Prieto; AP W.H Chapter 5 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization
Where did Christopher Columbus originally set out to?
An open more direct and profitable route to Japan and China.
How did Columbus call the Carib informants?
Carib savage, warlike cannibals
What were some examples of Portuguese technology?
Carracks, carvels, compass, and astrolabe.
How did Europeans perceive native Americans?
Childlike, but savage
What happened as a result to finding a sea route to Asia?
Many ships created ports on both the west and the East African coasts (they looked for gold, to rest or fixed ships)
What helped create a family lineage that provided a group of natural leaders?
Marriages between different villages, or within group of powerful Tenochtitlan families
How was Aztec and Inca warfare?
More ceremonial before Columbus, and it was less inclined to wipe out enemies than to make them pay tribute
What did the outskirts of Aztec society connect?
Mosaic of floating gardens helped produce food for urban markets
Who supported Columbus on this voyage?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella after they united Spain and expelled Arab Muslims hoping to obtain funds to finance and recapture. Of Jerusalem
What did the Spanish crown reward conquistadors, who became encomendemos with?
Land grants (encomiendas) which included land to farm, mine, and Native American workers. As well as encomendemos receiving labor rights paid taxes on metals extracted by Amerindians
How did Columbus perceiev the Tainos?
Naive and Primitive
What did Cortes become the governor of?
New Spain
Did Portuguese impose rule in Asia? What did they control?
No, they controlled trade and made lots of money
What did Aztecs force defeated neighbors to do?
Pay tribute of crops, gold, silver, textiles, to finance Aztec grandeur (conquered groups also provided constant supply of humans for sacrifice)
What did colonized areas in the "New World" provide something Europeans offered?
Precious metals
Why did the Portuguese seek to find new trade routes to Asia?
Profits to be earned from spice, trade-profits attract resources, follow the money, supply and demand, they needed to find theri way around Africa first.
What were the Tainos impressed by?
The Europeans' appearance and military weapons and prowess
How did the Aztec and Inca empires evolve? Where they prepared for European invasion?
Untouched by Afro-Eurasia; No, they were not prepared for invasion
What was ranked as one of the world's largest cities?
Tenochtitlan
What did religious leaders legitimize new emperors in ritual?
That the leader was close to the gods and to distinguish leaders/cities from the lower classes.
How did Spanish overcome the Aztecs?
Weaponry (gunpowder), Method of warfare, allies, disease
What persuaded the Spanish to invest in larger expeditions?
After gold was found
What did the Spanish create in the New World that the rest of the colonies would later adapt?
A model
What did Europeans believe Africa was?
A storehouse of precious metals, and the price of gold skyrocketed during a Black Plague
What did Europeans desire?
Asian products
What was a level of social classes provided by extended kinship?
Aztec scaffolding
What did Europeans arrive to the "New World" with?
Cannons, steel weapons ,body armor, horses, deadly diseases
What was a technology used by Portuguese that was not native to their country? What was it used for?
Chinese gunpowder, Helped bombard Asian ports and gain control of active sea lanes of the Indian Ocean
What led to decrease in stability of the Incas Empire?
Complex and vast empire
What happened when gold mines dried up?
Conquistadors moved to conquer territories in what today is north, Central, and South America
What was the hub and capital of the Inca empire?
Cuzco, Peru
When did Europeans arrive to the Americas?
During a time of division among Amerindian populations, material disadvantages, and gaining local allies
When did Christopher Columbus embark on his journey? When did he arrive?
Early 1492:Arrived in October
What occurred when it was heard that bearded men and monsters (horses and dogs) arrived?
Emperor Moctezuma sent emissaries with gifts to greet them
By 1502, Aztec empire under Emperor Moctezuma 11, was under what?
Extreme stress and very vulnerable
What did Columbus aim to do in the Americas?
Spread Christianity and enrich themselves and their King and Queen
How did the Tainos perceive the Europeans as?
Hairy, bad breath and manners, surprised the couldn't live off the land
As governor, what did Cortes grant the loyal followers?
He allocated encomiendas and distanced missions to conquer more areas in Meso America
When Cortes returned for a second time, what happened?
He bombafrded Tenochtitlan, while smallpox spread, and the Aztecs were defeated due to disease and lack of artillery
What did Columbus claim for Spain upon landing? What did he believe?
He claimed all the land, he believed that he had arrived in Asia, so named he inhabitants "Indians"
Who was Hernan Cortes? What was he seeking?
He was an eoncomendero from Cuba, was a leader traveling west seeking wealth, with La Malinche (a daughter of a noble fanmily)
How did cortes march his troops to tenochtitlan?
He, La Malinche, and Allie's marched together
What did Aztecs believe that the great god of the sun required?
Hearts=to keep burning Blood=to moisten the earth (Priests captured warriors up temple steps, tore out their heat and offered their lies fr sacrifice)
What did canals and waste serve to do?
Irrigate the land; Waste served as fertilizer
Why is American conquest and colonization historically significant?
It brought together peoples ad ecosystems that had developed separately for millennia
Why were Europeans unable to create overseas colonies in Asia and Africa?
It was due to immunity in those places from disease from years of contact and stable states ability to resist
What did Spanish face that would later on occur again?
Resistance, (Europeans restricted Native Americans to mines to extract gold)
What did the Incas rule? What did political power depend on?
Ruled Chile to Southern California, their power depended on tribute and commercial exchange to finance communication
What was the tacking technique? What did it help?
Sailing into the wind. It helped the Portuguese make it to Asia
What did Asian countries desire?
Silver
Wha occurred when the rich class on encomendemos arose?
Spanish crown and other encomendemos benefited financially while Native Americans died of disease, malnutrition, overwork
What led to labor shortages and the introduction of kidnapping Africans for slave labor? (Atlantic System)
The devastation of Amerindian population (being overworked, illness, death)
What did the Spanish learn as an effective way of conquest?
The learned that conquest had to be swift and completely remove symbols of legitimate authority
How was Aztec society laced out?
The main religious buildings in the center and the residences spreading outward
What decreased Aztecs level of stability?
Their constants wars and conquests (they controlled much of MesoAmerica)
What made Aztec and Inca irresistible to conquerors?
Their wealth and vulnerability
How was Montezuma killed?
There was a Spanish massacre in which Montezuma was a puppet, and while Cortes was away, unarmed people lef to a massive uprising
How did Europeans conquer native peoples?
They established overseas colonies in the Americas, it was for the purpose of enriching themselves and monarchs
What did Aztecs face?
They faces constant turmoil as the captured rebelled
What was he Spanish's method of warfare?
They fought not to kill, but to capture
What did the Tainos have? Did they have a religion?
They had gold; They did not have a religion
What were Inca rulers obliged to do in times of hardship?
They had to shelter people and allies
How did the Peasants pay tribute to village elders?
They maintained public works, complex terraced, granaries, and food storage places.
How did Inca rulers legitimize power?
They oversaw religious rituals, ceremonies, and festivals
Where did Portuguese finally reach? Where?
They reached the Cape of Good hope and got around Africa to sail across Indian Ocean to Asia
What language did the Incas speak? What were leaders called?
They spoke Quechua, their leaders where called Incas
What did the Aztec society do?
They united numerous small, independent states under a single monarch
Who were the Tainos?
They were Columbia's inhabitants who had their own weapons and did not forge steel
Since Cortes was unsucceful while trying to reassert power, what occurred when the Spaniards fled?
This that were left behind were offered as sacrifices bu Aztec priests
What societies did the Spanish encounter?
Those areas that had great civilizations, with large cities, monumental buildings, and wealth based on successful agriculture
How did the monarchs in the Aztec society rule?
With the help of counselors, military leaders, and priests
Did the entire HH (men, women, children) have roles in Aztec argricuture?
Yes