Principles of Management: Chapter 15 (Wesson)

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commission is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule

variable ratio

the highest level of reinforcement schedules, and the most difficult to manage

variable ratio

type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied after different numbers of behaviors, regardless of time

variable ratio

in which theory are needs grouped into overlapping categories

ERG theory

the extent to which persons accept a goal as their own

acceptance

manuel is good friends with everyone on your study team, and he does everything he can to avoid problems with other team members (power/achievement/affiliation)

affiliation

people high in extraversion probably have a strong need for _

affiliation

coming to class so that you don't have to get the notes from someone else is an example of which type of reinforcement

avoidance

allowing for social interaction, making employees feel like a part of the team, and work groups are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs

belongingness

which levels from maslow's hierarchy are part of the relatedness needs from the ERG theory

belongingness, esteem by others

4/40 or 9/80 are examples of what kind of work schedule

compressed

ashami just had a meeting with shared, a new employee. shared said that his goal was to produce 5 articles a month, but ashami knows that the last employee in the position was able to write 15 articles a month (goal specificity/difficulty/acceptance)

difficulty

which characteristic of a goal is shown to be consistently related to performance

difficulty, specificity

which theory assumes that, if a need is unsatisfied, a person will regress to a lower-level need and pursue it

erg

which theory collapsed what maslow did and eliminated the need to follow the exact order

erg

job titles, nice offices, challenging job assignments and opportunities for the employee to feel a sense of accomplishment are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs

esteem

effort-to-performance and performance-to-outcome and valence are elements of the _ theory

expectancy

the _ theory is the result of effort + performance + outcome + valence

expectancy

the _ theory suggests that motivation depends on how much we want something and how likely we are to get it

expectancy

type of reinforcement that weakens undesired behavior by simply ignoring or not reinforcing that behavior

extinction

if MBSC held a holiday party to thank its employees for their work in the prior year, this would be a form of (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward

extrinsic

allowing employees to select, within broad parameters, the hours they will work

flexible work schedule

extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort

goal difficulty

the _ theory assumes that behavior is a result of conscious goals and intentions

goal-setting

harry decides to improve the employees' relationships with each other. every month, harry will sponsor an employee gathering and invite all of the employees to come. this is an example of a (motivation/hygiene) factor

hygiene

if an individual feels under-rewarded, they will try to reduce _

inequity

time, experience, effort, education, and loyalty are examples of (outcomes/inputs)

inputs

MBSC cofounder bob hanson emphasizes the importance of providing MBSC employees with extensive, ongoing education. this is an example of an (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward

intrinsic

in the talladega nights example, ricky bobby lacked self-efficacy, so his father tried to change that using _ rewards

intrinsic

mike emphasizes the importance of understanding each employee's personal goals, and then helping that employee achieve his or her goals. this is an example of an (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward

intrinsic

outcomes internal to the individual

intrinsic

providing access to training, helping employees understand why work is meaningful, and allowing employees to determine how they will use their time and what projects to complete are all examples of (extrinsic/intrinsic) rewards

intrinsic

the second step of motivation is giving employees the opportunity to experience motivational factors through _

job enrichment

when two part-time employees share one full-time job

job sharing

consists of physiological needs, security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization

maslow's hierarchy of needs

harry decides to help the employees grow and develop. each month, every employee will be given a day off for training, and the employee who comes back to work with the most creative ideas will receive special recognition. this is an example of a (motivation/hygiene) factor

motivation

most challenging determinant of individual performance to achieve

motivation

the employee's perception of the probability that performance will lead to a specific outcome

performance-to-outcome

the expectancy that an A in a class will influence a student's overall GPA or their potential to get a good job

performance-to-outcome

donald trump has to be in charge. when his assistant carolyn started doing interviews and even writing a book about management, he fired her. (power/achievement/affiliation)

power

people with a strong need for _ are likely to be superior performers with good attendance records

power

type of reinforcement that weakens undesired behavior by using negative outcomes or unpleasant consequences when the behavior is performed

punishment

the _ theory assumes that behavior that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated

reinforcement

the most difficult level of maslow's hierarchy of needs for managers to address

self-actualization

t/f interpersonal relations are examples of hygiene factors

t

t/f recognition/accomplishment yields satisfaction

t

t/f the equity theory is not as motivational as the expectancy theory

t

t/f you can be satisfied and dissatisfied at the same time

t

allowing employees to spend part of their time working off-site

telecommuting

an index of how much an individual values a particular outcome

valence

pay, security, working conditions, and technical supervision are examples of which factors

hygiene

the first step in motivation is ensuring that the _ factors are not deficient

hygiene

which factors are on a continuum that ranges from dissatisfaction to no dissatisfaction

hygiene

piece rate systems and sales commissions are examples of which type of reward system

incentive

_ reward systems base their rewards on the relative value of an individual's contribution to the organization

merit

most common reward system

merit

the force from inside you that pushes you in a certain direction

motivation

the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways

motivation

3 determinants of individual performance

motivation, ability, work environment

which factors are on a continuum that ranges from satisfaction to no satisfaction

motivational

walmart rewards high performers with the chance to model or choose a family member to model, for their sales flyers. walmart is attempting to meet associate's _ needs a. esteem b. physiological c. belongingness d. security e. self-actualization

a

lyle's manager just handed him a list of goals for the year. because lyle had no say in setting these goals, he isn't sure that they are the right ones for him, and as a result, he isn't very motivated to accomplish them (goal specificity/difficulty/acceptance)

acceptance

best known individual human need

achievement

clancy, a mcdonald's crew member, rushes to beat the store record for drive-through service speed (power/achievement/affiliation)

achievement

desire to assume personality responsibility, tendency to set moderately difficult goals, desire for specific and immediate feedback, preoccupation with task

achievement

the desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past

achievement

what are mcclelland's individual human needs

achievement, power, affiliation

the desire for human companionship

affiliation

type of reinforcement that strengthens behavior by avoiding unpleasant consequences that would result if the behavior is not performed

avoidance

the extent to which an individual is personally interested in reaching a goal

commitment

which perspective deals with the first part of the motivation process (needs and need deficiencies)

content

which perspective tries to answer the question "what factors in the workplace motivate people"

content

NACCO believes that employees will work most effectively when all employees benefit directly from the organization's success. NACCO uses an organization-wide incentive called a. team-based compensation b. organizational development c. pay for knowledge d. profit sharing

d

the goal of managers is to maximize _ behaviors

desired

suggests that if you study/pay attention/etc, that effort will yield desired performance

effort-to-performance

the employee's perception of the probability that effort will lead to a high level of performance

effort-to-performance

gradually grant stock ownership of the firm to employees as a reward

employee stock ownership program

an individual's belief that the treatment the individual receives is fair relative to the treatment received by others

equity

the _ theory assumes that individuals view the value of rewards and inputs of effort as ratios and make subjective comparisons of themselves to other people

equity

the _ theory assumes that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance

equity

a worker previously motivated by money gets a raise. they try to establish friendships to satisfy relatedness needs. it's impossible for the employee to become better friends with others, so they regress to be motivated to earn more money. this is an example of which theory

erg

which theory assumes that multiple needs can be operative at one time

erg

which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs include extrinsic and intrinsic symbols

esteem

the _ theory suggests that you are motivated to achieve the things that you want

expectancy

if MBSC started giving cash bonuses to employees based on the number of hours of training the employee provided to clients, this would be an example of an (extrinsic/intrinsic) reward

extrinsic

outcomes set and awarded by external parties

extrinsic

t/f content perspectives explain why people are motivated by one factor vs. another

f

t/f the nature of the job yields dissatisfaction

f

t/f the setting in which you operate yields satisfaction

f

t/f toilet paper yields satisfaction

f

type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied at time intervals, regardless of behavior

fixed interval

only getting paid after you produce a certain number of products, no matter how long it takes is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule

fixed ratio

type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied after a certain number of behaviors, regardless of time

fixed ratio

group based reward system in which all members get bonuses when predetermined levels are exceeded

gain sharing

when hygiene factors are present, there is (dissatisfaction/no dissatisfaction)

no dissatisfaction

shelter, job, food, sex and air are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs

physiological

which levels from maslow's hierarchy are part of the existence needs from the ERG theory

physiological, security

the _ assumes if performance results in equitable and fair rewards, people will be more satisfied

porter-lawler extension

attractive outcomes have (negative/positive) valences

positive

giving chocolate to penny in the big bang theory is an example of which kind of reinforcement

positive

type of reinforcement that strengthens behavior with rewards

positive

the desire to be influential in a group and to be in control of one's environment

power

_ perspectives are concerned with how motivation occurs

process

the approach to motivation that focuses on the search for behavioral options and alternatives, and the rewards and evaluation of satisfaction after goals are achieved

process

provides a varying annual bonus to employees based on corporate profits

profit sharing

getting pulled over when speeding is an example of which type of reinforcement

punishment

the role of rewards as they cause behavior to change or remain the same over time

reinforcement theory

job continuity, a grievance system, and an adequate insurance and retirement benefit package are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs

security

giving employees a chance to participate in making decisions about their work and the opportunity to learn new things are examples of which level of maslow's hierarchy of needs

self-actualization

which levels from maslow's hierarchy are part of the growth needs from the ERG theory

self-esteem, self-actualization

the clarity and precision of a goal

specificity

vonda is frustrated with her manager, glenda. last week, when vonda asked about glenda's expectations, glenda said "just do your best." but vonda doesn't know exactly what to do, and as a result, she isn't very motivated (goal specificity/difficulty/acceptance)

specificity

if an individual feels equitably rewarded, their performance will (increase/stay the same/decrease)

stay the same

when the person believes that effort will lead directly to high performance, expectancy will be (strong/weak)

strong

which theory suggests that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are influenced by two independent sets of factors

two-factor

the expectancy theory assumes that motivation leads to effort that, when combined with ability and environmental factors, results in performance which leads to outcomes having _ to employees

valence

type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is applied at changing intervals

variable interval


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