Praxis PLT 5-9

Middle-Aged Adult (Erikson's Stages of Development)

(care) - generativity vs. self-absorption

School-Age Child (Erikson's Stages of Development)

(competence) - industry vs. inferiority

Young Adult (Erikson's Stages of Development)

(love) - intimacy vs. isolation

Preschooler (Erikson's Stages of Development)

(purpose) - initiative vs. guilt

Toddler (Erikson's Stages of Development)

(will) - autonomy vs. shame

Older Adult (Erikson's Stages of Development)

(wisdom) - integrity vs. despair

Themes of Social Development Theory

1. Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive development. 2. More knowledgeable other - anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner 3. ZPD - distance between a student's ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student's ability solving the problem independently

Erik Erikson

8 Stages of Human Development

Jerome Bruner

Discovery Learning and Constructivism

Maria Montessori

Follow the child

Discovery Learning (definition)

Free exploration of data and experience; method of IB instruction; states that is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for themselves. Students may be more likely to remember concepts an knowledge discovered on their own. Models based on DL: guided discovery, problem-based, simulation-based, case-based, and incidental learning; takes place in problem solving situations where the learner draws on his or her own past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new truths to be learned

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs

John Dewey

Learning through experience; PBL

The 7 Multiple Intelligences

Linguistic, Logical, Visual-Spatial, Body-Kinesthetic, Musical-Rhythmic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal

Howard Gardner

Multiple Intelligences Theory - seven ways people understand in the world

B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Self-actualization: morality, creativity, problem solving, etc Esteem: confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect, etc Belongingness: love, friendship, intimacy, family, etc Safety: security of environment, employment, resources, health, property, etc Physiological: air, food, water, sleep

Lev Vygotsky

Social Development Theory; ZPD; Scaffolding

Albert Bandura

Social or Observational Learning Theory

Jean PIaget

Stages of Cognitive Development

Carol Gilligan

Stages of the Ethic of Care

Lawrence Kohlberg

Theory of Moral Development

Whole Group Discussion

a modified form of classroom lecture where the focus is shared between the instructor and the students for information transfer.

Concept Mapping

a technique for representing knowledge in graphs; knowledge graphs are networks of concepts

Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence

ability to master music as well as rhythms, tones and beats

Accommodation

adjustment of information previously stored to meet the particulars of new and different situations

Infant (Erikson's Stages of Development)

basic trust vs. mistrust

Theory of Cognitive Development

children learn through actively constructing knowledge through hands-on experience; cognitive development goes through 4 stages: sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete, and formal

Schema

concepts built in the mind based on conclusions drawn from our experiences; processes called assimilation and accommodation

Direct instruction

explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures of demonstrations of the material, rather than exploratory models such as inquiry-based learning

Inquiry Method

gathering facts and observations to investigate real world problems; student-centered method of education focused on asking questions; good learners and sound reasoners center their attention and activity on the dynamic process of inquiry itself, not merely on the end product of static knowledge

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

inductive and deductive thinking and reasoning abilities, logic, as well as the use of numbers and abstract pattern recognition

Project-Based Learning

instruction relating questions and technology relative to the student's everyday lives to classroom projects

Constructivist Theory

learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge

Constructivism (definition)

learning is an active, constructive process - originators and important contributors: Vygotsky, Piaget, Dewey, and Bruner

Interdisciplinary instruction

method used to teach a unit across different curricular disciplines; integrated instruction also allows for authentic assessment.

Hierarchy of Needs (definition)

motivational theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a hierarchy

Social Learning Theory (definition)

people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. Theory has been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. The world and a person's behavior cause each other.

Pedagogy

refers to strategies of instruction, or a style of instruction; correct use of instructive strategies

Cooperative learning

small teams, each with students of different levels of ability use a variety of learning activities to learn; each member is responsible for learning and helping teammates learn; creates atmosphere of achievement; students work through the assignment until all group members successfully understand and complete it.

Social Development Theory

social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization

Independent Study

students set own mode of study goals

Scaffolding

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

Interpersonal Intelligence

the ability to communicate effectively with other people and to be able to develop relationships

Visual-Spatial Intelligence

the ability to mentally visualize objects and spatial dimensions

Intrapersonal Intelligence

the ability to understand one's own emotions, motivations, inner states of being, and self-reflection

Linguistic Intelligence

the ability to use spoken or written words

Scope

the breadth and depth of content to be covered in a curriculum at any one time (e.g. week, term, year, over a student's school life); all that you do in a given period.

Assimilation

the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure

Body-Kinesthetic Intelligence

the wisdom of the body and the ability to control physical motion

Erikson's Stages of Development

theory of identitiy and psychosocial development

Zone of Proximal Development (definition)

timely and sensitive intervention by adults when a child is on the edge of learning a new task can help children learn those new tasks

Scope and Sequence Frameworks

together a cope and sequence of learning bring order to the delivery of content, supporting the maximizing of student learning and offering sustained opportunities for learning.

Behaviorism (definition)

worldview that operates on a principle of "stimulus-response." All behavior is caused by external stimuli (operant conditioning). All behavior can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states of consciousness