black and white men elected to office some of the most democratic state legislatures of the 19th century. -Thousands of black workers had escaped a stifling contract-labor system for the comparatively wider autonomy of sharecropping. -Hundreds of thousands of former slaves learned to read and write and were able to worship in churches of their own making Did provide modernization of Southern education systems, tax collection and infrastructure. *Compromise of 1877*: gave Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange for troops being removed from the South.

Second New Deal

*Works Progress Administration*: generate construction jobs and build infrastructure throughout the country. -employed writers and artists: >*Federal Writers' Project and Federal Art Project*: artists and writers who wrote histories, created guidebooks, developed public art on buildings *Wagner Act*: ensured the right to unionize and established National Labor Relations Board. -strengthening collective bargaining rights and protected workers. Social Security Act- 1935 law that created the Social Security system with provisions for retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare). -Welfare state- term that originated in Britain during WW2 to refer to a system of income assistance, health coverage, and social services for all citizens. -Paid for by employers and employees' taxes.

Leading up to the Cold War

*Yalta Conference*: 1945 Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met to determine future of Europe -free elections for European countries following the fall of fascist regimes (USSR control in Eastern Europe did not abide by this) *Marshall Plan*- program to rebuild Europe, the USSR consolidated its presence and power in Eastern European countries, forcing them to reject aid. Divisions destroyed relations between Soviets and the west.

Moctezuma and Cortex in Mexico

- Aztec Capital (Tenochtitlan) -Jumpy Spaniards panicked at the sight of a religious dance put on by the warriors in full regalia and slaughtered all the performers. -This slaughter led to a violent rebellion against their "king" or the Spaniards. They forced them out of the capital while killing Moctezuma and some of the Spaniards. -Cortes manipulates the monarchy by claiming Moctezuma handed over control to him. This becoming a rebellion against the Spanish empire. Therefore, calling for intervention from the Spanish military. -Cortes defeats the mighty Aztec empire. -European technology/weapons always won the day

The Middle Passage and other Slave Voyages to the new world

-300, 400, even 600 slaves could be crowded onto one ship. Platforms were built so that boats could hold more slaves (doubled the surface area) (perhaps 4 and a half feet between the platform and the ceiling). -Grates were placed over the hatches, and small air openings were cut into the sides of the ships to prevent suffocation. Later, some ships used large funnel tubes to carry air blow decks. -Some slaves attempted to jump overboard when taken above deck, nets were placed around the ships to prevent such suicides.

Salem Witch Trials, 1692

-80% of the 355 accused of witchcraft were women, as were an even higher proportion of 103 people actually put on trial. - February 29, 1692, magistrates John Hawthorne and Jonathan Corwin went to Salem to investigate the witchcraft. -When the trials ended 156 had been jailed and 20 executed.

Indentured Servants

-90% of people who migrated to the Chesapeake in the 17th century came as servants, half died before completing their term to service. -In England servants had some basic protections, but in Virginia, working conditions were deadly brutal. -Servants might be beaten so severely that they died, or they might find their indentures sold from one master to another. Little protection from the courts. They retained all the rights of the English people, and their servitude was not hereditary.

Beginnings of the African Slave Trade in North America

-Africans first arrived in Virginia in 1619. -As long as life expectancy was low, it was generally more profitable for a planter to purchase an indentured servant for a period of seven years than a slave. -End of 17th century began a time of a significant number of African slaves that were being imported to the Chesapeake. -Primary factors in dictating how readily English colonists adopted slavery were the need for plantations laborers and the availability of African slaves at a good price. -If there was any discussion about the justice of slavery, the English claimed that slavery was an appropriate punishment for certain crimes and for prisoners taken in just wars. -Slavery was a practice for "Strangers", primarily foreigners of a non-Christian religion. -The first wave of African Americans came as domestic servants of well-to-do colonists, not chattel slaves. Also, some early buyers allowed Africans to earn their freedom as did English indentured servants. -Africans were "dispositions most savage and brutish", a "people of beastly living" who "contract no matrimonie, neither have respect to chastity." African women were monstrous, sexual promiscuous, and neglectful of their children.

Slavery

-All forms of slavery had certain elements in common: perpetuity, kinlessness, violence, and the master's access to the slave's sexuality. Slavery was a lifelong condition, a slave has no legally recognized family relationships, slavery rests on violence or its threat, including master's sexual access to the slave. -American slavery added other elements: slavery in all the Americas was hereditary, passed on from a mother to her children and to their children, for all time, compared with other slave systems, including that of Latin America manumissions-the freeing of the slaves- in the American south were quite rare, slavery in the south was racial.

Civil War Other Important Details

Total war required a total commitment of government resources and, for both sides, a broad expansion of authority from what Americans had experienced during peacetime. By April 1862, the Confederacy had to introduce conscription, compulsory enlistment for military service, covering all males from ages 18-35. Five months later extended to age 45. -Southerners were better soldiers, they shot more accurately, rode better, better at taking order, giving them a distinct advantage. The "Twenty Negro Law"- they (Southern Government) would free one white male from service entirely for every 20 slaves that served. -Slave labor manned the arms factories and the Tredegar Iron Works, dug lead for bullets, did teamster duty and built entrenchments that Confederates stood behind.

Jamestown (1607)

-English wanted to find a land like Mexico, filled with gold and other raw materials. -Indentured Servants- men and women of low rank who agreed to work for a set period to pay their transportation expenses. -Colonists expected to trade with the local Indians, who would be the primary suppliers of food. - All colonists to work for the company in exchange for food and shelter. After they would receive grants of land. -Poor planning, salty poisonous water of the James River (which spread diseases like typhoid and dysentery), and skirmishes with the Powhatan Indians led to high mortality rates

Characteristics of European Colonies

-First, intended to bring in the greatest amount of revenue to the country at a low cost -Second success depended on harmonious relations or elimination of local Indians -Third colonial societies slowly develop their own distinctive patterns, depending on which route they followed to prosperity

Early Education in the Colonies

-Harvard college founded in 1636 to train ministers. -The Massachusetts General Court established a system of public education in 1647, most early instruction and virtually all vocational teaching took place at home. -Parents were required to teach their children to read the Bible

Spain and the Inca

-In the 1530's Spain discovered and conquered the Inca in Peru. -Both Mexico and Peru found to contain vast deposits of silver, and Colombia contained a significant amount of gold. -Sugar cultivation highly profitable. Brazil and Caribbean colonies exported the most. -By the second half of the 16th century, Indian laborers had been replaced by enslaved Africans

Spanish Disease (1500s)

-Native Americans could not produce enough food to feed the Spaniards and their own families. -1518 smallpox introduced to Hispaniola. (Typhus and influenza) -Epidemics also spread too and decimated native populations that had not yet encountered Europeans. -Indigenous population dropped about 90%

Types of Colonies

-Proprietary Colony- a colony owned literally by an individual and his heirs. -Virginia was a charter colony held by a group of private shareholders. -The Proprietor had extensive powers to grant land and make laws by himself

Rhode Island 1644

-Roger Williams says the King has no right to grant land that belongs to the Indians. He questioned the validity of the Massachusetts charter and argued for strict separation of church and state, as well as strict separation of the converted and unconverted. -Religious toleration- each congregation or sect governing itself completely free from state inference

1455-1485 (England) The War of Roses

-The pope refused to let King Henry VIII terminate his sonless marriage with Catherine of Aragon. As a result, he made Protestantism the official religion of the nation, banned Catholicism, and confiscated the land and wealth of the Catholic church. -Henry's daughter, Mary (1553-1558), reinstated Catholicism burning Protestants at the stake and throwing the nation into turmoil. -Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603 reestablished order and brought back Protestantism to strength the state also used violence. The Hakluyts united nationalism mercantilism, and militant Protestantism. They argued that if England had colonies for raw materials and as markets for manufactured goods it could free itself from economic dependency on Spain and other nations. -brought their families to North America to establish agricultural settlements.

Reconquista

-a holy struggle against the Moorish infidel and the soldiers who waged war were elevated to positions of prestige. -Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand (1469) -1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand launched a strike against the last of the Muslim leaders at Granada. -Moors who chose to stay in Spain were forced to convert to Christianity. -Insistence on the exile of 150,000 Jews. They could flee, convert, or face public execution

A consumer revolution (18th century)

-a steady increase in the demand for purchase of consumer goods - and an industrious revolution, in which people worked harder and organized their households (families, servants and slaves) to produce goods for sale so that they would have money to pay for items they wanted. Income went up only slightly in the 18th century, yet people were buying more. -As a result, they created a consumer society, in which most people eagerly purchased consumer goods.· In the American colonies, however, population growth led to an expansion of the economy, as more of the continent's abundant natural resources were brought under human control. -A small segment- urban merchants and owners of large plantations became wealthy. At the same time, the urban poor and tenant farmers began to slip toward poverty. -Most wealth was made from shipping and agriculture. 80% of the colonies population worked on farms or plantations. -Economy of colonial America shaped by 3 factors: abundance of land and shortages of labor and of capital. -Historians believe that increased production in this period came primarily from the labor or women and children, who worked harder and longer than they had before. -Tobacco was a main cash crop, followed by rice, wheat, corn, flour, and indigo.

Columbian Exchange

-plants and animals, as well as human beings and their diseases were shared between the two worlds connected in 1492. -Columbus brought horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats as well as wheat, sugarcane, and seeds for fruits and vegetables to the new world. Other things such as corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa were brought over to Europe -North America later became apart of it with Triangular Trade.

1662 Half-Way Covenant

-set out terms for church membership and participation. -Full church membership was reserved for those who could demonstrate a conversion experience. Their offspring could still be "half-way" members of the church, receiving its discipline and having their children baptized.

Social Darwinism

-the rich and the powerful were supposed to take care of the poor and the Puritan towns did assist all those who could not care for themselves

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

-the underlying cause of the war was the steady encroachment of English settlers on Native American lands. -Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Plymouth all claimed the land occupied by the Wampanoagas, Massasoit's tribe, now ruled by his son Metacom (King Philip). -King Phillip no longer able to play the colonies against one another took to war and attacked the village of Swansea (Plymouth). -New Englanders attacked entire villages of noncombatants and the Indians retaliated in kind. -New Englanders won King Philip's war, but enormous cost. 4,000 Indian's died, many of starvation after the New Englanders destroyed their cornfields. -Eliminated Native American presence in southeastern New England, and killed 2,000 English settlers. -Indians burned 1,200 homes while attacking more than half of New England's towns.

The Revolution

1775: Lexington and Concord when American militament (minutemen) had gathered to resist British efforts to seize weapons and arrest rebels in Concord. 1775: Battle of Bunker Hill: Americans lost, but the number of casualties caused the King to declare that colonies were in rebellion. -Troops were deployed to the colonies (Siege of Boston began) Patriots: favored independence; Tories: those still loyal to Britain. George Washington head of the Continental Army: slow start, gained ground due to strong leadership, superior knowledge of the land, support from France. 1777 Valley Forge: Washington and his army lived through the bitterly cold winter and managed to overcome British forces.

Andrew Jackson's Presidency

1824: Did not win Republican Candidacy against John Quincy Adams -1828 split into Democrats who favored small farmers and inhabitants of rural areas, and states' rights. -Adams would become National Republicans/Whigs who supported business and urbanization -*Emergence of the two-party system* *Spoils System*- Jackson rewarded his supporters by appointing them to important positions. Specie Circular: devalue paper money instigating financial Panic of 1837. -Tariff of 1828, or Tariff of Abomination: benefitted Northern industry, but heavily affect Southern exports. -John C. Calhoun spoke out in favor of nullification, state had the right to declare a law null and void if it was harmful to that state. White men of varying of levels of economic success and education were able to have stronger political voices and more opportunities in civil society. Cherokee Nation vs Georgia 1831: Cherokee unsuccessfully argued for the right to their land; Marshall agreed that Cherokees were a distinct political society, but he demurred that they were not a foreign state "in the sense of the constitution, and cannot maintain an action in the courts of the US." -*Indian Removal Act* (1830) forced this move that they were contexting; forced Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw and others from their lands in the Southeast. -*Trail of Tears*- thousands of people forced to travel on foot, with all their belongings to "Indian Territory", to make way for white settlers >Many died of disease, malnutrition, dehydration and exhaustion along the way.

The West after the Civil War

19th century large numbers of Chinese immigrants arrived in California. -Clipper ships: made journeys across the Pacific Ocean faster and easier. -faced discrimination Homestead Act of 1862: 160 acres of land in the West to any settle who promised to settle and work it for a number of years. -ranching and herding cattle became popular and profitable. 1864 Sand Creek Massacre (Colorado): US troops ambushed Cheyenne and Arapaho people, triggering more violence. -reservation system for Sioux in South Dakota; when gold was discovered no more (Great Sioux Reservation). -Sioux Wars: 1876 Battle of Little Big Horn: US defeated, but US would win the conflict. Ghost Dance Movement: spiritual and political movement intended to connect the living with the dead and make the Indians bulletproof in battles intended to restore their homelands. -united Plains tribes in a spiritual movement and belief that whites would eventually be driven from the land -US military tried to stop this; outcome Wounded Knee massacre and the death of Sioux chief Sitting Bull. Dawes Act (1887): ended federal recognition of tribes, withdrew tribal land rights and forced the sale of reservations. -dissolved Native families and send children to boarding schools where they were taught American culture.

Globalization

= facilitation of global commerce and communication. -Clinton administration prioritized free trade. -*NAFTA* (North American Free Trade Agreement): free trade zone throughout North America (Mexico, US, Canada) -facilitated the movement of people, particularly undocumented immigrants from Latin America seeking a better life in the US. -technology like the Internet facilitated national and global communication, media, and business.

The Roaring 20's

= flappers (young, sexually liberated women), speakeasies (nightclubs that sold liquor in violation of Prohibition), and a soaring stock market fueled by easy credit and a get-rich quick outlook, time of revolt against moral rules from the 19th century. -Flapper- young women whose rebellion against prewar standards of femininity included wearing shorter dresses, bobbing their hair, dancing to jazz music, driving cars, smoking cigarettes and indulging in illegal drinking and gambling. Harlem Renaissance- development and popularity of African-American dominated music (especially jazz), literature, art. -contributed to the development of American pop culture. Technology like radio, motion pictures, automobiles -available to middle class through credit -Telephones, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and refrigerators transformed work in the home and reduced the demand for domestic servants. -More leisure activities like vacations, movies, sporting events. -Radios and phonographs- create and spread celebrity culture in which recording film and sports stars moved to the top of the list of American heroes. *19th Amendment* (1920)- giving women the right to vote. The Scopes Trial- 1925 trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a national confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties. -Saw evolution as intertwined with feminism, socialism and religious modernism, which subbed human judgement for the word of God.

The Five Nations or Iroquois League/Confederacy (1570-1600)

A Native American league in which all members were bound to keep peace among themselves and to coordinate a common defense against outsiders (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, [leader Hiawatha]) -bring peace to eastern Great Lakes region. -later would become Six Nations when Tuscarora join them Iroquois and Algonquin played a major role in the Northeast US: -Iroquois: agricultural and architectural techniques (longhouses) >*Three Sisters Tradition*: farming maize, bean and squash (provide natural protection from pests and elements, more nitrogen for growth) -Algonquin- Quebec and Great Lake region. >active in fur trade (partner with France, rival of Iroquois) >many converted to Christianity

Early 21st Century

US a superpower: -Militarily: bases and presence around the world -Economically: American corporations establish themselves globally, taking advantage of free to trade to exploit cheap labor and less restrictive manufacturing environments. -Culturally: American pop culture enjoyed by millions of people around the world. 911: Al Qaeda hijacked airplanes attacking NY and Washington D.C. -George W. Bush declared a *War on Terror*: aggressive military and foreign policy; open-ended global conflict against terror organizations and their supporters. Afghanistan War- struck suspected Al Qaeda bases there; US occupied the country. -Terrorist fighters there and elsewhere during the War on Terror were held in a prison in Guantanamo Bay (Cuba); controversial for not offering protections to prisoners of war under Geneva Conventions. Iraq War: US invaded in 2003 believing they held weapons of mass destruction that threaten the safety of US (later found to be false) -*Preemption*: if US was aware of a threat, it should attack the source of that threat. -deposed Saddam Hussein and supporting a series of governments (withdrew in 2011, leaving the country in chaos). *USA Patriot Act*: respond to fears of terrorist attacks at home; federal government got powers of surveillance over the American public -Open letters, read e-mail, obtain personal records from third parties like universities and libraries without the knowledge of a suspect. -some consider them unconstitutional Bush's reliance on tax cuts and heavy reliance on credit created the idea of Subprime Mortgage Crisis which helped push the country into the Great Recession.

US intervention in the Middle East (1970s)

US economy suffered -US support Israel in Six Days War and Yom Kippur War (1973) which caused OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), led by Saudi Arabia and other allies of Arab foes of Israel, to boycott the US. -Oil prices skyrocketed. -1979 Iranian Revolution and Hostage Crisis in the US Embassy in Tehran where anti-American activists took over (suffered from another oil shock) Carter negotiated peace between Israel and Egypt in the Camp David Accords, but otherwise ineffective.

Spanish-American War (1898-1901)

US gained control over Spanish territory in Caribbean, Asia and the South Pacific -first time US had engaged in overseas military occupation and conquest. -US annexed Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines and took over the Panama Canal; Cuba US protectorate. -Philippines fought guerrilla war against US for independence. Spanish Abuses in Cuba concerned Americans -*Yellow Journalism*: events sensationalized and exaggerated by media (people wanted intervention in Cuba) >letter from Spanish minister de Lome, insulting President McKinley and mysterious explosion of USS Maine spurred US into action Teller Amendment: Cuba would revert to independence following the war. -US signed a peace treaty with Spain in 1898 and gained control over Puerto Rico and Guam -Did not give Philippines or Cuba independence after war (Platt Amendment) >McKinley said we need to uplift and civilize the Filipino people and to train them for self-government. >before recognizing it independence, 1901 amendment to Cuban constitution that reserved the US' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the Island.

WWII in Europe

US remained uncommitted because: -Weakened from Great Depression -public support for isolationism -reinforced by Neutrality Acts. -However, Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed cash-and-carry arms sales to combat participants (could still give military support to its allies) Lend-Lease Act: supplying Britain with military aid, in place of cash-and-carry. -Hitler and Stalin: non-aggression pact -Roosevelt and Churchill: Atlantic Charter (laid out anti-fascist agenda of free trade and self-determination) *FDR's Four Freedoms*: speech, religion, from want, from fear. -Should be spread to the rest of the world as a desire for security. o Freedom from want- protecting the future "standard of living of the American worker and farmer" by guaranteeing that the Depression would not resume after the war. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), US entered the war. -US destroyed Nazi U-boats, engaged them in North Africa to approach Italy. -*D-Day* (June 6, 1944)- US led invasion of normandy, invading German-controlled Europe. -Battle of the Bulge- Allies faced fierce German resistance; after Allies entered Germany and ended the war in Europe.

John Rolfe (1617)

Virginia's discovery of tobacco lessened their dependency on the local Indians. -Virginia was shipping 50,000 pounds of tobacco to England per year and as a result had an economic boom (cash crop) *Indentured Servants*- freed from servitude after a period of work. -usually 5-7 year periods -transportation to colonies was similar to Middle Passage -criminals were sometimes brought over to work without their consent. *The Virginia House of Burgesses* (renamed the General Assembly after the AR) (1619) -was the first elected representative government in the New world -blacks would be lifelong slaves.

Madison's Presidency

War of 1812 British provocation at sea and in the northwest. -Battle of Tippecanoe: General William Henry Harrison fought the Northwest Confederacy, a group of tribes led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. >followed Tecumseh's brother Tenskwatawa who was considered a prophet >wanted to maintain independent territory at the northwest of the US. >Natives partnered with British, still lost. -US declared war to defend US, end chaotic trade practices and treatment of Americans on the high seas, and penetrate British Canada (ended with no real gains or loses for either side) -Andrew Jackson popular war hero following the battle of New Orleans -Treaty of Ghent ended the War in 1814

WWI (For US 1917-1918)

Why the US got involved: -Submarine warfare by German U-boats -Sinking of the Lusitania -*Zimmerman Telegram*: Germany promised to help Mexico in an attack on US; give them back lost lands from Mexican American War -Growing American *nationalism*: pride and identification with one's country. President Wood Wilson's Fourteen Points laid out an idealistic international vision, including an international security organization -Self-determination for all nations, freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, readjustment of colonial claims with colonized people given "equal weight" in deciding their futures, creation of the League of Nations. -League of Nations: collective security organization, divided US did not join (weak and ineffective). Treaty of Versailles: ended war and placed blame for the war entirely on Germany and demanded crippling reparation and disarmament.

The Masses [Second IR]

Working class: European and Chinese immigrants working in factories and building infrastructure (dangerous working conditions) Railroads expanded and took farmers land, Mexican American and Native American land. *Sharecropping*: many worked same land and for the same landowner, leasing land and equipment at unreasonable rates; trapped in similar conditions to slavery

Joint stock companies

a new form of business organization that led modern corporations. They brought together merchants who saw privateering as a way to broaden their trade and gentlemen who saw it as way to increase their incomes -privately develop colonies.

Mississippi Mound Builders

built mounds around 2,100 to 1,800 years before as burial tombs or bases for temples (Southeast) -Chickasaw and Choctaw are descendants of the MMB. -C&C organized along matrilineal lines and both spoke languages of Muskogean family. -Chickasaw: three sisters tradition

Federalist Papers

convince the states to ratify the Constitution: Hamilton, Madison, John Jay: articulate the benefits of federalism. -equal representation; house of reps, senate -need to find balance between total (pure) democracy and national disunity. Impossible in such a large place to have everyone represented without consequence. - President can be impeached if acting as a tyrant. - bills of rights not necessary, problems associated have not been a cause of concern. - creates national unity. - regulated economy will better the nation as a whole, open up trade, increases profits. - protects against external and internal dangers.

Cult of Domesticity

encouraged women to become homemakers and focus on domestic skills. -Freed to engage in social activism: Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women's rights, including suffrage. >1848 Seneca Falls Convention lead by the American Woman Suffrage Association -Active in the temperance movement.

1649 Act of Toleration/ Maryland Toleration Act

ensured political rights of all Christians there -no one would be "compelled to the belief or exercise of any religion against his or her consent." -only for Christians; Maryland most tolerant -Lord Baltimore charged by Charles I to found a part of Virginia to be a Catholic haven.

Articles of Confederation

first central (unicameral) government had the power to wage war, negotiate treaties, and borrow money. -no taxes for citizens, but could tax states -Any act of Congress would require 9 votes of 13, and the Articles would not go into effect until all 13 states had approved them. Northwest Ordinances 1787: parameters for Westward expansion and establishing new states -forbade slavery north of the Ohio River -areas with 60,000 people could apply for statehood -nullified Proclamation of 1763 Not strong enough to keep the nation united -country in debt, taxes high. -made it appear weak and vulnerable to GB and Spain *Shay's Rebellion*: revolt of indebted farmers who rose up to prevent courts from seizing property in Massachusetts and to protest debtor's prison.

French in Midwest and Northeast North America

focused on trade (fur and beaver pelts; in great demand in Europe) -Samuel de Champlain (Quebec, Vermont, upstate NY, Great Lakes region and Jacques Cartier (New France/Quebec) -more likely to establish agreements and intermarry with Native Americans than other European powers. -did not establish settlements based on forced labor or arrive with families. -Métis: mixed-race persons.

United Nations

formed after WWII, modeled after League of Nations. -*Security Council*- comprised of major world powers, with the power to militarily intervene for peacekeeping purposes in unstable global situations. US and Soviet Union two global super-powers after the war.

Mercantilism

held that the chief object of a nation's economic policies was to serve the state. Developed to facilitate the consolidation of the new European nation-states, which required vast amounts of money to support their growing military and bureaucracies. -Mercantilist Doctrine- the mother country was to produce finished products and the colonies the raw materials. Parliament restricted manufacturing items such as woolen cloth and hats. Mercantilists considered the economy and politics as zero-sum games; one side's gain was another's loss. -*Balance of Trade*: country must export more than it imports -unlimited supply of desirable goods at low cost.

Social Mixing in the Spanish colonies

intermarriage and fraternization resulted in a stratified society based on race -*Casta system*: individual's place in societal hierarchy was determined by his or her race (white people most privileged) -Mestizo- people of mixed white European and Native American.

Anti-Federalist

people who opposed the Constitution -this constitution gives way to private business, at the same time can hurt it. - debts could only be paid back in gold and silver, they could not be defaulted on essentially. - wealthy will have to most impact on voting, able to pay poll taxes, representatives will represent them, not the collective - corrupt power, will lead to favorable legislation of larger states, bribery - could levy taxes on the private business trying to get back on their feet. This interfers with pb. - commerce can be controlled by government affecting pb. -larger slave states already have favorable legislation due to 3/5 compromise.

Jefferson's Presidency

shrank federal government; repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts -economic policies favored small farmers and landowners; in contrast to federalist policies which supported big business and cities Louisiana Purchase: doubled the size of the US -D-R's saw this as a federal overreach. -Lewis and Clark dispatched to explore western frontier of the territory. Napoleonic Wars between France and Britain; US ships and business got caught in the middle. -Embargo Act 1807: limited US international trade; only damaged economy further. -Non-Intercourse Act later allowed for trade with foreign countries besides Britain and France, but authorizing the president to resume commerce with whichever of these countries dropped it restrictions and attacks on American ships.

Cherokee

speak language of Iroquoian family; migrated south before European contact, until 1832 when US removed them. -7 clans (hunters and farmers)

The Southern Colonies

stratified with enslaved people, indentured servants, landowners and other classes. -Carolinas and Georgia important sources of tobacco and rice -South Carolina- institutionalized slavery in North America, adopted Slave Codes

Constitutionalism

the rule of law and the principle of consent, that one could not be subjected to laws or taxation except by duly elected representatives.

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

took Locke's concepts of natural rights and the obligation of the people to rebel against an oppressive government, popularized notion of rebellion against Britain.

Townshend Revenue Act of 1767

which levied important duties on lead, paint, glass, paper, and tea. -customs officers searched colonists' homes for forbidden goos with writs of assistance. John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania and Samuel Adams' Massachusetts Circular Letter argued for the repeal of this act and demanded *no taxation without representation*. -Samuel Adams' Committees of Correspondence- distributed anti-British propaganda.