Principles of Management: Chapter 15 (Wesson)
commission is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule
variable ratio
the highest level of reinforcement schedules, and the most difficult to manage
variable ratio
type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied after different numbers of behaviors, regardless of time
variable ratio
in which theory are needs grouped into overlapping categories
ERG theory
the extent to which persons accept a goal as their own
acceptance
manuel is good friends with everyone on your study team, and he does everything he can to avoid problems with other team members (power/achievement/affiliation)
affiliation
people high in extraversion probably have a strong need for _
affiliation
coming to class so that you don't have to get the notes from someone else is an example of which type of reinforcement
avoidance
allowing for social interaction, making employees feel like a part of the team, and work groups are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs
belongingness
which levels from maslow's hierarchy are part of the relatedness needs from the ERG theory
belongingness, esteem by others
4/40 or 9/80 are examples of what kind of work schedule
compressed
ashami just had a meeting with shared, a new employee. shared said that his goal was to produce 5 articles a month, but ashami knows that the last employee in the position was able to write 15 articles a month (goal specificity/difficulty/acceptance)
difficulty
which characteristic of a goal is shown to be consistently related to performance
difficulty, specificity
which theory assumes that, if a need is unsatisfied, a person will regress to a lower-level need and pursue it
erg
which theory collapsed what maslow did and eliminated the need to follow the exact order
erg
job titles, nice offices, challenging job assignments and opportunities for the employee to feel a sense of accomplishment are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs
esteem
effort-to-performance and performance-to-outcome and valence are elements of the _ theory
expectancy
the _ theory is the result of effort + performance + outcome + valence
expectancy
the _ theory suggests that motivation depends on how much we want something and how likely we are to get it
expectancy
type of reinforcement that weakens undesired behavior by simply ignoring or not reinforcing that behavior
extinction
if MBSC held a holiday party to thank its employees for their work in the prior year, this would be a form of (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward
extrinsic
allowing employees to select, within broad parameters, the hours they will work
flexible work schedule
extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort
goal difficulty
the _ theory assumes that behavior is a result of conscious goals and intentions
goal-setting
harry decides to improve the employees' relationships with each other. every month, harry will sponsor an employee gathering and invite all of the employees to come. this is an example of a (motivation/hygiene) factor
hygiene
if an individual feels under-rewarded, they will try to reduce _
inequity
time, experience, effort, education, and loyalty are examples of (outcomes/inputs)
inputs
MBSC cofounder bob hanson emphasizes the importance of providing MBSC employees with extensive, ongoing education. this is an example of an (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward
intrinsic
in the talladega nights example, ricky bobby lacked self-efficacy, so his father tried to change that using _ rewards
intrinsic
mike emphasizes the importance of understanding each employee's personal goals, and then helping that employee achieve his or her goals. this is an example of an (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward
intrinsic
outcomes internal to the individual
intrinsic
providing access to training, helping employees understand why work is meaningful, and allowing employees to determine how they will use their time and what projects to complete are all examples of (extrinsic/intrinsic) rewards
intrinsic
the second step of motivation is giving employees the opportunity to experience motivational factors through _
job enrichment
when two part-time employees share one full-time job
job sharing
consists of physiological needs, security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
maslow's hierarchy of needs
harry decides to help the employees grow and develop. each month, every employee will be given a day off for training, and the employee who comes back to work with the most creative ideas will receive special recognition. this is an example of a (motivation/hygiene) factor
motivation
most challenging determinant of individual performance to achieve
motivation
the employee's perception of the probability that performance will lead to a specific outcome
performance-to-outcome
the expectancy that an A in a class will influence a student's overall GPA or their potential to get a good job
performance-to-outcome
donald trump has to be in charge. when his assistant carolyn started doing interviews and even writing a book about management, he fired her. (power/achievement/affiliation)
power
people with a strong need for _ are likely to be superior performers with good attendance records
power
type of reinforcement that weakens undesired behavior by using negative outcomes or unpleasant consequences when the behavior is performed
punishment
the _ theory assumes that behavior that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated
reinforcement
the most difficult level of maslow's hierarchy of needs for managers to address
self-actualization
t/f interpersonal relations are examples of hygiene factors
t
t/f recognition/accomplishment yields satisfaction
t
t/f the equity theory is not as motivational as the expectancy theory
t
t/f you can be satisfied and dissatisfied at the same time
t
allowing employees to spend part of their time working off-site
telecommuting
an index of how much an individual values a particular outcome
valence
pay, security, working conditions, and technical supervision are examples of which factors
hygiene
the first step in motivation is ensuring that the _ factors are not deficient
hygiene
which factors are on a continuum that ranges from dissatisfaction to no dissatisfaction
hygiene
piece rate systems and sales commissions are examples of which type of reward system
incentive
_ reward systems base their rewards on the relative value of an individual's contribution to the organization
merit
most common reward system
merit
the force from inside you that pushes you in a certain direction
motivation
the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways
motivation
3 determinants of individual performance
motivation, ability, work environment
which factors are on a continuum that ranges from satisfaction to no satisfaction
motivational
walmart rewards high performers with the chance to model or choose a family member to model, for their sales flyers. walmart is attempting to meet associate's _ needs a. esteem b. physiological c. belongingness d. security e. self-actualization
a
lyle's manager just handed him a list of goals for the year. because lyle had no say in setting these goals, he isn't sure that they are the right ones for him, and as a result, he isn't very motivated to accomplish them (goal specificity/difficulty/acceptance)
acceptance
best known individual human need
achievement
clancy, a mcdonald's crew member, rushes to beat the store record for drive-through service speed (power/achievement/affiliation)
achievement
desire to assume personality responsibility, tendency to set moderately difficult goals, desire for specific and immediate feedback, preoccupation with task
achievement
the desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past
achievement
what are mcclelland's individual human needs
achievement, power, affiliation
the desire for human companionship
affiliation
type of reinforcement that strengthens behavior by avoiding unpleasant consequences that would result if the behavior is not performed
avoidance
the extent to which an individual is personally interested in reaching a goal
commitment
which perspective deals with the first part of the motivation process (needs and need deficiencies)
content
which perspective tries to answer the question "what factors in the workplace motivate people"
content
NACCO believes that employees will work most effectively when all employees benefit directly from the organization's success. NACCO uses an organization-wide incentive called a. team-based compensation b. organizational development c. pay for knowledge d. profit sharing
d
the goal of managers is to maximize _ behaviors
desired
suggests that if you study/pay attention/etc, that effort will yield desired performance
effort-to-performance
the employee's perception of the probability that effort will lead to a high level of performance
effort-to-performance
gradually grant stock ownership of the firm to employees as a reward
employee stock ownership program
an individual's belief that the treatment the individual receives is fair relative to the treatment received by others
equity
the _ theory assumes that individuals view the value of rewards and inputs of effort as ratios and make subjective comparisons of themselves to other people
equity
the _ theory assumes that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance
equity
a worker previously motivated by money gets a raise. they try to establish friendships to satisfy relatedness needs. it's impossible for the employee to become better friends with others, so they regress to be motivated to earn more money. this is an example of which theory
erg
which theory assumes that multiple needs can be operative at one time
erg
which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs include extrinsic and intrinsic symbols
esteem
the _ theory suggests that you are motivated to achieve the things that you want
expectancy
if MBSC started giving cash bonuses to employees based on the number of hours of training the employee provided to clients, this would be an example of an (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward
extrinsic
outcomes set and awarded by external parties
extrinsic
t/f content perspectives explain why people are motivated by one factor vs. another
f
t/f the nature of the job yields dissatisfaction
f
t/f the setting in which you operate yields satisfaction
f
t/f toilet paper yields satisfaction
f
type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied at time intervals, regardless of behavior
fixed interval
only getting paid after you produce a certain number of products, no matter how long it takes is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule
fixed ratio
type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied after a certain number of behaviors, regardless of time
fixed ratio
group based reward system in which all members get bonuses when predetermined levels are exceeded
gain sharing
when hygiene factors are present, there is (dissatisfaction/no dissatisfaction)
no dissatisfaction
shelter, job, food, sex and air are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs
physiological
which levels from maslow's hierarchy are part of the existence needs from the ERG theory
physiological, security
the _ assumes if performance results in equitable and fair rewards, people will be more satisfied
porter-lawler extension
attractive outcomes have (negative/positive) valences
positive
giving chocolate to penny in the big bang theory is an example of which kind of reinforcement
positive
type of reinforcement that strengthens behavior with rewards
positive
the desire to be influential in a group and to be in control of one's environment
power
_ perspectives are concerned with how motivation occurs
process
the approach to motivation that focuses on the search for behavioral options and alternatives, and the rewards and evaluation of satisfaction after goals are achieved
process
provides a varying annual bonus to employees based on corporate profits
profit sharing
getting pulled over when speeding is an example of which type of reinforcement
punishment
the role of rewards as they cause behavior to change or remain the same over time
reinforcement theory
job continuity, a grievance system, and an adequate insurance and retirement benefit package are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs
security
giving employees a chance to participate in making decisions about their work and the opportunity to learn new things are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
which levels from maslow's hierarchy are part of the growth needs from the ERG theory
self-esteem, self-actualization
the clarity and precision of a goal
specificity
vonda is frustrated with her manager, glenda. last week, when vonda asked about glenda's expectations, glenda said "just do your best." but vonda doesn't know exactly what to do, and as a result, she isn't very motivated (goal specificity/difficulty/acceptance)
specificity
if an individual feels equitably rewarded, their performance will (increase/stay the same/decrease)
stay the same
when the person believes that effort will lead directly to high performance, expectancy will be (strong/weak)
strong
which theory suggests that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are influenced by two independent sets of factors
two-factor
the expectancy theory assumes that motivation leads to effort that, when combined with ability and environmental factors, results in performance which leads to outcomes having _ to employees
valence
type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied at changing intervals
variable interval
