PSAT Highlight Notes

Present Perfect: Usually formed by _____ -ed to the_____. Used for _______ that _____ in the ____ and that are __________ into the _______. Most important irregular verb = ____, which becomes has been (sing.) and have been (pl.).

Adding, verb, actions, began, past, continuing, present, TO BE

Commas should NOT be used between __________, when the _____ modifies the ______.

Adjectives, first, second

Commas should NOT be used between __________ and _____

Adjectives, nouns

Commas should be used between two __________ whose order could be ________, or that could be _________ by the word "___"

Adjectives, reversed, separated, and

______- Verb meaning "_________"

Affect, to impact

RAVEN: Remember that ______ is a ____ and ______ is a ____

Affect, verb, effect, noun

Subsequently - _________

Afterward

_________ answers the question "________ or ______?" _____ answers the question "____?"

Agreement, singular, plural, Tense, when

Whereas - _______

Although

Compound subjects are _____________ and thus take plural _____

Always plural, verbs

______ compare people to ______ and ______ to things.

Always, people, thing

If you _______________ the _________________, the key to dealing with subject-verb agreement questions is to work _________, using the ____________ to ________ what the question is ______.

Cannot identify, error immediately, backwards, answer choices, determine, testing

Participial phrases ______ stand _____ as sentences.

Cannot, alone

_______________ words indicate that one action is the ______ of another.

Cause and Effect, result

Dangling Modifiers: Sentences that include dangling modifiers are ____________ by an ____________ phrase that describes (________) the _______ but does not ____ it.

Characterized, introductory, modifies, subject, name

Important: Given the ______ between a _______ and ____ naming a ________ person or thing, the ____ will virtually ______ be _______ - even if it appears in the _______ answer.

Choice, pronoun, noun, specific, noun, always, correct, longest

That also means that when there is a ______ option, you should always check it ______.

Delete, first

_______: An authors choice of ______. Diction errors involve words that are __________ in a particular context, either because they have the wrong _______ or because they do not follow the ___________ of standard written English.

Diction, words, incorrect, meaning, conventions

IF two ________ types of transitions (e.g., a _________ and a ____________) are used, you must not only ________ one of the transitions but also _________ which one ______ a _______ relationship between the _____ of the ________.

Different, continuer, contradictor, eliminate, recognize, creates, logical, parts, sentence

Important: Two-part parallel structure questions may also _____ as _________ questions. If you can ____ the word pair, you can most likely _________ several _______ immediately.

Double, word-pair, spot, eliminate, answers

_____________ phrases are __________ inserted between ________ and _____ to distract from _____________.

Prepositional, frequently subjects, verbs, disagreements

A _____________ phrase is a phrase that begins with a ____________, a ____ or ________ word that comes ______ a ____.

Prepositional, preposition, time, location, before, noun

A clause that begins with a _____________ conjunction cannot _____ on its own as a _________ and is therefore _________.

Subordinating, stand, sentence, dependent

As ____ - As a + ____

Such, noun

Also: if two or more answers contain grammatically identical ________, those answers can be automatically _________ because no _______ can have ____ than ________________.

Synonyms, eliminated, question, more, one right answer

If the word ____ is deleted, however, ________ should be ____ in its place. When THAT is ________ and is not used, it is always _________ to insert a comma in its place.

THAT, no comma, used, optional, incorrect

The pronouns ____ and ____, along with their ______ forms, _____ and _____, should be _________ by a ____

THIS, THAT, plural, THESE, THOSE, followed, noun

CH8

TRANSITIONS

The _____ of a verb indicates when an action occurred.

Tense

The SAT, however, may also ____ your _______ to _________ and ________/______ parallel structure when more than one _______ is involved.

Test, ability, recognize, preserve, create, sentence

More/ER-...____, ____ than

Than, less

Use ____ not ___, to form a __________.

Than, then, comparison

Alternately, ______ may be ___________ used to refer to a ______ noun.

That of, incorrectly, plural

____ does not follow a _____ and sets off an ________ clause

That, comma, essential

____, what, or _______ as a _______ = Singular. All of these words can be used as ________, although that ___________ might strike you as very odd. ____ = the fact that; _______/_____ = the question of whether/what

That, whether, subject, subjects, construction, THAT, WHETHER/WHAT

_____ is used to mean "_________," no _____ should be ____

Which, which one(s), comma, used

Pronoun + "of _____" or "of ____" = ________

Which, whom, fragment

People: ___, ____

Who, whom

Use ___ or ____, not _____, when referring to people.

Who, whom, which

When _________ and _____ are paired with two _____, the ____ must agree with the noun ______ the ____.

(N)either, (n)or, nouns, verb, before, verb

Adjectives modify _______ and other __________

(Pro)nouns, adjectives

If you see an -___ word underlined, ____ in the __ form and vice versa.

-ING, plug, to

Questions that ask you to ___, ______, or ______ information make up the largest component of the Writing and Language Test.

Add, delete, revise

A participial phrase ______ with a participle and can be in either the _______ or the _____.

Begins, present, past

Answer choices that contain ______ (gerund of ____), are usually ______.

Being, to be, wrong

_____ themselves must also _____ in ______: singular ________ must be paired with singular _____, and ______ subjects must be paired with ______ nouns.

Nouns, agree, number, subjects, nouns, plural, plural

_____ can also be replaced by ________

Nouns, pronouns

The ______ of a verb indicates whether it is ________ or ______

Number, Singular, Plural

While both ___ and ___ can be used to talk about people in general, the two ________ cannot be _____ and ________ within a _______ or ________ but must remain _________ throughout. In addition, they should not be matched with any other _______.

ONE, YOU, pronouns, mixed, matched, sentence, paragraph, consistent, pronoun

Pronoun (_______) = ________

Of them, sentence

If you think it sounds ____ upon a _____ reading, you're more likely to want to ____ with it-even if it ______ really make _____.

Okay, first, stick, doesn't sense

As a rule, only ___ transition should be used to ________ the _________ between two ______. The _______ of two transitions is both _______ and grammatically ___________. (_____ transitions = Always _____)

One, indicate, relationship, clauses, inclusion, redundant, unacceptable (Double, wrong)

Make sure not the forget the ________ version when considering ______.

Original, length

That is - In _____ words; introduces a _________ or ___________, and often _______ a ____.

Other, definition, explanation, follows, dash

Is there an "_______" point with a value very different from the other values?

Outlier

CH17

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

CH14

PRONOUN AND NOUN AGREEMENT

When the construction ______ + _______ is used, a ____ can be placed _____ whom. The use of whom is determined by the preposition __, not by the ____.

PRONOUN, OF WHOM, verb, after, OF, verb

When some, more, most, and all are ______ with of + singular _______, they take ________ verbs.

Paired, (pro)noun, singular

Parallel structure (or ___________) is the _________ of a particular ___________ construction within a _______ or ________. It is used to indicate that multiple _____ have equal ______ of _________. In addition, the ___ of parallel constructions makes writing _______ and ______ for readers to ______.

Parallelism, repetition, grammatical, sentence, paragraph, ideas, levels, importance, use, clearer, easier, follow

In a ________ construction, the ________ and the ______ are flipped. _ does _ (active) becomes _ is done by _ (passive). Note that the construction BY combined with a form of TO BE often signals the _______ voice.

Passive, subject, object, x, y, y, x, passive

It would have been =

Past conditional

It had been =

Past perfect

Create a _____. Dashes can be used for _________ purposes: to deliberately _________ a statement or to create a _____________ or sense of ________.

Pause, stylistic, interrupt, dramatic pause, suspense

Nouns indicate ______, ______, _______, and _____, and can always be preceded by __ or ___.

People, places, objects, ideas, a(n), the

Questions involving the present _______ are more likely to _______ only on the ________ in which they ______.

Perfect, depend, sentences, appear

These transitions should follow a _____ or _________ when they are used to _____ a sentence or _____.

Period, semicolon, begin, clause

Because a ______, a _________, and a comma + a FANBOYS conjunction are grammatically _________, you will never be asked to ______ among them. When more than ___ of these _____________ appear as answers, you can _________ all of them because no ________ can have ____ than ___ right ______.

Period, semicolon, identical, never, choose, one, constructions, eliminate, question, more, one, answer

For the most part, _______ and __________ are grammatically _________: the first letter after a ______ is ___________, while the first letter after a _________ is _____ case.

Periods, semicolons, identical, period, capitalized, semicolon, lower

Singular: A ______, _______ Plural: He/___, him/___, his/___, they, ____, _____

Person, people, she, her, her, them, their

_____ is the possessive of both ___ and _____. Although it looks like ___, it can refer to ______ or ______.

Whose, who, which, who, people, things

Some ___/______/______ questions will ask you to identify the information that best ______ or _________ a given passage.

Add/Delete/Revise, begins, concludes

To reiterate: ___________ information will virtually always be presented at the _________ of the passage. Reading the _____ can also help focus you.

Big picture, beginning, title

CH7

COMBINING & SEPARATING SENTENCES

In most cases, however, "_______ synonyms" will only allow you to _________ two options. The remaining ______ you will need to _______ more closely.

Playing, eliminate, answers, consider

Note: when both the to and the -ing form are __________, you will ___ be asked to ______ between them

Acceptable, not, choose

Verbs indicate _______ or _______________

Actions, States of being

When you do not know the ______ to a question immediately and are unsure of how to figure it out, you should start by checking the _______________ and work back to the ________ one in order of ______.

Answer, shortest answer, longest, length

Watch out for ______ that do ___ place a preposition ______ which.

Answers, not, before

When a name or title ______ in the ______ of a _______ (that is, not as the _____ or ____ words), there are generally only __________ options: 1) __________, one ______ and one _____ the name or title; 2) _________ at all. (Occasionally, a single comma may be required after the name or title for reasons discussed later in this chapter)

Appears, middle, sentence, first, last, two correct, two commas, before, after, no commas

As...__ is used to indicate that two ______ or ______ are _____

As, people, things, equal

You can a______ that any ______ in which one of these _______ appears _____ will be _________.

Assume, answer, pronouns, alone, incorrect

______ faulty comparisons can also be _____ either with _____ or with the phrase ________

Plural, fixed, nouns, those of

_______ are _________ in appearance to _______ participles: they are created by ______ -ing to verbs. Whereas participles act as __________, gerunds act as _____.

Gerunds, identical, present, adding, modifiers, nouns

Infographics that are not in traditional _________ form. Any non-standard graph that appears will be relatively _______________ and _______________. Keep in mind that all the information you need is _____________________.

Bar-graph, straightforward, self-explanatory, right in front of you

Commas should NOT be used ______ or _____ prepositions.

Before, after

Commas should NOT be used ______ or ______ "____" words. "Self" words (formally known as ________ pronouns)

Before, around, self, emphatic

The information ______ a _____ must be a _______that is able to stand _____ as a ________ thought, but the information _____ a colon can be either a _________ or a _______.

Before, colon, sentence, alone, complete, after, sentence, fragment

______ a ____ or ___________: ____ = Colon. A ____ can also be used in place of a _____.

Before, list, explanation, dash, dash, colon

Clauses _________ with ____ are always ________ to the meaning of a sentence and should _________________________ (or any other form of __________, for that matter). The use of a comma ______ or _____ THAT is virtually always _________.

Beginning, THAT, essential, not be set off by commas, punctuation, before, after, incorrect

Clauses _________ with ___ can be either non-essential (_________) or essential (_________). Both versions are grammatically __________, but they have somewhat ________ meanings.

Beginning, who, two comma, no comma, acceptable, different

A non-essential clause that ______ with a ____ is known as an__________.

Begins, noun, appositive

The presence of __________________ at the _________ of sentences signals that a ________________ sentence order will appear, and the presence of bracketed numbers at the ___ of ______________ signals that a question testing paragraph order will ______.

Bracketed numbers, beginning, question testing, top, each paragraph, appear

Whereby means "_________" or "___________ which." It is typically used to introduce a description of _______, _______, or _________.

By which, according to, systems, methods, processes

_______ (-ing words) take _______________ when they act as ________

Gerunds, singular verbs, subjects

CH11

COLONS AND DASHES

It is also possible that you will encounter other types of ______ that can be either ________ or ____________. When this is the case, you may have to think very carefully about whether ______ are ________. Such questions are _______ to appear often, but you should be prepared for the possibility of encountering them.

Clauses, essential, non-essential, commas, required, unlikely

Concise=

Clear and to the point

Unless there is a _____ reason for the _____ to ______, a ____ should be _______ to the _____ verbs in ________ or _________. As a result, you will often need to ____ the s___________ sentences in order to obtain enough ___________ to _____ tense questions.

Clear, tense, change, verb, parallel, other, sentence, paragraph, read, surrounding, information, answer

If you don't pay ________________ to the _______ of the questions, you can easily assume that things are ____ when they're actually not. To avoid this trap, you should focus on the _______________ and their fit with the ________ indicated in the question, not on the _____________________ in the passage.

Close attention, wording, fine, answer choices, emphasis, contextual information

__________ nouns are ________ nouns that refer to ______ of _______

Collective, singular, groups, people

______ should be used in ___ situations: 1) _____ a ____. 2) Before an ___________

Colons, two, before, list, explanation

When a _____ alone is used to ________ two ____________ clauses, the ______ is known as a comma ______. Comma splices are always _________.

Comma, separate, independent, result, splice, incorrect

The most important thing to know is that either two _______, two ______ or two __________ should be used-you __________ and _____.

Commas, dashes, parentheses, cannot mix, match

Another way to think of this rule is as follows: 1) ______ around a name or title imply that it is the ____ person or _____ 2) _________ around a name or title imply that it is ____________ people or things.

Commas, only, thing, no commas, one of many

______ should be used to _______ items in a ____. In any list of _____ or more items, each item must be followed by a comma. The comma before ___ is ________.

Commas, separate, list, three, AND, optional

A non-essential clause cannot stand alone as a ________ sentence. As a ________, know that a _________ (not a question) beginning with a "_______" such as which who(se), or where is not a complete _________.

Complete, shortcut, statement, w-word, sentence

Commas should NOT be used between _______ items

Compound

___________: As a general rule, _____, _____ constructions are preferable to ____, ______ ones.

Conciseness, short, clear, long, wordy

It would be =

Conditional

You should make sure to know all of the ___________ (third person) forms of the verb _____.

Conjugated, to be

When a FANBOYS __________ is used _______ a _____ to join two _________, the result is a ______ sentence.

Conjunction, without, comma, sentences, run-on

___________________: Adverbs that serve as transitional words. Ex: However, therefore, thus, hence, moreover, indeed, furthermore, subsequently.

Conjunctive Adverbs

__________ indicate that two sentences are expressing ________ ideas.

Continuers, similar

____________ indicate that two sentences are expressing _________ ideas.

Contradictors, different

Any choices that clearly ____________ the general _____ of the graph can be immediately __________.

Contradicts, trend, eliminated

Sentences can be ____, and you can easily _______ information at the ________ of a sentence when the _________ information appears several lines down.

Long, overlook, beginning, underlined

_______ answers to _____ questions are primarily ______ on _______.

Correct, tense, based, context

Once you have _______ out the transition, ______ both sentences or _____ of the sentence. Then, determine whether the parts _____ and ____ the transition express _______ or ________ ideas.

Crossed, reread, parts, before, after, similar, different

____________ non-essential clauses can also help you identify ________.

Crossing out, fragments

Verb + "-ing" = _______ (____)

Gerund (Noun)

Are changes steady from ______ to _____, or is there a big jump somewhere? If so, where?

Point, point

CH18

DANGLING AND MISPLACED MODIFIERS

CH5

DICTION, IDIOMS, AND REGISTER

Non-essential cause: 2 ______ = 2 ______

Dashes, commas

As discussed earlier, two ______ are exactly __________ to two ______. If one ____ appears, so must the other. Another __________ mark such as a comma ______ be used in place of it.

Dashes, equivalent, commas, dash, punctuation, cannot

______ have _____ major uses: 1) ___ off a non-essential ______ 2) Introduce a ____ or ___________ 3) ______ a __________ pause

Dashes, three, set, clause, list, explanation, create, deliberate

Unfortunately, to vs. -ing questions must be answered by ___. There is _______ and ________ to indicate which form should be used in a __________ situation.

Ear, no rule, no trick, particular

______- Noun meaning "________;" follows ___ or __, and is often followed by __

Effect, an impact, the, an, on

There are _____ parts of speech in the English language _____ of which are directly relevant to the SAT

Eight, Seven

(N)______...(_)or

Either, n

_________ answers solely by using the _______, or _______ of each transition.

Eliminate, purpose, function

Present Progressive: This tense is used to _________ that an ______ is happening _____ at the _______. It can be considered _______ to a ____ in the simple (no -ing) ______.

Emphasize, action, right, moment, parallel, verb, present

As soon as you _________ a transition question, pick up your ______ and __________ cross out the transition in the _______ sentence

Encounter, pencil, physically, original

When a question asks you to take the ______________ into account, you do not need to spend time rereading the ______________. Instead focus on a couple of key places: 1) the _________ of the passage 2) the ___________ sentences among which the sentence in question must fit logically.

Entire passage, entire passage, beginning, surrounding

Although modification ______ are of course presented in the ______ of ________, they involve only the _________ in which they ______; it is not _________ to consider the ___________ information

Errors, context, passages, sentences, appear, not necessary, surrounding

Subject-verb agreement ______ can be very __________ to ____.

Errors, difficult, hear

As a result, there is ___________ no way to study for these types of questions other than to ____. English contains far too many ______ to ________, and there is no way to _______ which ones will appear on any given ____.

Essentially, read, idioms, memorize, predict, test

____ so, Nevertheless, _____ } _______ this, however

Even, still, despite

The only _________ involves ________ words and phrases (e.g., however, ________, in fact), which must be __________ by commas when they are used ______________.

Exception, transition, therefore, surrounded, non-essentially

You should be suspicious of this type of phrasing because graphs will often reveal __________ to general trends. Always be careful of _______ language,

Exceptions, extreme

In ____, Indeed } Used to _________ a _________ statement

Fact, emphasize, preceding

_____ and ____ refer to things that are ____________ - things that can be ______. They are followed by ______ nouns.

Fewer, many, quantifiable, counted, plural

Simple Past: Describes a _______ action in the ____. _____ and ___________ are usually ________ that the simple past is ________.

Finished, past, dates, time periods, tip-offs, required

Past Perfect: When a sentence refers to two ________ actions, the past ______ is used to ________ only the action that happened _____. Important: The phrase ___________ is a tip-off that the past perfect is required.

Finished, perfect, describe, first, BY THE TIME

Important: When _______ dangling modifiers, _____ on __________ who or what the introductory phrase ______ to - that is, the _______. The correct answer must place the subject right _____ the introductory _______.

Fixing, focus, identifying, refers, subject, after, material

The _____ of the sentence merely ______ depending on whether the commas are used. When a sentence that can be written either ____ or ______ commas is tested in the ______ of a paragraph, however, only ___ version will be _______.

Focus, shifts, commas, with, without, context, one, correct

There are ____ ways to __________ two complete _________ (independent clauses) from one another: ______, _________, _____ + Coordinating (_______) ___________, _________ + Conjunctive ______ + comma

Four, separate, sentences, period, semicolon, Comma, (FANBOYS), conjunctions, semicolon, adverb

It will be =

Future

It will have been =

Future perfect

When a comma is ____________ necessary for other reasons, however, it is __________ to place one after a _______________.

Grammatically, acceptable, close-parentheses

"_____" _________ such as some, several, few, many, and others. These pronouns can be used to begin _______ in ___ different ways, one of which creates an ___________ clause and the other of which creates a __________ clause.

Group, pronouns, clauses, two, independent, dependent

PARTS OF SPEECH & CH 1

HIGHLIGHT NOTES

The past form of ____ is always ___

Have, Had

The SAT also tests your ability to distinguish between __________-words that are spelled ___________ and that have _________ meanings, but that are pronounced so ________ (or __________) in everyday speech that they are frequently ________ in writing.

Homophones, differently, different, similarly, identically, confused

Conjugations of to be, present (Singular):

I am, You are, It, (s)he, One is

Conjugations of to have, present (Singular):

I have, You have, It, (s)he, one has

Conjugations of to be, past (Singular):

I was, You were, It, (s)he, one was

CH3

INFOGRAPHICS

It is also possible that you will be asked to _______________ in a passage a particular ________ should be _____.

Identify where, sentence, added

You could also be asked to ________ the point at which a paragraph should be _______ into ___. These questions essentially test your ability to recognize _____________ in topic occurs.

Identify, divided, two, where a shift

They are actually testing your ability to ________ the _________ between two _________: the sentence that contains the __________ transition and the ________ sentence.

Identify, relationship, sentences, underlined, previous

English contains many fixed phrases, known as ______. Idioms are not ________ or __________ for any logical reason; they simply reflect the fact that certain _______ have evolved to become _________ usage.

Idioms, correct, incorrect, phrases, standard

It is _________ that you pick up your ______ and __________ draw a _____ through the ____________________.

Important, pencil, physically, line, non-essential clause

The most _________ thing to ________ about the ________ vs. ______ forms of a verb is as follows: _______ verbs end in -s (e.g., it makes) _______ verbs do not end in -s (e.g., they make)

Important, remember, singular, plural, singular, plural

__________ answers to questions testing these types of graphs are likely to play on the confusion between the lines

Incorrect

_________ answers to register questions will be either too ______ (although often not nearly as casual as in the examples above) or, less often, excessively ______. _______ answers will be somewhere in the ______.

Incorrect, casual, formal, correct, middle

When an __________ pronoun is followed by of _____ or of ____, it creates a _________ clause, which by definition cannot stand _____ as a full ________.

Indefinite, which, whom, dependent, alone, sentence

If, however, an ___________ clause is placed _____ the _________ clause, the whole sentence can _________ begin with a _____________ conjunction.

Independent, after, dependent, correctly, subordinating

1) ____ at the _______ choices 2) ________ the _______, and determine whether it is ________ or _______. 3) Find the ____ that ______ with the _______

Look, answer, Identify, subject, singular, plural, verb, agrees, subject

"To" + verb = __________ (____)

Infinitive (verb)

Some questions may also ask you to ______ or __________________ to make it consistent with a particular ________ or ________.

Insert, change information, emphasis, example

Commas should be used after ____________ words and _______

Introductory, phrases

Because they are __________, their conjugated forms are different from their infinitives.

Irregular

Singular: __, ___ Plural: ____/____, _____

It, its, they, them, their

Another type of parallel structure question involves only two items ______ by a _________ (___, or, ___). Although these questions are fairly ______________, you must take the ______ sentence into account because the answer is likely to depend on ___________ in the ______________ portion of the _______.

Joined, conjunction, and, but, straightforward, entire, information, non-underlined sentence

For "conclusion" questions, you can also focus on the ______________, particularly the ______________ sentence. Even though these questions ask about the big picture, the ___________________ must still follow logically from the sentence before it.

Last paragraph, second to last, concluding sentence

____ and ____ refer to things that are ___ ____________ - things that ______ be _______. They are followed by ________ nouns.

Less, much, not quantifiable, cannot, counted, singular

In any given ____ of _____ or more items, each item should appear in the same ______: noun, ____, and noun; ______, gerund, and gerund; verb, verb, and ____.

List, three, format, noun, gerund, verb

Meanwhile - ________, at the ________, often used to mean _______ and ______ a _______

Literally, same time, however, signal, contrast

Sometimes non-essential clauses can be very ____. In such cases, you must make sure to look all the way back to the _________ of the ________ in order to _______ the beginning of the ____________ clause.

Long, beginning sentence, identify, non-essential

Other "_________" questions will be presented in a less ______ manner. In fact, they may involve sentences that appear in the middle of a paragraph. In such cases, you will be asked to identify the answer that "_______" or "_____________" the information/examples that follow. Although these questions may not include the phrase main idea, the correct answer must be consistent with the primary idea or claim conveyed by the information that comes after.

Main idea, direct, sets up, transitions to

The vast _______ of SAT _______ agreement questions test ______.

Majority, pronoun, things

If the sentence ___________, the word or phrase is being used ______________, and __________ must be used. If the sentence does not make sense or a ____________ is created, a _________ or ______ is required.

Makes sense, non-essentially, two commas, comma splice, semicolon, period

_________ modifiers can occur ________ in a ________.

Misplaced, anywhere, sentence

_________ should be placed as _____ as ________ to the _____, _______, or _______ they modify.

Modifiers, close, possible, nouns, pronouns, phrases

Furthermore, ________ } In ________

Moreover, addition

When ________ answers are grammatically ___________ and ______ the same information, the ________ one will typically be ________.

Multiple, acceptable, convey, shortest, correct

CH9

NON-ESSENTIAL & ESSENTIAL CLAUSES

_____ and ______ can be either ________ or ___________. While you may have learned that a comma should _______ be placed ______ a name or title, that is not the whole story. Commas should ________ be placed ______ - and _____ - names and titles. Other times, ________ at all should be used. It all _______ on the _______.

Names, titles, essential, non-essential, always, before, sometimes, before, after, no commas, depends, context

_____________ clauses describe _____ (usually the subject). They often begin with "_________" such as ___ and _____ and they are usually followed by a ____.

Non-essential, nouns, w-words, who, which, verb

These clauses or words are called "_____________" because when they are _______, the sentence still makes grammatical sense.

Non-essential, removed

Note that in some cases, you must look at the ______________ portion in order to identify the ___________.

Non-underlined, redundancy

In this structure, the _______ word _____ (or ______) of a sentence is ________ so that the ____ is ______ before the ________

Normal, order, syntax, reversed, verb, placed, subject

Not only...but (also): Saying that something is ________ x ___ (____) y means that it is x __________ y

Not only, but, also, as well as

When (n)either is _________ with (n)or and is used with two ________ nouns, a singular ____ should also be used. In this usage, neither is short for ____________, and one is ________ by definition.

Not paired, singular, verb, neither one, singular

Likewise, a FANBOYS conjunction should ___ be used _____ a ______ or a _________.

Not, after, period, semicolon

A singular ____ can also be replaced with the phrase ________

Noun, that of

Pronouns replace ____

Nouns

It is =

Present

It has been =

Present perfect

There are two _______ things to know about ___ and ____ for the SAT: ___is used ______ a ____. ____ is used _____ a ___________

Primary, who, whom, who, before, verb, after, preposition

A _______ must _____ with the ____ to which it refers i.e., its __________ or ________. _________ pronouns (e.g., she, it) must agree with _________ nouns, and ______ pronouns (e.g., they) must agree with ______ nouns.

Pronoun, agree, noun, antecedent, referent, singular, singular, plural, plural

When a _______ refers to a ____ that is _______ or _______, it is _________ to add the ________ person, place, or thing in order to _______ the _________.

Pronoun, noun, missing, unclear, necessary, specific, remove, ambiguity

A _______ must _____ to a word that actually _______.

Pronoun, refer, appears

In this usage, the _______ simply acts as a _______ and is used to _______ a ____. It is often followed by the phrase _______, but it can be used by ______ as well.

Pronoun, subject, replace, noun, of them, itself

However, when these ________ appear _____ or are ______ with of + plural (pro)noun, they take ______ verbs.

Pronouns, alone, paired, plural

This might look like a question about __________, but don't be _______! All of the punctuation is __________, which is _________ the ____ for transition questions. Instead, ____ on the ____________ created by the ________ types of transition.

Punctuation, fooled, acceptable, generally, case, focus, relationships, different

Conjugate (Definition):

Put word in the appropriate tense

_________ testing these words may also test other ________ simultaneously, but the correct answer will largely depend on your _______ to ________ the correct version of the _________ pair.

Questions, concepts, ability, identify, homophone

CH19

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

But wait, there's a twist! This is the _____________ to the "_________ or _________" rule. A comma is required to ________ the __________ first clause from the ________ second clause. Without the _____, we just get a big ______.

Rare exception, two commas, no commas, separate, independent, dependent, comma, jumble

You can simply ____ through the paragraph on your own and ________ where it would make the most sense for a _____ to occur.

Read, identify, break

Whether a _________ is or is not a ________ has absolutely nothing to do with its _______.

Statement, sentence, meaning

In this _________, a non-essential clause is simply ________ between the _______ and the ____ to ________ from the fact that the _______ is _________ and the ____ is ______ or vice versa.

Structure, inserted, subject, verb, distract, subject, singular, verb, plural

You can't consistently _________ when a given _________ is and is not a ________, you won't know what sort of ___________ to use when __________ it from other statements.

Recognize, statement, sentence, punctuation, separating

On the SAT, you must also be able to _________ when __________ do and do not create logical ___________ between two _________ or, less frequently, between ___ parts of a sentence. Usually, these questions contain ____ grammatically __________ answers; the focus is on testing your ability to ________ the most ______ option in _______.

Recognize, transitions, connections, sentences, two, four, acceptable, identify, logical, context

________ refers to how ______ or ________ a writer's language is. Most SAT passages are written in a _______________, moderately _______ tone and are ________ to contain extremely ______ or ______ language.

Register, formal, informal, straightforward, serious, unlikely, formal, casual

________________: Non-essential clauses frequently begin with _______.

Relative pronouns, w-words

________ that ______ is _________. While all ____ of the answers to a given question may be grammatically ______ and make sense out of ______, only ___ will make the sentence _______ to the ___________ sentences.

Remember, context, important, four, correct, sense, context, one, parallel, surrounding

You do not need to ______ the ______ passage to determine whether the existing _________ of a paragraph is ________. Rather, a few key places will usually give you all the necessary information.

Reread, entire, placement, correct

______ the paragraph in question, paying particular attention to the _____________ sentence. Read the _____________ of the previous paragraph. ____ through each paragraph, looking for a ______ of that topic.

Reread, first (topic), last sentence, skim, mention

You could also be asked to _____ part of a _______ so that it corresponds ________ to a ________.

Revise, sentence, logically, transition

Could, should, would, might HAVE = _____

Right

SupposeD to, useD to = _____

Right

Answers to infographic questions will always be ____________________.

Right in front of you

Sometimes, the _____ answer won't _____ particularly ____. Your job is to _____ that and choose the _______ that fits ____ in context.

Right, sound, good, ignore, meaning, best

As a general ____, either ______, or __________ should be used. Because these two types of punctuation ______ non-essential ___________, it is _________ to use both.

Rule, commas, parentheses, signal, information, redundant

CH2

SENTENCE AND PARAGRAPH ORDER

CH6

SENTENCES AND FRAGMENTS

Register questions are difficult to _____ for because they require you to be _________ with _________ conventions and to distinguish between ________, ___________ formal, and __________ formal writing.

Study, familiar, linguistic, informal, moderately, extremely

When the _______ is the same in both _______ and is not ________ in the ______ clause, do ___ use a _____.

Subject, clauses, repeated, second, not, comma

Commas should NOT be used between ________ and _____

Subjects, verbs

"____" words, e.g., himself, itself, and themselves, can _________ be used to _________ either ______ or ______. Just make sure that they _____ with the ____ they are __________ to emphasize.

Self, correctly, emphasize, people, things, agree, noun, intended

Very Important: __________ = ______ = Comma + FANBOYS

Semicolon, period

A sentence still makes _____ when a clause is ___________, two ______ must be ______ around that ______.

Sense, crossed out, commas, placed, clause

Because it can stand on its own as a ________, it can also be called an __________________.

Sentence, independent clause

There are _____ coordinating conjunctions, collectively known by the acronym _______. ___, ___, ___, ___, __, ___, __.

Seven, FANBOYS, For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

What is the _____ of the graph? Does the curve go up, down or both?

Shape

Likewise - _________, In the ____ way

Similarly, same

It was =

Simple past

Note that third-person ________ verbs end in -s whereas third-person ______ verbs do not end in -s

Singular, Plural

To reiterate: When you encounter a set of answer choices that includes both ________ and ______ pronouns, you should always take a moment to figure out which ____ the _______ refers to.

Singular, plural, noun, pronoun

More _________ is always ______.

Specific, better

Comma ______: ______/always _________. Takes place when a _____ separates two ___________ clauses.

Splice, wrong, incorrect, comma, independent

When questions involve comma _______, however, answers that _______ -ing (participles) are considerably more ______ to be _______ because they create _________ clauses and _______ commas from _________ two full ________.

Splices, contain, likely, correct, dependent, prevent, separating, sentences

On the SAT, many-if not most-comma _______ involve ______ clauses that _____ with _______.

Splices, second, begin, pronouns

"_______" form-that is, a single bar may convey information about more than one ______.

Stacked, entity

According, Consequently } ________, as a ______

Therefore, result

Add/Delete/Revise questions can be phrased in a variety of ways, but ________________________________________: whether informations is ________ or __________ to the main topic of a paragraph or passage.

They all test essentially the same thing, relevant, irrelevant

People & ______: _____, ____

Things, whose, that

________ may also be ___________ used to refer to a singular ____

Those of, incorrectly, noun

Prepositions are ____ and ________ words. They indicate where things and people are, where they're going, and when events happened.

Time, Location

1) ____ 2) _____ 3) ______ 4) ______ 5) _____________

Title, scope, x-axis, y-axis, overall trend

_____ and _______ are the most common English verbs

To be, To have

On the SAT the __ form of a verb (infinitive) and the -___ form (gerund or participle) are sometimes ________ with one another

To, -ing, switched

The ____ form of a verb is known as the __________

To, Infinitive

"______________" and "__________" questions test your ability to determine ___________ from _______________ and pieces of ________. "___________________" questions do the opposite- that is, they test your ability to determine what type of information or examples support a _________.

Topic sentence, conclusion, main points, supporting ideas, evidence, supporting evidence, main idea

Don't be fooled if a question asks about a "___________", which implies a relationship to the information that comes both ______ and _____. Unless you are specifically directed to look at the ______________________, these questions are really asking which choice is most ________ to the information that _______. It doesn't matter whether an option makes sense on its own, or even in context of what comes before. What counts is what comes _____.

Transition, before, after, preceding information, relevant, follows, after

The ________ may appear _______ two ______ in the ______ of a ________.

Transition, between, commas, middle, sentence

_________ questions are one of the most ______ question types, with each test containing ____ or ____ such items-around ___ of the test.

Transition, common, four, five, 10%

Still other ________ questions will give you two ________ sentences and ask you to _______ the best way to _______ them.

Transition, complete, identify, combine

Occasionally, you may also be asked to work with a ________ that is genuinely _______ to _______ two parts of the ____ sentence. These transitions will follow only ________.

Transition, intended, connect, same, one comma

It is also possible that no ________ will be ________. The ________ of an answer choice _______ a transition, or ____ a ______ option, suggests that a transition may ___ be _________. Such choices _________ transition questions only ______, but if you do encounter one, you should make sure to _____ it _____.

Transition, required, presence, without, with, delete, not, necessary, accompany, rarely, check, first

Certain ___________ (formally known as ___________ adverbs) are considered "______" enough to begin a sentence. The ones on which you are most likely to be ______ include _______, therefore, ____, consequently, _________, and nevertheless.

Transitions, conjunctive, strong, tested, however, thus, moreover

The need for __________ vs. a _________ is determined solely by ______. If you are ______ which type of __________ should be used, _______ the word or phrase in question and read the sentence _______ it.

Two commas, semicolon, context, unsure, punctuation, cross out, without

To reiterate, the ___ most common _______ conjunctions are ___ & ___.

Two, FANBOYS, and, but

When ___ things are ________, they ____ be the ____ type of _____.

Two, compared, must, same, thing

There are ___ main types of ___________: those that indicate __________, and those that indicate __________.

Two, comparisons, similarity, difference

There are ___ main types of ____________: 1) ____________ conjunctions join two ___________ clauses. 2) _____________ conjunctions join an ___________ clause and a _________ clause.

Two, conjunctions, coordinating, independent, subordinating, independent, dependent

There are essentially ___ types of infographic questions: _____________ questions, which ask you about a _______________ of the graph; and ___________ questions, which ask you to identify an ______________.

Two, detail-based, specific aspect, big-picture, overall trend

There are ___ major types of ____________ errors: _________ modifiers, _________ modifiers

Two, modification, dangling, misplaced

Every sentence must contain ___ things: 1) A _______ 2) A _________ verb that corresponds to the _______.

Two, subject, conjugated, subject

Very important: No matter where the __________ portion of a _________ starts, make sure to _______ and read from the _________ all the way through to the ______. Otherwise, you might not notice that there are ___ sentences rather than ___.

Underlined, sentence, back up, beginning, period, two, one

CH15

VERBS: AGREEMENT AND TENSE

Every ____ has two ___________: 1) _______ participle. The present participle is formed by _________ to the ____. 2) ____ participle. The past participle is usually formed by adding ___ or __ to the ____

Verb, participles, present, adding -ing, verb, past, -ed, -n, verb

Adverbs modify _____, __________, other _______, and _______/_______. Many common adverbs end in -ly

Verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases/clauses

Non-essential clauses often begin with "________" such as _____ and ___, but they can also begin with ____ (appositives) or __________ (-ing, -ed).

W-words, which, who, nouns, participles

CH16

WORD PAIRS AND COMPARISONS

Conjugations of to be, present (Plural):

We are, You (pl.) are, They are

Conjugations of to have, present (Plural):

We have, You (pl.) have, They have

Conjugations of to be, past (Plural):

We were, You (pl.) were, They were

____ refers to _____ and ______ only.

When, times, events

_____ refers to ______ (_________ locations) only.

Where, places, physical

Preposition + which can be used in place of _____ or ____. Although this construction may sound odd to you, it is perfectly acceptable.

Where, when

Things: _____

Which

_____ follows a _____ and sets off a ___________ clause.

Which, comma, non-essential

Many of the transition _____ and ______ that are used to _____ clauses can also be used ______________ within clauses. Some common examples include ________, therefore, _______, indeed, ___________, and moreover.

Words, phrases, begin, non-essentially, however, in fact, for example

Conjunctions indicate relationships between _____, _______, and _______.

Words, phrases, clauses

Non-essential elements (_____, _______, and ______) can be ______ from a sentence _______ affecting its essential ______ or grammatical ________.

Words, phrases, clauses, removed, without, meaning, structure

Opposite of concise=

Wordy

Would Have vs. Will Have: _____ have is used to describe an action that _________ happened, but that did not actually occur. ____ have is used to describe a ______ action that will be finished ______ a ______ action occurs.

Would, could have, will, future, before, second

Would vs. Will: _____ is used to describe ____________ situations: ones that could _____ but have not ________ occurred. Would + ____ can also refer to a _______________ in the ____.

Would, hypothetical, occur, actually, verb, recurring action, past

Could, should, would, might OF = _____

Wrong

Suppose to, use to = _____

Wrong

You = ___ One = ___

You, one

Unless you happen to remember the passage __________________, plugging the sentence into each spot listed in the answer choices and working by process of __________ is usually the most __________ way to answer these questions.

exceptionally well, elimination, effective

The SAT contains ___ types of ____ questions: 1) _______ verb _________ 2) Verb _____.

two, verb, subject, agreement, tense