Proteins Chapter 7

What is the definition of essential amino acid?

Also called indispensable, cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet

Denaturation is the process of what?

Altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein

The nutrient that is composed of four elements— a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group is called what?

Amino acid

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the what?

Limiting amino acid

What supplies the body with usable energy?

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins

What is deamination?

Losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton

Most plant proteins are examples of ____ proteins

Lower-quality

Definition of non-essential amino acid

Sometimes called dispensable, is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts

Quinoa and _____ protein is an example of a plat-based protein that meets the essential amino acid needs.

Soy

What is protein turnover?

The process by which cells breakdown old proteins re-synthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

1. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hornone production 2. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions 3. Proteins aid in cell synthesis

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

1. Pump ions into and out of cells 2. Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

How many nonessential amino acid exist?

11

Proteins supply the body with __________ kilo calories of energy per gram.

4

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

What are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

Fats and carbohydrates

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient____ which makes it a costly energy source of calories.

Protein

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, hormone, and enzyme production, and visual process is?

Protein

Amino acids are required for the synthesis of many hormones, such as

Thyroid hormone, insulin

Almost all ___ are proteins

enzymes

The amino group is in what form in the urine?

Urea

Healthy individuals need to consume protein in an amount that replaces the protein lost in what?

Urine, feces, hair, sweat, skin cells, hair and nails

What is the function of lipoprotein?

transports lipids

What are the four building blocks of DNA?

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

What is the function of hemoglobin?

carries oxygen

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be what?

1. Converted into glucose 2. Are converted into fat 3. Metabolized as fuel

What are examples of conditionally essential amino acids?

1. Glutamine 2. Arginine

The RDA for protein would be higher for what?

1. In highly trained athletes 2. During recovery from illness or injury

If your carbohydrates intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make glucose from_____

1. Amino acids in body tissues 2. Protein in body tissues 3. Stores gylcogen

The blood proteins _____ and _____ are important in maintaining fluid balance between the blood and the surrounding tissue space.

1. Albumin 2. Globulin

What is biological value?

A measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue proteins

What is a complementary protein?

A protein related to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

When a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called what?

Anergy

Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

Antibody

Pulses are a group of 12 crops, including what?

Beans, peas, lentils

An amino acid without an amino group is called a what?

Carbon skeleton

What is the function of Transferrin?

Carries iron

What is the function of Retinol-bonding protein?

Carries vitamin A

The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred from the cells nucleus to the ____ to allow for protein.

Cytoplasm

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the _____ code

DNA

Nonessential amino acids are also called what?

Dispensable amino acids

Every cell in the human body______ contain protein

Does

Fluid buildup in the interstitial spaces is called what?

Edema

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine are all what amino acids?

Essential

Indispensable amino acid is another term for what?

Essential amino acid

Animal proteins are a good source of all 9 _____, or indispensable, amino acids

Essential amino acids

What is an example of a conditionally essential amino acid?

Glutamic acid

A persons health will deteriorate if _____ amounts of protein are consumed

Inadequate

A ___________ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed?

Negative

What might happen to someone with an illness?

Negative protein balance

What amino acid can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

All_____ contain(s) nitrogen

Proteins

What nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?

Proteins

_____ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood

Proteins

There are four groups that make up each amino acid. They are the hydrogen group, the acid group, the amino group, and the_____ group.

R group

During protein synthesis, MRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle for the MRNA translation phase of protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

The tRNA is responsible for transferring amino acids to the what?

Ribosomes

PKU

1. Leads to lack of tyrosine production 2. Is caused by an enzyme inefficiency

An essential amino acid is what?

1. Must be included in the diet or a deficiency will occur 2. Cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts

How does changing a protein shape affect the protein?

1. The protein loses its biological activity 2. It destroys the proteins ability to function normally

What is a peptide bond?

A chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein

What protein process helps to facilitate protein digestion?

Denaturation

In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be what during digestion?

Denatured

Amino acid needs should be met at what?

Over the course of the day

A _____ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses

Positive

What are the different levels of protein organization?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

What is transanimation?

When an amino group from 1 amino acid is transferred to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid

What is the def of a complementary protein?

When two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an adequate amount of essential amino acids