Proteins Chapter 7
What is the definition of essential amino acid?
Also called indispensable, cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet
Denaturation is the process of what?
Altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein
The nutrient that is composed of four elements— a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group is called what?
Amino acid
The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the what?
Limiting amino acid
What supplies the body with usable energy?
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins
What is deamination?
Losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton
Most plant proteins are examples of ____ proteins
Lower-quality
Definition of non-essential amino acid
Sometimes called dispensable, is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts
Quinoa and _____ protein is an example of a plat-based protein that meets the essential amino acid needs.
Soy
What is protein turnover?
The process by which cells breakdown old proteins re-synthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time
The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form
proteins
Proteins serve which of the following functions?
1. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hornone production 2. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions 3. Proteins aid in cell synthesis
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?
1. Pump ions into and out of cells 2. Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
How many nonessential amino acid exist?
11
Proteins supply the body with __________ kilo calories of energy per gram.
4
How many amino acids are considered essential?
9
What are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?
Fats and carbohydrates
The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient____ which makes it a costly energy source of calories.
Protein
The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, hormone, and enzyme production, and visual process is?
Protein
Amino acids are required for the synthesis of many hormones, such as
Thyroid hormone, insulin
Almost all ___ are proteins
enzymes
The amino group is in what form in the urine?
Urea
Healthy individuals need to consume protein in an amount that replaces the protein lost in what?
Urine, feces, hair, sweat, skin cells, hair and nails
What is the function of lipoprotein?
transports lipids
What are the four building blocks of DNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
What is the function of hemoglobin?
carries oxygen
When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be what?
1. Converted into glucose 2. Are converted into fat 3. Metabolized as fuel
What are examples of conditionally essential amino acids?
1. Glutamine 2. Arginine
The RDA for protein would be higher for what?
1. In highly trained athletes 2. During recovery from illness or injury
If your carbohydrates intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make glucose from_____
1. Amino acids in body tissues 2. Protein in body tissues 3. Stores gylcogen
The blood proteins _____ and _____ are important in maintaining fluid balance between the blood and the surrounding tissue space.
1. Albumin 2. Globulin
What is biological value?
A measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue proteins
What is a complementary protein?
A protein related to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.
When a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called what?
Anergy
Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?
Antibody
Pulses are a group of 12 crops, including what?
Beans, peas, lentils
An amino acid without an amino group is called a what?
Carbon skeleton
What is the function of Transferrin?
Carries iron
What is the function of Retinol-bonding protein?
Carries vitamin A
The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred from the cells nucleus to the ____ to allow for protein.
Cytoplasm
Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the _____ code
DNA
Nonessential amino acids are also called what?
Dispensable amino acids
Every cell in the human body______ contain protein
Does
Fluid buildup in the interstitial spaces is called what?
Edema
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine are all what amino acids?
Essential
Indispensable amino acid is another term for what?
Essential amino acid
Animal proteins are a good source of all 9 _____, or indispensable, amino acids
Essential amino acids
What is an example of a conditionally essential amino acid?
Glutamic acid
A persons health will deteriorate if _____ amounts of protein are consumed
Inadequate
A ___________ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed?
Negative
What might happen to someone with an illness?
Negative protein balance
What amino acid can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?
Nonessential
All_____ contain(s) nitrogen
Proteins
What nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?
Proteins
_____ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood
Proteins
There are four groups that make up each amino acid. They are the hydrogen group, the acid group, the amino group, and the_____ group.
R group
During protein synthesis, MRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle for the MRNA translation phase of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
The tRNA is responsible for transferring amino acids to the what?
Ribosomes
PKU
1. Leads to lack of tyrosine production 2. Is caused by an enzyme inefficiency
An essential amino acid is what?
1. Must be included in the diet or a deficiency will occur 2. Cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts
How does changing a protein shape affect the protein?
1. The protein loses its biological activity 2. It destroys the proteins ability to function normally
What is a peptide bond?
A chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein
What protein process helps to facilitate protein digestion?
Denaturation
In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be what during digestion?
Denatured
Amino acid needs should be met at what?
Over the course of the day
A _____ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses
Positive
What are the different levels of protein organization?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is transanimation?
When an amino group from 1 amino acid is transferred to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid
What is the def of a complementary protein?
When two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an adequate amount of essential amino acids