Project Management Final
In a ____, program managers report to the CEO.
project organizational structure
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the Schedule Variance at the end of 22 months.
-14400 $
Six Sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than ____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities.
3.4
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The path duration for CDGJ is ______________
30
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the Estimated Time to Complete.
87.27 Months
The ____ is the total direct and indirect costs incurred in accomplishing work on an activity during a given period.
Actual Cost
Projects that address ____ are much more likely to be successful because they will be important to the organization.
Broad Organizational Needs
A ____ is used to allocate money into an organization's budget.
Budgetary Estimate
____ occur when two or more activities follow a single node.
Bursts
With a(n) ____ contract, the buyer pays the supplier for allowable performance costs plus a fixed fee payment usually based on a percentage of estimated costs.
CPFF
____ are predefined actions that the project team will take if an identified risk event occurs.
Contingency Plans
____ allow for future situations that may be partially planned for.
Contingency Reserves
____ should result in improvements in project performance.
Corrective Actions
____ proposed that an individual's specific needs are acquired or learned over time and shaped by life experiences.
David McClelland
Project managers should focus on ____, since they can control them.
Direct Costs
"Will the project meet NPV, ROI, and payback estimates?" applies to which risk category? ____
Financial Risk
In a ____ relationship, one task cannot finish before another finishes.
Finish-to-Finish
____ is a monitoring and controlling process.
Integrated Change Control
____________________ considers the total cost of ownership, or development plus support costs, for a project.
Life Cycle Costing
The ____ is the ratio of earned value to planned value and can be used to estimate the projected time to complete the project.
SPI
Four people have ____ communications channel(s).
Six
The limitations of scope, time, and cost goals are sometimes referred to as the ____.
Triple Constraint
____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables during this process.
Verifying Scope
It is helpful to analyze the total dollar value as well as the percentage of the total amount for each major ______________________________ category.
WBS
The ____ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.
WBS
The ____ model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.
Waterfall Lifecycle
The first step in determining the NPV is to ____.
determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the Estimated Cost at Completion.
$ 414545.5
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the earned value (EV) at the end of 22 months.
$17,600
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the Cost Variance at the end of 22 months.
- 30400 $
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The total slack for activity A is __________
0
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the Cost Performance Index at the end of 22 months.
0.367
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the Schedule Performance Index at the end of 22 months.
0.55
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The LF for activity A is __________
10
In a weighted scoring model, the sum of all of the criteria's weights must total ____ percent
100
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The ES for activity D is __________
12
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 Let the start date for the project be May 1, 2014. We follow a standard calendar. We introduce a lag of 2 days at the start of I. We should complete this project on ____________
17 June 2014
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 Let the start date for the project be May 1, 2014. We follow a standard calendar. We should complete this project on
17 June 2014
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The EF for activity E is __________
18
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The ES for activity G is __________
18
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The LS for activity F is __________
18
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 Let the start date for the project be May 1, 2014. We follow a standard calendar. We introduce a lag of 2 days at the start of J. We should complete this project on ________
19 June 2014
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The total slack for activity D is __________
2
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The path duration for AFI is ______________
26
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The path duration for BDGJ is ______________
32
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the planned value (PV) at the end of 22 months.
32000
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The LF for activity I is __________
34
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The minimun project duration is ______________
34
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The path duration for AEGJ is ______________
34
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The path duration for BDGJ is ______________
34
Susan Holmes, a project manager is trying to use Monte Carlo simulation technique to estimate the time for completion of her IT project. From her past experience, she knows that: 20% of the time she completed similar scale IT project in 18 months. 30% of the time she completed IT project in 24 months 10% of the time she completed IT project in 30 months 20% of the time she completed IT project in 36 months 20% of the time she completed IT project in 40 months. The random number generated was 65 and this would mean that she is likely to finish the IT Project in _________ months
36
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The total slack for activity C is __________
4
Consider the following data: Initiation Planning Analysis Design Implementation Testing Closure # Months estimated to complete 2 6 8 6 18 6 2 Budgeted Cost $ 2000 6000 12000 12000 80000 36000 4000 % work completed 100% 100% 80% 0% 0% 0% 0% Actual Cost $ 4000 8000 16000 20000 We are tracking the amount of work completed after 22 months. For the data given, find the actual cost expended (AC) at the end of 22 months.
48000
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The total slack for activity F is __________
8
A systems analyst is examining three candidate solutions for developing a web based financial information system. The three candidate solutions are developed in three different technical platforms - ASP.Net, JAVA and PHP. Each candidate solution could be exposed to either high or low levels of security risks. The probability of occurance of high level of risk is 0.6 and the probability of occurance of low level of risk is 0.4. The costs associated in addressing the security risks for the three solutions are given below: Candidate Solution Level of Security Risk Cost associated in addressing risk ASP.NET High $ 110,000 ASP.NET Low $ 60, 000 JAVA High $ 120,000 JAVA Low $ 80, 000 PHP High $ 100,000 PHP Low $ 90,000 Use a Decision Tree approach and find the overall cost of developing a web based solution using ASP.Net.
90,000
Consider the following precedence chart: ACTIVITY PRECEDING ACTIVITIES OPTIMISTIC TIME (days) MOST LIKELY TIME (days) PESSIMISTIC TIME (days) A - 5 10 15 B - 10 12 14 C - 10 10 10 D B,C 2 4 6 E A 4 8 12 F A 4 8 12 G D,E 10 12 14 I F 4 8 12 J G 2 4 6 The critical path is ____________
AEGJ
A systems analyst is examining three candidate solutions for developing a web based financial information system. The three candidate solutions are developed in three different technical platforms - ASP.Net, JAVA and PHP. Each candidate solution could be exposed to either high or low levels of security risks. The probability of occurance of high level of risk is 0.6 and the probability of occurance of low level of risk is 0.4. The costs associated in addressing the security risks for the three solutions are given below: Candidate Solution Level of Security Risk Cost associated in addressing risk ASP.NET High $ 110,000 ASP.NET Low $ 60, 000 JAVA High $ 120,000 JAVA Low $ 80, 000 PHP High $ 100,000 PHP Low $ 90,000 What technical platform would you choose based on a Decision Tree approach?
ASP.NET
The ____ provide(s) schedule-related information about each activity, such as predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions related to the activity.
Activity Approach
The ____ provide(s) schedule-related information about each activity, such as predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions related to the activity.
Activity Attributes
People with a high need for ____ desire harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by others.
Affiliation
"Most organizations are not in business to provide information technology services, yet many have spent valuable time and resources on information technology functions when they should have focused on core competencies such as marketing, customer service, and new product design." refers to the ____ benefit of outsourcing.
Allow the client organization to focus on its core business
____ use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project.
Analogous estimates
In the ____, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.
Analogy Approach
An important tool used in the ____ phase of the DMAIC process is the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.
Analyze
What is the first step in a Monte Carlo analysis?
Assess the range for the variables being considered.
A(n) ____ is a methodology that converts an organization's value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics.
Balanced Scorecard
Project managers often use the ____ approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team.
Bottom Up
____ involve estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total.
Bottom Up Estimates
In a risk breakdown structure, competitors, suppliers, and cash flow are categories that fall under ____ risk.
Business
In the ____ information technology planning stage, the analysis outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology.
Business Area Analysis
An organization may initiate information technology projects for several reasons, but the most important reason is to support ____.
Business Objectives
The ____ is the ratio of earned value to actual cost and can be used to estimate the projected cost of completing the project.
CPI
_________________________ and SPI less than one or less than 100 percent indicate problems.
CPI
With a(n) ____ contract, the buyer pays the supplier for allowable performance costs along with a predetermined fee and an incentive bonus.
CPIF
From the supplier's perspective, there is the least risk with a(n) ____ contract.
CPPC
With a(n) ____ contract, the buyer pays the supplier for allowable performance costs along with a predetermined percentage based on total costs.
CPPC
____ is a method for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project and the resulting annual cash flow.
Cash Flow Analysis
A(n) ____ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be changed.
Change Control System
The ____ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end.
Closing
Administrative activities are often involved in ____, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project.
Closing Processes
____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.
Collecting Requirements
Project ____ management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information.
Communications
With the ____, project managers use a give-and-take approach to resolving conflicts.
Compromise Mode
____ involves obtaining seller responses, selecting sellers, and awarding contracts.
Conduct Procurements
____ change orders are oral or written acts or omissions by someone with actual or apparent authority that can be construed to have the same effect as a written change order.
Constructive
Outputs from ____ include work performance measurements, organizational process assets updates, change requests, project management plan updates, and project document updates.
Controlling the Schedule
A ____ is a time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and monitor cost performance.
Cost Baseline
____ is the earned value minus the actual cost.
Cost Variance
____ involve payment to the supplier for direct and indirect actual costs.
Cost-reimbursable contracts
____ is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost.
Crashing
____ is a planning process falling under the Project Scope Management knowledge area.
Create WBS
____ is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date.
Critical Chain Scheduling
____ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration.
Critical Path Analysis
A(n) ____ is a diagramming analysis technique used to help select the best course of action in situations in which future outcomes are uncertain.
Decision Tree
The main outputs of the ____ process are an activity list, activity attributes, and milestone list.
Defining Activities
____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.
Defining Approach
____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.
Defining Scope
A ____ is used for making many purchasing decisions for which accurate estimates are required and for estimating final project costs.
Definitive Estimate
If the cost estimate will be the basis for contract awards and performance reporting, it should be a ____ and as accurate as possible.
Definitive Estimate
The term ____ describes a product produced as part of a project.
Deliverables
The basic concept of the ____________________ is to derive a consensus among a panel of experts who make predictions about future developments.
Delphi Technique
Because a project requires resources, often from various areas, many projects cross ____ or other boundaries to achieve their unique purposes.
Departmental
____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project.
Developing the Project Charter
____ involves analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule.
Developing the Schedule
____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.
Directives
____ dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care since they may limit later scheduling options.
Discretionary
____ is best known for developing Theory X and Theory Y.
Douglas McGregor
The ____ is an estimate of what it will cost to complete the project based on performance to date.
Earned Cost at Completion
The ____ is an estimate of the value of the physical work actually completed.
Earned Value
Variances are calculated by subtracting the actual cost or planned value from ____.
Earned Value
____ is a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data.
Earned Value Management
The cost performance index can be used to calculate the ______________________________.
Earned at Completion
The project communications management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activity of information distribution.
Executing
The project procurement management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activity of conducting procurements.
Executing
____ the project involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.
Executing
Examples of ____ include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements.
Executing Processes
The majority of time on a project is usually spent on ____, as is most of the project's budget.
Execution
____ dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities.
External
____ are developed for risks that have a high impact on meeting project objectives, and are put into effect if attempts to reduce the risk are not effective.
Fallback Plans
A project should be developed using progressive elaboration, starting from specific details and broadening in scope as it progresses.
False
An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager's job more difficult.
False
Because of overlaps in their duties, hardware specialists usually understand the language of database analysts, and vice versa.
False
Every project is constrained in different ways by its scope and cost goals; these limitations are sometimes referred to in project management as the double constraint.
False
External project stakeholders generally include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, and internal customers for the project.
False
It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during earlier phases.
False
Project management is the silver bullet that guarantees success on all projects.
False
Project managers for large information technology projects have to be experts in the field of information technology.
False
Stakeholders' needs and expectations are only important in the beginning of a project.
False
Technical and analytical skills guarantee success in project management.
False
There are nine knowledge areas in project management as per the latest PMBOK guideline.
False
____ involves doing activities in parallel that you would normally do in sequence.
Fast Tracking
In a ____ relationship, the "from" activity must finish before the "to" activity can start.
Finish-to-Start
The ____ step in the planning process is to tie the information technology strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan.
First
Projects involve ____ project management process groups.
Five
____ is best known for distinguishing between motivational factors and hygiene factors when considering motivation in work settings.
Frederick Herzberg
A ____ is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing an organizational chart.
Functional Organizational Structure
Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure ____.
Functional Organizational Structure
____ provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format.
Gantt Charts
The highest level of needs in Maslow's structure is referred to as a ____ need.
Growth
Project ____ management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project.
Human Resource
The ____ focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people.
Human Resource Frame
The main output of the ____________________ process is the start of a risk register.
Identifying Risks
The ____ model provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.
Incremental Build Life Cycle
____ are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project, but are indirectly related to performing the project.
Indirect Costs
In the ____ stage, organizations tie information technology strategy to mission and vision of organization and identify key business areas.
Information Technology Strategy Planning
During ____ processes for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition.
Initiating
The project integration management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activities of developing project charters.
Initiating
Project ____ management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas.
Integration
____ is a fact-finding technique for collecting information in face-to-face, phone, e-mail, or instant-messaging discussions.
Interviewing
A ____ is a meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans.
Kick-off Meeting
The ____ for an activity is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date.
Late Start Date
____________________ states that when many items are produced repetitively, the unit cost of those items decreases in a regular pattern as more units are produced.
Learning Curve Theory
____ helps you develop an accurate projection of a project's financial costs and benefits.
Life Cycle Costing
The critical path is the ____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the ____ time it takes to complete a project.
Longest;shortest
Many organizations assert that using project management provides advantages, such as ____.
Lower Costs
In early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually ____ and the level of uncertainty is ____.
Lowest;Highest
____ contracts involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or service.
Lump Sum
____ allow for future situations that are unpredictable.
Management Reserves
____ dependencies are inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project.
Mandatory
"If the information technology project is to produce a new product or service, will it be useful to the organization or marketable to others?" applies to which risk category? ____
Market Risk
In a ____, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers.
Matrix Organizational Structure
The project scope management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activities of scope verification and scope control.
Monitoring and Controlling
The project time management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activity of schedule control.
Monitoring and Controlling
A common ____ is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.
Monitoring and Controlling Process
____ involves monitoring identified and residual risks, identifying new risks, carrying out risk response plans, and evaluating the effectiveness of risk strategies throughout the life of the project.
Monitoring and controlling risk
____ analysis simulates a model's outcome many times to provide a statistical distribution of the calculated results.
Monte Carlo
In general, ____________________ numbers for cost and schedule variance indicate problems in those areas.
Negative
____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
Net Present Value
In the example of the project of building a house, the project sponsors would be the potential ____.
New Home Owners
____ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.
Open-Systems Focus
____ is a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.
Organizational Culture
The ____ is a network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities.
PDM
____ use(s) probabilistic time estimates—duration estimates based on using optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates of activity durations—instead of one specific or discrete duration estimate.
PERT
Just as passing the CPA exam is a standard for accountants, passing the ____ exam is becoming a standard for project managers.
PMP
A(n) ____ might provide an estimate of $50 per line of code for a software development project based on the programming language the project is using, the level of expertise of the programmers, the size and complexity of the data involved, and so on.
Parametric Model
____________________ uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.
Parametric Modeling
____ help(s) you identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system.
Pareto Charts
____ states that work expands to fill the time allowed.
Parkinson's Law
The ____ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.
People Focus
"Is there a project champion?" applies to which risk category? ____
People Risk
____ provide information on how project execution is going.
Performance Reports
The outputs of ____ include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.
Performing Integrated Change Control
____ involves prioritizing risks based on their probability and impact of occurrence.
Performing qualitative risk analysis
____ involves numerically estimating the effects of risks on project objectives.
Performing quantitative risk analysis
The ____ is that portion of the approved total cost estimate planned to be spent on an activity during a given period.
Planned Value
The project cost management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination.
Planning
____ is crucial in information technology projects because once a project team implements a new system, it takes a considerable amount of effort to change the system.
Planning
____ include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs.
Planning Processes
____ involves determining what to procure, when, and how.
Planning Procurements
____ involves taking steps to enhance opportunities and reduce threats to meeting project objectives.
Planning Risk Responses
The ____ assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.
Political Frame
A project manager can chart the probability and impact of risks on a ____.
Probability/Impact Matrix
PMI provides certification as a Project Management ____ (PMP), someone who has documented sufficient project experience and education, agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct, and demonstrated knowledge of the field of project management by passing a comprehensive examination.
Professional
A(n) ____ is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management.
Project Charter
A ____ is a collection of project phases
Project Life Cycle
A(n) ____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control.
Project Management Plan
A ____ can have many different job descriptions, which can vary tremendously based on the organization and the project.
Project Manager
Project managers have the most authority in a pure ____.
Project Organizational Structure
In the ____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.
Project Planning
An up-to-date ____ is an important document for developing and confirming a common understanding of the project scope.
Project Scope Statement
A(n) ____________________ is a document prepared by a seller when there are different approaches for meeting buyer needs.
Proposal
The ____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype
Prototyping Lifecycle
Project ____ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.
Quality
The ________________________________________ allocates work to responsible and performing organizations, teams, or individuals, depending on the desired level of detail.
RAM
A(n) ____ is a document used to solicit proposals from prospective suppliers.
RFP
A(n) ____ is a document used to solicit quotes or bids from prospective suppliers.
RFQ
The ____ is the ratio of actual work completed to the percentage of work planned to have been completed at any given time during the life of the project or activity.
Rate of Performance
Project management software highlights the critical path in ____ on a network diagram.
Red
____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.
Reliability
In the ____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.
Resource Allocation
A ____ is a hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type.
Resource Breakdown Structure
On a network diagram, all arrowheads should face toward the ____.
Right
____ applies to positive risks when the project team cannot or chooses not to take any actions toward a risk.
Risk Acceptance
Utility rises at a decreasing rate for a ____ person.
Risk Averse
____ involves eliminating a specific threat, usually by eliminating its causes.
Risk Avoidance
A(n) _________________________ is a hierarchy of potential risk categories for a project.
Risk Breakdown Structure
____ involves changing the size of the opportunity by identifying and maximizing key drivers of the positive risk.
Risk Enhancement
____ involves doing whatever you can to make sure the positive risk happens.
Risk Exploitation
____ involves reducing the impact of a risk event by reducing the probability of its occurrence.
Risk Mitigation
A ____ person achieves a balance between risk and payoff.
Risk Neutral
A(n) ____________________ is a document that contains results of various risk management processes.
Risk Register
Those who are ____ have a higher tolerance for risk, and their satisfaction increases when more payoff is at stake.
Risk Seeking
____ involves allocating ownership of the risk to another party.
Risk Sharing
____ involves shifting the consequence of a risk and responsibility for its management to a third party.
Risk Transference
A ____ is done very early in a project or even before a project is officially started.
Rough Order of Magnitude Estimate
The ____ is a description of the work required
SOW
The ____ is a description of the work required for the procurement.
SOW
Many organizations use ____ and templates to generate SOWs.
Samples
After you total the EV, AC, and PV data for all activities on a project, you can use the CPI and ___________________________________ to project how much it will cost and how long it will take to finish the project based on performance to date.
Schedule Performance Index
____ is the earned value minus the planned value.
Schedule Variance
Project ____ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.
Scope
The ____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.
Scope Statement
____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.
Scope Verification
____ risks are a direct result of implementing a risk response.
Secondary
____ involves identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities.
Sequencing Activities
When using the ____, the project manager deemphasizes or avoids areas of differences and emphasizes areas of agreement.
Smoothing Mode
Many people confuse tasks on a WBS with ____.
Specifications
The project ____ usually provides the direction and funding for the project.
Sponsor
A ____ is a document that includes details related to the identified project stakeholders.
Stakeholder Register
____ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project.
Stakeholders
In a ____ relationship, the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity is started.
Start-to-Start
Many people are familiar with SWOT analysis—analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats—which is used to aid in ____.
Strategic Planning
____ should serve as the foundation for deciding which projects to pursue.
Strategic Planning
In a ____ matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.
Strong
The ____ focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
Structural Frame
____ should be forgotten.
Sunken Costs
____ is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.
Systems Analysis
____ describes a holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.
Systems Thinking
____ are those costs that an organization can easily measure in dollars.
Tangible Costs
The ____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information.
Technical Process
A(n) ____________________ is a contract clause that allows the buyer or supplier to end the contract.
Termination Clause
Buyers typically develop a short list of the top ____ suppliers to reduce the work involved in selecting a source.
Three to Five
_________________________ contracts are a hybrid of both fixed-price and cost-reimbursable contracts.
Time and Material
The ____ approach involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.
Top Down
The ____ approach is best suited to project managers who have vast technical insight and a big-picture perspective.
Top Down
____ are/is a qualitative risk analysis tool, and in addition to identifying risks, it maintains an awareness of risks throughout the life of a project.
Top Ten Risk Item Tracking
____ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date.
Total Slack
A program is "a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually."
True
One attribute that helps define a project is that a project has a unique purpose.
True
Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects.
True
Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
True
The Adaptive Software Development (ASD) life cycle model assumes that software development follows an adaptive approach because the requirements cannot be clearly expressed early in the life cycle.
True
The same organization can have different subcultures.
True
Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management.
True
____________________ can be used in various types of contracts to require the buyer to pay the supplier a predetermined amount per unit of product or service.
Unit Pricing
A(n) ____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
Work Breakdown Structure
