PRAXIS II SOCIAL STUDIES

Bacon's Rebellion

- 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon was very angry at the Virginia governor (William Berckley) for not wanting to go to war against the Doegs natives again. Because of this Bacon formed a militia full of young white and African men to go after the natives in which they killed and raided native villages. - After doing so they marched to the Jamestown capital of VA and set it on fire and ran Berckley out of town. - Bacon in the end died of illness and the rebellion dismantled without him. - This rebellion brought about thoughts of ending indentured servants and instead only relying solely on African slaves.

Prince Henry the Navigator

- (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal, he spearheaded the exploration of Africa and the Atlantic for Portugal. - Portuguese sailors successfully navigated to West Africa where they created a trading foothold that went to India, the Congo, Brazil, and Atlantic islands. Also gained hold of African slave trade

Moctezuma II

- (1466-1520) Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; - he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. - He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army. - He treated Native Tenochtitlan's horribly. At first treated Spanish with gifts and kindness then turned against them

Henry VIII

- (1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547, - he broke away from the Catholic church in Rome to start his own church (church of England), - he had two daughters

Spanish Colonization

- 1492 arrival of Columbus, - 1519 Hernan Cortes begins conquest to Mexico, - 1585 English found Roanoke colony, - 1607 English found Jamestown Colony, - After Columbus' successful voyage Conquistadors (Spanish conquerors) went to explore the New World, they searched for Asia but landed in Tenochtitlan (Aztec capital)

Jacquez Cartier

- 1534, navigator claimed North America for France naming the area around the St. Lawrence river New France, - he was unable to send riches back to France or set up a permanent colony

Roanoke colony

- 1587 called the "Lost Colony.", - the first English colony was funded by Sir Walter Raleigh, and governed by John White, - only had 117 people mostly Native and some English common people, - White went back to England for supplies but 3 years later 1590 when he came back no one was left on the island only thing left was Croatoan carved on fence

Samuel de Champlain

- 1601 he explored the Caribbean, - 1608-1609, French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec and helped Algonquians in their war against the Iroquois

Henry Hudson

- 1609 as an employee of Dutch East India Company he explored the NY harbor (which is now named after him) looking for passage to Asia but instead found the beaver pelts wealth to be worth a Netherlands claim

Pueblo Revolt

- 1618, after generations of being forced under Spanish culture and religion, the Pueblo people rose up against the Spanish led by a man names Pope - they killed Spanish priests burned churches and replaced them with Kivas (native places of worship), they drove the Spanish out but in 1692 Spanish was able to reclaim the control of the region

House of Burgess

- 1619 - The Virginia Company formed the Virginia House of Burgesses, - the first legislative body in colonial America Virginia consisted of mainly wealthy land owners. It was the first semi-democratic form of government in the new world later named the House of Delegates

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

- 1639 a document that established a representative government in Connecticut featuring a legislature elected by a popular vote and a governor elected by the legislature

English Civil war

- 1642, - caused North American colonies to be forced to trade with Dutch and French for manufactured goods but - following the civil war Britain attempted to reinstate control over the colonies through the navigation acts

Maryland Act of Toleration

- 1649, - act extended religious toleration to everyone who believed in Jesus but anyone who did not believe in Jesus was prescribed death

Royal African Company

- 1660, - English monarch Charles II created this to trade enslaved people and African goods, - his brother James II led the company before gaining the thrown, - between 1672 and 1713 the company bought 125,000 captives on the coast losing 20% of them to death on the middle passage, the company ended in 1689

Barbados Slave Code

- 1661, - the lives of enslaved Africans were to be closely monitored (very harsh code) they required passes to travel, - had no legal rights and if a slave owner maimed or killed an enslaved African there were no repercussions

Metacom/ King Phillips War

- 1675-1676, - during this time many Native American tribes (Wampanoag, Nipmuch, Pocumtuch, and Narragansett) began to come together to overthrow the English, - this was led by Metacom (Native American chief also named King Phillip), - the English recruited indian allies so by the end of 1676 3,000 natives died to 1,000 English and any Native left after the war were either executed or sold into slavery

Stono Rebellion

- 1739, led by a literate man named Jemmy, - south Carolina slave rebellion resulted in the deaths of about 42 whites and 44 blacks, the South Carolina government responded to the rebellion by making slave codes even harsher

NY Conspiracy Trials

- 1741, - 13 fires broke out in the city one which burned colony's Fort George to ashes, - white people spread rumors that it was apart of a slave uprising causing British authorities to interrogate almost 200 enslaved people and accusing them of conspiracy, - after a series of trials at city hall the government executed 17 New Yorkers (13 black men were burned at the stake and 4 white men were hanged, 70 enslaved people were sold to the west indies)

Malintzin

- A Mayan woman who spoke both Maya and Nahuatl (Aztec language); - used by Cortes as a translator and given to him as a wife, she had a son with Cortes named Martin (possibly the first mestizo person), - main reason Cortes was able to win the land and support of the natives in Tenochtitlan

Mercantilism

- An economic theory that rejected free trades and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, - 1500-1700 this philosophy shaped European perceptions stated only a limited amount of wealth existed in the world, (led to wars between European powers such as Anglo-Dutch wars of 17th and 18th century, Triangular wars in the North Atlantic)

Reconquista

- Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. - In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms...further cemented the idea of colonization

Christopher Columbus

- Born around 1451 in Geneva Italy, he was a navigator who dreamed of converting the world to Christianity and was funded by the Spanish Government (3 ships and 87 men) to find a passage to the Far East. - He is given credit for discovering the "New World" (Americas) on accident in 1492. -Second voyage 1493 (17 ships 2000 men)

Columbus and Native relationships

- Columbus forced many natives into labor, he had a rules for anyone over the age of 14 they had to meet his gold quota or their hands would be chopped off. - MANY NATIVES were murdered at the hands of the Europeans (1493 had 1-3 million natives a century later only 200 left)

Carolinas

- English planters in the Caribbean who decided to create a new plantation colony named Carolina after the English King Charles, - 1670 it was formed as one large colony, - 1712 it was separated into North and South Carolina, - wealthy plantation owners who founded Charleston adopted Caribbean slavery ideals, difference was in Carolinas rice was main cash crop

Colonial Spanish Caste system

- Full Spanish = Criollos - half Spanish half Native American = Mestizo - half Spanish half African = Mulatts

John Smith

- Helped found and govern Jamestown. - His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter but due to the theft and issues with the Natives. - Leader of Powhatans kidnapped John Smith and planned to execute him until Powhatan's daughter intervened (Pocahontas/Matoaka) later stated "he who shall not work shall not eat"

Hernan Cortes

- Landed in Hispaniola in 1504, - In 1519 Hernan Cortes, a Spanish conquistador, landed with a group of roughly 600 men in Vera Cruz and along Mexico, quickly realized he hated Aztec empire so when he landed in Tenochtitlan he gained the trust of many Native Americans in hopes of overruling the Aztec empire. - 1521 the Spanish began to build Mexico

Dutch Colonization

- Named their colonies New Netherlands, - Dutch also relied on fur trading and were allies to Natives, - Holland established in 1588 as a protestant nation and want recognized by Spain until 1648, - Dutch relied on powerful corporations for colonization: The Dutch East India Company which was chartered in 1602 to trade in Asia and the Dutch West India Company established in 1621 to colonize and trade in the Americas, - Dutch was a commercial rival to Spain

Mayflower Compact

- New England society was very democratic when the pilgrims came over on the mayflower they agreed in what was called the Mayflower compact to work together and hold each other in mutual esteem/ respect one of the first founding documents showing democracy

French Colonization

- New France and New Netherlands sat on the rivers of present day NYC, Quebec, Montreal, - French and Dutch saw Natives as somewhat equal due to their desire to to trade furs with Europeans, - French paid Natives to hunt furs such as beavers leading to a small amount of french and dutch settlers in New Netherlands and New France then in other colonies, - French traders learned the Algonquian language and married Native women and had crossed families, they even allied with them for their native wars

Lord de la Warr

- New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. - Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields. - He created Anglo-Powhatan wars beginning in 1614 with a second one in 1625

Hernando de Soto

- Spanish Conquistador; he participated in Pizarros conquest of Inca in 1539-1542, - he explored present day Florida, Georgia, the Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas. - 1542 he died of sickness

Francisco Pizarro

- Spanish conquistador, he made his way to the Spanish Caribbean in 1509, - he participated in the successful expeditions in panama before following Rumors of Inca wealth, he conquered the Incas and captured and executed the Inca's emperor Atahualpa in 1532 and in this year he also founded Lima, Peru - he was assassinated in 1541 by Diego de Almagro

Colonial Era Tobacco

- Tobacco became the second ranked valuable cash crop produced in the Americas and tropical islands. - A very labor intensive crop. - Tobacco was used by Natives for medicine and rituals but Europeans took tobacco and transformed it into a way to make money in 1590s. - Tobacco became the first global commodity, grown in Virginia beginning in 1619

Treaty of Tordesillas

- Treaty signed 1491, - legitimized Spain's holdings in the New World, set the boundary north to south giving Spain territory of the West of the line and Portugal the east including south Brazil

Indentured Servants

- White laborers from England -a person who did not have the money to go to the New World so they were signed into a contract in which English planters would pay their passage to the New World but they had to work for the English planter for a period of time, - when their contract was up they were given their own land, tools, and clothes, - many died before getting to a point of freedom due to diseases

Anne Hutchinson

- a Puritan woman who in 1637 was expelled form Massachusetts Bay for being a woman who preached the bible, - 1642 she sought safety with the Dutch in New Netherlands and the following year she was killed by the Algonquians with her family

Virginia Company

- a joint stock company and early precursor to the modern corporation which spread out both the shares wealth and risk of a new world expedition, - received a charter for new world exploration from King James I

Navigation Acts

- a series of acts passed between 1650 and 1673 that established three rules of colonial trade: - 1 - trade must be carried out only on English ships, - 2 - all goods imported into the colonies had to pass through ports in England, - 3 - specific goods (like tobacco) could be exported only to England

Enlightenment

- also known as the age of reason was an intellectual and cultural movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith, - the thinkers in this era were: John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire all of whom questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness investigation and religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas

Slave codes

- as slaves began to outnumber whites colonial government began passing more restrictions on the lives of enslaved people and began codifying who was or was not a slave - ex) light skin baby was decided if it was a slave or not - VA states law of 1662 specified if children of enslaved women would follow the condition of their mother - other laws prevented interracial relationships and defined enslaved Africans as chattel slaves (personal property meaning they had zero legal rights)

New England Society

- colder, rockier environment, healthier place to live then VA because tropical diseases did not flourish in MB, - could not have large scale plantations most of the industry in New England was either family farming and fishing and some trading, - people emigrated in family units making it an even ration of men to women, - did not have a large number of servants or slaves and instead relied on their family for labor, - mainly an egalitarian society (equal), had town meetings where the men of the town would gather to solve local problems and treated Natives badly

Queen Elizabeth I

- daughter of Henry VIII, - during the colonization she was focused on stopping Spain's effort to end Protestantism encouraging English privateers to plunder Spanish ships, - each year the English took more than 100,000 dollars from Spain, - in 1584 Elizabeth sanctioned colonization when Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a colony at Roanoke island off present day North Carolina

William Penn

- decided to make a haven for Quakers so he negotiated with the king who owed his father a debt and in exchange the king granted him the lands of Pennsylvania where he extended his religious tolerance to all people which was very radical for the time, - this thought brought many settlers to the area, - the city Philadelphia was the largest city in the North America having 40,000 inhabitants, - it was a great colony for farming especially cereal crops like wheat and timber

Enclosure Movement

- early English towns and manor houses were set up to have a house and forest with fields called common lands but during this time period English lords began closing off common lands by fencing it off causing poor people to fend for themselves and into severe poverty and high crime rates

Pilgrims

- first group of puritans landed at Plymouth rock 1620 called the Pilgrims, - they were seperatists- they thought that the church of England was so corrupt that there was no chance they would save it, so they wanted to separate from that church altogether, - they had a small settlement of roughly 100 people that crossed over on the Mayflower, - William Bradford was the governor of Plymouth

John Winthrop

- he was a lawyer who became the leader of the Puritans, - he was elected governor for his whole life pretty much and he wrote that he wanted Massachusetts Bay to be like a city upon a hill (beacon of light)

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

- he went to mexico in 1535 and between 1540-1542 he led Spaniards and Native allies on explorations in southwestern US - he found the Grand Canyon, Colorado River, - in the winter 1540-1541 he waged war on the Tiwa people in New Mexico but went bankrupt with little reward

Sugar crop in the Caribbean

- it was a luxury item, - extremely labor intensive, the Europeans brought the crop to the Caribbean and planted it in the tropical areas, - Africans were brought to the Caribbean to work as slaves on the sugarcane plantations, it was an expensive crop and you had to be very wealthy to own sugar plantations, - plantation owners were ruthless over their slaves to ensure there would not be an uprising and had the theory of replacing slaves rather than making plantations safer, - all of the Caribbean was for sugar plantations and food was imported

Middle Colonies

- nicknamed the breadbasket because it was a good place for farming, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, - they were proprietary colonies, were ethnically diverse and more religiously tolerant, - had a mixed economy of industry and farming and a fairly balanced class structure,

Joint Stock Company

- precursor to the modern day corporation, - they spread the riches and risk of any kind of entrepreneurs undertaking - people could buy shares from their personal wealth (similar to the stock market today)

Benjamin Franklin

- prominent freemason stands as the physical form of the enlightenment in British America, - he was born in Boston in 1706 to a puritan family, ended up in Quaker Philadelphia, PA, - he began publishing the PA Gazette, 1732 he began his annual publication "Poor Richard: An Almanack" which were advice columns like early to bed early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise, - he believed in Deism (God created but has no continuing involvement in the world) 1749 he provided the foundation for U of PA, - 1751 most famous work on electricity, 1770s wrote "Rags to Riches"

Maryland and Georgia

- proprietary colonies (the possessions of one person rather than a company or crown), - Maryland was founded in 1632 by English Catholic named Lord Baltimore to create a haven of religious freedom for Catholics, - Georgia was founded in 1732 by an English humanitarian James Oglethorpe, - he was attempting to reform prisons for the idea that people who were suffering with debt could go to this new colony and work it off, - he also outlawed slavery in the early Georgia years but in 1750 it was overturn due to social pressures and slaves were permitted

Roger Williams

- questioned the Puritan actions toward Native Americans. - was expelled from Massachusetts Bay in 1636, - he founded the colony of Rhode Island where religious outcasts could find refuge

Mourning Wars

- raids or wars that tribes waged in eastern North America in order to replace members lost to smallpox and other diseases - basically payback for the microbe diseases from the colonizers

English Colonization

- religious competition fueled English colonization against Spain, - sailed close to home and colonized Ireland through brutal tactics, most powerful and successful imperial nation but was late to colonize, at the time of other colonization England was having economic depression

Crusades

- roughly 622-732, increased religious intolerance and forced religious conversion - 622 Christianity was challenged due to a profit named Muhammad in Saudi Arabia who claimed Jesus was a prophet not God which spread into the Koran and throughout Europe - the fear of losing Christianity caused the crusades war which was violence against Muslims in hopes of retaking the Holy Land in 1095

Negro Act of 1740

- slave codes instituted after the Stono Rebellion to restrict/limit the freedoms of the slaves - no traveling without a pass, no meeting together without a white present, no learning to read or write, no raising food or earning money

Colonial Era Sugar

- the number one import, - European rivals raced to create sugar plantations in the Americas and fought wars for control of production (Columbus brought a sugarcane plant to Hispaniola - present day Haiti/ Dominican Republic- in 1493, Caribbean and other tropical areas became center of growing sugar)

Puritans

- the second group of immigrants from England landed in Massachusetts Bay in 1630 called the Puritans, - they did not want to separate from the church of England completely they wanted to purify it and they hoped by setting an example of a righteous society they would actually convince people back in England to adopt their ways and invite them back, - they did not get invited back to England but they did become a model society, they believed in strict church and cancelled Christmas and anyone who disagreed with puritan theology was given the option to leave or be executed

Elmina Castle

- the slave fortress in what is now the coastal central region of Ghana built by the Portuguese and later occupied by the Dutch and English. - Became a holding pen for African slaves soon to be traded

"Don Quixote of La Mancha"

- two volume book by Miguel de Cervantes, 1605 and 1618 - tells about a hidalgo man who reads so many tales of chivalry and knighthood that he becomes unable to tell fiction apart from reality

Timeline

1492- Columbus leaves for Americas 1519- Hernan Cortes begins conquest to Mexico 1521- Cortes Captures Tenochititlan 1524- First French Explorer reaches North America 1585- English found Roanoke colony 1607- English found Jamestown 1609- Henry Hudson explores Delaware and NY for the Dutch 1624- Dutch found New Netherlands 1634- Lord Baltimore founds Maryland 1655- England takes control of Jamestown 1661- Barbados slave code enacted 1664- England captures New Netherlands 1670- Carolinas founded 1680- Pueblo Revolt Pope' rebellion 1712- Carolinas separated 1733- Jame Oglethorpe founds Georgia 1750- Georgia legalizes slavery

Jamestown

1607. - Virginia company sponsored English colonization in Jamestown, VA. - English men didn't want to work/build colony. - It was a swampy area-hard to grow crops. There was disease and disputes with Indians and cases of theft and cannibalism. - Once women arrived, tobacco was planted, and the colonists established trade with the Indians the colony survived. - This was the first permanent English settlement.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. - Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. - This connected China, India, and the Middle East. - Traded goods and helped to spread culture but it was slow and expensive due to Muslim taxes

Colombian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa that caused severe spread of disease across the Atlantic

Privateers

English people (pirates) who plundered Spanish ships for the crown and economic recession

Three reasons Europeans sought colonies

God, Gold, Glory

John Cabot

Italian mariner who was commissioned by Henry VIII in 1497 to explore new lands, he sailed and explored Maine and Nova Scotia in 1497

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who found that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia as a cash crop, used African slaves to work tobacco fields

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

King and Queen of Spain - their marriage united Castille and Aragon in 1469. - They turned their focus on the Reconquista

Native Americans vs European (land, property/trade, Gender roles, and religion)

Native: - land- hunting ranges temporary use of plots, everything else communal, - Property/trade- trade was ceremonial, gift giving led to high status, - Gender roles- men hunted, fished, made war, women farmed, had greater freedom and influence matrilinial, - religion- great creator, nature spirits, non-exclusive European- - land- land individually owned, passed down in families (used fences), - property and trade- trade was a business transaction, accumulating wealth led to high status, - Gender roles- men led households, farmed, made war, women had few rights, did household labor, patrilineal, - Religion- christian God, saints in Catholicism, exclusive

Caraval

Small, fast sailing ship used by most Spanish & Portuguese explorers in 15th and 16th centuries allowed for ocean sailing and can easily maneuver in the wind, made sailing around Africa easier

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Cash Crop

a crop cultivated for sale instead of personal consumption

Capital kingdom of New Mexico

a political base in Santa Fe established in 1610

Cotton Mather

a prominent Puritan minister (Mather family a great theological family of Massachusetts)

Halfway Covenant

a religious compromise that allowed colonists in New England to become partial church members even if they had a religious conversion experience

Bartolome de Las Casas

a spanish priest who criticized Spains treatment of Native Americans in its colonies

The Civilian Conservation Corporation (CCC)

employed young single men at federally funded jobs on government lands

Colonial Mercantilism

colonies sent their raw materials harvested by enslaved people or native workers to Europe and European industries then produces and sent finished materials like textiles tools manufactured goods and clothing back to the colonies

Sir Hans Sloane

an early botanist, English, he traveled to Jamaica in 1687 and recorded hundreds of plants

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Hapsburg Dynasty

family that ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, they encouraged and financed a blossoming renaissance culture both in Spain and the Colonies.

King Phillip of Spain

hoped to hurt Protestantism so he sent a force of 30,000 men and 130 ships to England and Holland but the English navy and a maritime storm destroyed his fleet in 1588

Triangular Wars

in the North Atlantic which involved the export of raw materials from Britain colonies, the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas and the subsequent importation of manufactured goods from Britain to the colonies

Progressivism

is the belief that through their powers of reason and observation humans can be unlimited linear progress over time, very important as a response to the English civil wars

Rationalism

is the idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge

John Eliot

leading Puritan missionary in New England urged Native Americans to adopt puritan religion, he translated the bible into Algonquian language which he published in 1663,

Sir Francis Drake

looted silver, gold, and pearls worth 40,000 dollars form Spain making a name for himself in 1573

Freemasons

members of a fraternal society that advocated enlightenment principles of inquiry and tolerance originated in London coffeehouses in early 18th century and masonic lodges (local units)

Headright system

original Jamestown planters got 50 acres of land every time they brought one person from England.

Las Meninas (the maids of honor)

painted by Diego Velasquez in 1656 one of the best known painting in history in which Velasquez painted himself into this imposingly large royal portrait and placed the viewer where royalty would be

Colonial Animal Changes

popular beaver trimmed hats caused beavers to go extinct in areas causing moose, fish, deer, etc to also become scarce, more pigs were found which ravaged Native lands

Empiricism

promotes the idea that knowledge comes from experience and observation of the world

Cosmopolitanism

reflected enlightenment thinkers view of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world as opposed to provincial and close minded individuals ruled by reason not prejudice

Quaker Religion

religious society of friends believed that all people had the light of God in them and therefore were more or less equal in stature, pacifists, did not like slavery ex) women could preach in church

Promoters

they would try to gain peoples interest in the new world to gain investors for corporations

Encomiendas System

was a system of labor that was a kind of combination of feudalism (dominant social system in which nobility held lands from the crown in exchange for military service) from Europe and slavery