Protestant Reformation

John Calvin

(1509-1564) - Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later trained as lawyer. - Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus - Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas

What was the Peace of Augsburg and what was the outcome?

(1555) ended conflict temporarily- princes could choose religion (basically end of reformation)

Make a list of at least 8 of Calvin's main ideas

-City and church should combine to enforce Christian Behavior -Protestant work ethic: Emphasized hard work and dedication -Authority strictly enforced -Predestination -Intolerant of suspected heretics -Diligence and education -Authority and importance of bible -Lead pious and upright lives

Define the seven sacraments.

1. Baptism (blessing at birth) 2. Confirmation (deliberate decision to stay with the Church during teens) 3. Eucharist (bread and wine communion) 4. Penance (confession of sins and given advice on how to atone them) 5. Anointing of the Sick (blessing before death) 6. Holy Orders (becoming part of the clergy) 7. Matrimony (marriage)

Make a list of at least 8 important facts about John Calvin's life.

1. Born in 1504, in Noyon, France. 2. Had a good education, attended College of Montaigu in Paris, and went to University of Orleans and Bourges to study law. 3. Converted to Protestantism as a young adult, and left Paris and eventually settled in Basel, Switzerland. 4. He studied theology, and in 1536 he published his most important work, Institutes of Christian Religion. 5. He visited Geneva, Switzerland, in 1536. He was asked to stay and lead the rising Protestant community, but conflict caused him to be forced out in 1538. He was invited back in 1541 and became the religious and political leader of the city. 6. He became widowed in 1549, child died during childbirth. 7. He lead Geneva to become the "Protestant Rome", and tried to promote his ideals in other countries. 8. Died in 1564 in Geneva, Switzerland

Explain at Least 4 of Calvin's Main Ideas

1. Predestination - God is all-knowing and already has placed people either in heaven or hell. The people would show others that they had been placed into heaven by acting good. 2. Believed Church and state should be combined to enforce christian behavior 3. Protestant Work Ethic: Calvinists emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying finical success as a sign that God was pleased 4. Adultery, fornication, gambling, drunkenness, dancing, and singing (songs and dances not related to the church) where all illegal and people could be punished for doing so

Lutheranism

1. Salvation could be achieved through faith alone - cant goto heaven unless you have faith 2. The Bible was the sole Authority - The Pope doesn't say what you do, Bible does 3. Only 2 sacraments - baptism and communism - were valid 4. The church consisted of a "priesthood of all believers" not a hierarchical structure 5. Again, criticized sale of indulgences and simony

What happened concerning Luther in 1517, 1520, 1521 and 1524-25?

1517 - he posted the 95 theses on the Church door (the 95 theses criticized the selling of indulgences by questioning the scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences) 1520 - Luther published his theology of reform in three separate works and Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X 1521 - Tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to outlaw and sentence execution through stake burning, Charles demanded that Luther recant his writings, Luther refused. Edict of Worms: Luther outlawed as a heretic by the Holy Roman Empire. Luther was kidnapped by agents of Frederick III and taken to his castle where he was protected and continued to write 1524 - 25 - Peasants' War or German Peasants Revolt: 1525: peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry. Many of these peasants were inspired by Luther. Luther had no patience for the violence and he told German princes to violently stamp out the revolt. As many as 100,000 peasants died during the uprising. Both Catholic and Lutheran forces took part in squashing the revolt.

Peace of Augsburg

1555: ended conflict temperately- princes were granted a choice of either protestantism or Catholicism

German Princes

A group of German Princes who helped out Luther because they agreed with his ideas about the Church's power and if he overpowered the Church then they would take some credit.

Roman Catholic

A sect of Christianity that believes in the Pope, salvation through indulgence, and came before Protestantism/the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant

A sect of Christianity, originated from the Protestant Reformation, a movement thats goal was to correct the Roman Catholic Church.

Diet of Worms

A tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to outlaw and sentence execution through stake burning

Excommunicate

Be kicked out of the Catholic Church

Simony

Buying and selling church positions

Major changes in Europe (1300-1700)

Church and Government become more separate. Church makes reforms too.

Anointing of the Sick

Fifth of the Seven Sacraments, blessing before death.

Baptism

First of Seven Sacraments, Ceremony of entrance into the Catholic church, often when you are a baby

Penance

Fourth of the 7 Sacraments- Confession- confessing sins to the priest in order to be free from guilt

Which countries remained Roman Catholic strongholds? Which became Lutheran, Calvinist?

Geneva(in Germany) became a stronghold for Calvinists. Germany and the Netherlands were mostly Lutheran but Italy stayed primarily Roman Catholic

Can you name at least four major changes going on in Europe between 1300 and 1700 that we saw in the presentations?

Gold and silver imported into Europe, transfer of disease, growth of middle class, and the Protestant Reformation

Johann Gutenberg

He invented the printing press in 1450. This invention allowed the people to spread their own ideas because they were writing it themselves. This connects to the Reformation because Luther's 95 Theses was spread throughout Western Europe because of the printing press.

What major changes to the Church did Luther propose? Explain Luther's major ideas.

He told the Church that salvation could be achieved through faith alone. He said that the Bible was the sole authority. He also thought that only two sacraments should exist. He said the church consists of a "priesthood of all believers". Lastly, he said that indulgences and simony shouldn't occur.

Printing Press

Invented by Johann Guttenberg that helped to spread Luther's 95 Theses

What was the Diet of worms? Why wasn't he burned at the stake?

It was the council of church people who excommunicated Luther. He was not burned because German Princes protected him and the people agreed with his ideas.

Who were Hus and Wycliffe?

Jan Hus - 14th century - Philosopher, early Christian reformer. Was burned alive because he went against the church. John Wycliffe - (1329-1384) Translated Bible into English, was a reformer. His works were burned and his already dead body was dug up and burned. Both came before Luther.

How did the views of John Calvin and Martin Luther differ?

John Calvin and Martin Luther both believe in salvation through faith alone and that the Bible is the only authority. The main difference between Calvin and Luther is that Calvin believed in predestination, the idea that God is all-knowing and already has placed people either in heaven or hell. The people chosen for heaven would perform "good works" as a sign that they have been chosen for salvation. Another difference is that Calvin was both a political and religious leader while Luther was only a religious leader. Calvin founded the theocracy of Geneva.

What role did John Calvin play in the Reformation?

John Calvin continued the Reformation and Luther's ideas but also added some of his own and ended up creating his own religion called Calvinism. He spread the Reformation by making Geneva a center of the movement that people came to and then brought the ideas back to their home countries.

95 Theses

Luther criticized the selling of indulgences but went further than others before him by questioning the scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences. Nailed his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg church door

What was Luther's educational history?

Luther studied law, but didn't complete his legal education because he choose to become an Augustinian Monk. In 1512, Luther received a degree as a Doctor of Theology from the University of Wittenberg.

What caused the Reformation? What drove Luther to seek reform?

Luther traveled to Rome, Italy, and saw the corruption in the Church and the indulgences. He began the Reformation by creating the 95 theses.

What were the negative aspects about Luther discussed i the reading?

Luther was intolerant of people who did not agree with his religious views, and fiercely anti-semetic

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was born in 1483. He became a monk and when he went to Rome, he saw the corruption the riddled the roman catholic church. Having a sense of responsibility, he acted out and denounced the church. People soon caught on like a wildfire and the Reformation began. In summary, he saw corruption in the Church and started the Reformation(movement to change the church) and started Lutheranism

Was Luther the first person to ever propose these reforms? Explain.

No, before Luther, Jan Hus of Bohemia and John Wycliffe of England started their own reformations. These reformations never went beyond a local scale so they weren't nearly as large as the one Luther started.

Heretic

One who denounces orthodox religious beliefs. (specifically Roman Catholic)

Indulgences

Reduction in the time of Purgatory

Council of Trent

Roman Catholic church leaders that met to discuss reform and to try and keep more members from joining Protestant churches

Confirmation

Second of Seven Sacraments Rite of passage, coming of age, ceremony

Matrimony

Seventh of the Seven Sacraments, marriage.

Why was there a stronger reformtion in Germany and England than in the rest of the world?

Since Germany and England were father away from Rome, the center of the Catholic Church. The influence of the church was farther away.

Holy Orders

Sixth of the Seven Sacraments, joining the Church clergy.

Counter Reformation

The Council of Trent: 1545-1563 Roman Catholic Church leaders meet to discuss reform, partly to try to keep more members from joining Protestant church instead. Roman Catholic Church making own reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Why did Luther's ideas spread rapidly?

The Printing press allowed the 95 Theses to be printed and acessed by many people, and the new Renaissance values such as Skepticism made people open to reformation.

Predestination

The belief that because God is all knowing, he has already selected who will go to heaven, and who will go to hell, but if you are chosen to go to heaven, you have been selected by God to do good, and make good works.

October 31, 1517

The date when the 95 theses were nailed to the door of Castle church in Wittenburg Germany

What were the outcomes of the Counter Reformation?

The outcomes of the Counter Reformation were multiple reforms made by the Roman Catholic Church. The reforms they made were: 1. Church interpretation of the Bible is final 2. Salvation through faith AND good works 3. Bible and Church tradition are equally powerful 4. Indulgences are a valid expression of faith

What appealed to people about early Christianity?

The people were drawn to the unity the religion and the Church provided. They were also drawn to the idea of an after life and Heaven, which provided a safe haven after death.

Calvinism

The religion created by John Calvin, which is based of "Institutes of the Christian Religion", and believes in predestination.

Eucharist

Third of the 7 Sacraments- Communion- eat bread and wine to commemorate the Last Supper

What was Luther's "most important" work?

Translating the Bible into German