Pre lectures #24-30

What neurogenic disorder of the bladder function is manifested as a failure to store urine?

Spastic bladder dysfunction.

What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

To remove and phagocytize old and defective blood cells, bacteria and other foreign material from the portal blood.

T or F: The storage and emptying of urine involves voluntary (somatic nervous system) control only.

False, it involves both the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system control.

T or F: Urinary incontinence in the elderly persons is considered a normal, age related change.

False, it is common but not considered a normal age related change.

T or F: The terms nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome are synonymous.

False, nephritic syndrome produces a proliferative inflammatory response whereas nephrotic syndrome produces increased permeability of the glomerulus.

T or F: Appendicitis, a condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed, swollen and gangrenous is normally self-limiting.

False, perforates if not treated.

T or F: Large molecules, such as proteins, easily cross the glomerular wall.

False, small particles can pass easily.

T or F: C.difficile and E.coli are two types of viral infections that affect the GI system.

False, those are bacterial infections.

T or F: Chronic kidney disease is typically a self-limiting health problem.

False, treatment includes management, medication and dialysis.

T or F: During chronic renal failure, the activation of vitamin D is increased.

False, vitamin D is decreased.

T or F: The activation of vitamin A, which is important for intestinal reabsorption of calcium, occurs in the kidney.

False, vitamin D.

What is Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)?

Second most common malignant abdominal tumor in children between 3-5 years old.

What is hydronephrosis?

Urine-filled dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces associated with progressive atrophy of the kidney due to obstruction of the outflow of urine.

What tube connects the oropharynx with the stomach?

Esophagus

T or F: Renal dysplasia only affects part of the kidney.

False, it can affect only part of the kidney but it can also affect the whole kidney.

T or F: Chronic pancreatitis is a severe, life-threatening disorder associated with the escape of activated pancreatic enzymes into the pancreas and surrounding tissue.

False

T or F: The liver mediates glucose homeostasis by controlling the pancreatic production of insulin.

False

T or F: Each day approximately 2500 mL of fluid is secreted into the gastrointestinal tract.

False, 7000 mL

T or F: Pyelonephritis is often inherited as a mendelian trait.

False, caused by bacterial infections.

T or F: The digestive tract is a single-layered tube.

False, four layers which include the mucosal, submucosal, muscularis, and serosa.

T or F: Jaundice results from an abnormally high accumulation of bile in the blood.

False, high bilirubin levels.

One metabolic function of the liver is to convert ammonia into ___________ by ___________ amino acids.

Urea by deamination of amino acids.

What is uremia?

"urine in the blood" which is used to describe clinical manifestations of renal failure.

What is azotemia?

An accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood.

What is dysphagia?

Difficulty swallowing

The process of dismantling foods into their constituent parts is called

Digestion

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

What is diverticulosis?

A condition occurring primarily in the sigmoid colon, in which the mucosa and submucosal layers of the colon herniates through the muscular layer.

What serum reflects the GFR and can be used as an estimate of renal function?

Creatinine

What is cirrhosis?

End stage of chronic liver disease in which much of the functional liver tissue has been replaced by fibrous tissue.

What does the kidney synthesize that stimulates bone marrow production of red blood cells?

Erythropoietin

What are the two broad categories of dialysis?

Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

What is the most common cause of chronic hepatits, cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in the world?

Hepatits C

What is celiac disease?

Immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten containing grains such as wheat, barley or rye.

What category do the intestinal disorders Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis fit under?

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

What designates impaired movement of intestinal contents in a cephalocaudad direction?

Intestinal obstruction

What is overflow incontinence?

Involuntary loss of urine that results from excessive filling of the bladder.

What structure plays an important role in controlling the concentration of the urine and is divided into three segments?

Loop of Henle

What is pruritus?

Most common presenting symptom in people with cholestasis and is related to increased levels of bile salts in the blood. (itchy)

What is the most common sign of bladder cancer?

Painless hematuria

What nervous system promotes bladder emptying?

Parasympathetic

What is the washout phenomenon?

Process by which the urine released from the bladder rinses bacteria out of the urethra, aids in maintaining sterility of the bladder.

What are the rhythmic propulsive movements that occur when the smooth muscle layer constricts, forcing contents forward?

Peristaltic movements

What is prerenal injury?

The most common form of acute renal injury, characterized by a marked decrease in renal blood flow.

What serves as a reservoir for ingested solids and liquids?

The stomach

T or F: A peptic ulcer can affect one or all layers of the stomach or duodenum.

True

T or F: Absorption is the process of moving nutrients and other materials from the external environment of the GI tract into the internal environment.

True

T or F: Acute renal injury is a reversible process.

True

T or F: Cholelithiasis, or gallstones, is caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile, mainly cholesterol and billirubin.

True

T or F: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two major causes of glomerular injury.

True

T or F: During times of decreased cardiac output, the glomerular filtration rate is also decreased.

True

T or F: Flaccid bladder dysfunction is a neurogenic disorder of the bladder in which bladder emptying is impaired.

True

T or F: In the adult, the kidneys are perfused with 20% to 25% of the cardiac output.

True

T or F: Most uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by E.coli.

True

T or F: Noninflammatory diarrhea is associated with large-volume watery and non bloody stools.

True

T or F: One of the most common alterations in kidney form is an abnormality called a horseshoe kidney.

True

T or F: Persons with chronic kidney disease are usually encouraged to limit their dietary phosphorus as a means of preventing secondary hyperparathyroidism.

True

T or F: Renal disease of glomerular origin is more likely to contribute to sodium retention.

True

T or F: Saliva moistens and lubricates food and contains enzymes amylase and lipase.

True

T or F: Stress incontinence is involuntary loss of urine during cough, laughing, sneezing or lifting that increases intra-abdominal pressure.

True

T or F: The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

True

T or F: The kidneys perform both excretory and endocrine functions.

True

T or F: The liver is the largest visceral organ in the body and is unique among the abdominal organs because it has dual blood supply.

True

T or F: Two major causes of gastric irritation and ulcer formation are aspirin or NSAIDs and infection with H. pylori.

True

Chronic __________ is the most profound hematologic alteration that accompanies renal failure, due to the decrease production of the hormone erythropoietin.

anemia

Fluid and particles from the blood are filtered through the capillary membrane into a fluid filled space in the

bowman capsule

Most kidney stones are composed of

calcium

The functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron

Nephrotic syndrome is associated with increased glomerular permeability to the plasma _________, resulting in generalized edema.

proteins

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a systemic disorder that primarily affects the kidneys, resulting in the formation of fluid-filled _________ in both kidneys with the threat of progression to chronic renal failure.

sacs