psc 135

One finding demonstrated by the Posner spatial cueing task is that: (A) the focus of attention can be moved separately from eye fixation. (B) valid cues cause a speeding in reaction time to detect targets. (C) invalid cues cause a slowing of reaction time to detect targets. (D) neutral cues produce slower reaction times to targets than valid cues but faster than invalid cues. (E) All of the above (F) None of the above

(A) the focus of attention can be moved separately from eye fixation. (B) valid cues cause a speeding in reaction time to detect targets. (C) invalid cues cause a slowing of reaction time to detect targets. (D) neutral cues produce slower reaction times to targets than valid cues but faster than invalid cues.

The best tool for studying the location(s) of brain activity is _________.

.fMRI (functional MRI)

The lesion analysis method used in studies of human brain function primarily involves:

.testing patients with brain damage to identify cognitive brain mechanisms

EEG recordings reflect _______.

.the activity of large populations of neurons

Cognitive neuroscience is best described as studies of:

.the biological bases of higher mental function.

All of the following are advantages of a folded cerebral cortex EXCEPT: a. the need for blood vasculature in the cortex is eliminated. b. neural conduction time between regions is reduced. c. neurons are brought into closer three-dimensional relationships. d. more cortical surface can be packed into the skull.

.the need for blood vasculature in the cortex is eliminated.

Phrenologists of the nineteenth century believed that bumps on the skull could indicate the psychological makeup of individuals because: A) It was believed that function was localized in the brain B) It was held that increases in a given function produced increased brain size and hence a bump in the skull C) Careful correlation of site of brain lesions from stroke with behavioral outcome had demonstrated the validity of phrenology. D) Both A and B

A) It was believed that function was localized in the brain B) It was held that increases in a given function produced increased brain size and hence a bump in the skull

Localization of mental functions is an old idea that gained support from: A) Paul Broca's studies of patients with language disorders. B) Karl Wernicke's studies of patients with language disorders. C) Ramon y Cajal's theory of dynamic polarization in neuronal coding D) Karl Lashly's studies of spatial learning in rats. E) Both A and B.

A) Paul Broca's studies of patients with language disorders. B) Karl Wernicke's studies of patients with language disorders.

Sensory and motor processing tends to be more localized in the brain than does higher level cognitive processing because: (A) Cognitive processes often involve activity in distributed cortical/brain networks (B) Sensory/motor processes require local neuronal interactions (C) Evolutionary constraints on head size require that sensory/motor processes be closely packed in the cortex. (D) None of the above (E) All of the above

Cognitive processes often involve activity in distributed cortical/brain networks

Which best summarizes the current general results of studies of visual attention? A) It has been found that directing attention to a visual stimulus causes an overall increase in the activity of visual cortical cells throughout the brain. B) Directing attention to a visual stimulus can cause an increase in the activity of visual cortical cells, and these effects are most robust for extrastriate visual regions. C) Attending to a visual stimulus can lead to an increase in the activity of visual cortical cells, but this has only been reliably demonstrated for neurons in the striate cortex. D) Focusing attention on a visual stimulus can cause an increase in the activity of visual cortical cells, but this has only been reliably demonstrated for cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Directing attention to a visual stimulus can cause an increase in the activity of visual cortical cells, and these effects are most robust for extrastriate visual regions.

The best tool for studying the timing of brain activity is _________.

EEG (electroencephalography) or MEG (magnetoencephalography)

All of the following describe differences between early-selection and late-selection models of attention EXCEPT: A) Early selection models argue that selection occurs prior to semantic analysis of stimuli. B) Early selection models argue that capacity is unlimited. C) Late selection models argue that perceptual processing is automatic. D) Late selection models argue that a stimulus may be categorized or even identified prior to selection.

Early selection models argue that capacity is unlimited.

All of the following terms refer to the same cortical region that processes visual input EXCEPT: a. striate cortex. b. area V1. c. Heschl's gyrus. d.Brodmann's area 17. e. None of the above

Heschl's gyrus.

_________ is the process of acquiring new information, while ___________ is the trace that results from this process and can be revealed at a later time. (A) Recall / recognition (B) Recognition / recall (C) Learning / memory (D) Memory / learning

Learning / memory

The technique known as ________ can be used to induce virtual (temporary) lesions in humans.

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

Philosopher Rene' Descartes was a dualist. He believed that

The interaction of the soul with the brain enables cognition.

Localization of mental functions in the brain is an idea that gained support from:

The principle of mass action.

Cognitive neuroscience research utilizes methodological techniques from:

a. neuroscience. b. cognitive psychology. c. neurology/neuropsychology. d. computational modeling.

. __________ is a general term for deficits in language comprehension and production that occur as the result of brain injury. (A) Alexia (B) Aphasia (C) Agrammatism (D) Anomia (E) Balint's syndrome

aphasia

Information delivered to the right hemisphere in a split-brain patient, can be investigated by: (A) asking the subject to speak about the information. (B) asking the subject to point to pictures with the right hand. (C) asking the subject to point to pictures with the left hand. (D) none of the above.

asking the subject to point to pictures with the left hand.

Given the retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex, a lesion to the right occipital lobe would cause: (A) blindness in the left visual field (B) blindness in both visual fields (C) blindness in the right visual field (D) total blindsight

blindness in the left visual field

The language comprehension skills of the right hemisphere are diminished compared to the left. How would the right hemisphere "respond" (not verbally) to the following test? Statement by investigator: "The boy was hit by the girl". Question by investigator: "Who hit whom?" (A) boy hit girl (B) girl hit boy (C) don't know (D) don't care (E) none of the above

boy hit girl

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____.

central and peripheral

Points in the visual field that are close together are ____ in the primary visual cortex

close together

During a particularly boring lecture, you carefully note the time on a clock that is mounted on the side wall of the classroom while keeping your eyes fixated on the professor's face. This is an example of: A) covert attention. B) inhibition of return. C) extinction. D) conjunction search.

covert attention.

It is better to think about _________ when trying to understand the organization of brain functions

distributed brain systems

The term ________ is used to describe the situation in which Patient Group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y, and Patient Group 2 is impaired on task Y and unimpaired on task X.

double dissociation

Results of the Posner spatial cueing task showed that cueing subjects to the location of an upcoming target decreased their reaction time to detect it because attention enhanced perceptual processing for the target. This finding is most consistent with: A) gating models of attention. B) bottleneck models of attention. C) early-selection models of attention. D) late-selection models of attention.

early-selection models of attention.

Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield mapped the human cerebral cortex using

electrical stimulation

Parts of the brain where neural activity is relatively high are characterized by

elevated regional blood flow

All the methods we needs have already been invented, and now we merely have to apply them to understand the brain and mind. true or false

false

Brodmann used histology, behavior and cellular recordings to parcellate the brain into 52 regions

false

EEG recordings are only useful in studies of healthy persons. true or false

false

EEG recordings can only be made from the surface of the scalp. true or false

false

Each of Brodmann's areas maps precisely onto a known cognitive, sensory or motor function, thereby defining the functional organization of the brain true or false

false

Positron emission tomography (PET) is used only in animal studies because it involves the injection of radiation into the blood, which is not permitted in humans. true or false

false

TMS permanently damages brain tissue, and therefore can only be used in patients who already have neurological problems. true or false

false

Understanding changes in brain blood flow is useful in neuroscience only to understand whether the whole brain increases or decreases activity during mental processing. true or false

false

You cannot do EEG recordings in a fish, because they do not have EEG. true or false

false

fMRI is a method to detect magnetic fields emitted by the active brain. true or false

false

true or false In the human brain, caudal refers to the inferior (ventral) surface of the brain, because it is in the direction of the tailbone.

false

EEG recordings are primarily characterized by their _____.

frequency of oscillation

The central sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the ________ lobe from the ________ lobe.

frontal / parietal

The _____ are the crowns of the folded cerebral cortex, while the ____ are the crevices between the crowns.

gyri / sulci

The map of the sensory surface of the body on the cerebral cortex can be represented using a:

homunculus

If you wanted to view a slice of the brain that contains both hemispheres, the frontal lobes, and the occipital lobes, what orientation would you need?

horizontal

Patients with hemispatial neglect following unilateral brain damage are unable to detect a visual stimulus presented on the contralesional side of space: A) if the stimulus is presented alone in the visual field. B) if this stimulus is presented at the same time as a stimulus on the ipsilesional side of the visual field. C) if they also have damage to the visual system D) if the stimulus is presented at an even more contralesional position in the visual field.

if this stimulus is presented at the same time as a stimulus on the ipsilesional side of the visual field.

The temporal lobe likely bears this name because

it lies beneath the area of the scalp where hair grays with age

Wernicke's patient had brain damage in the left posterior temporal and inferior parietal lobes, which led to problems with:

language understanding

The left and right hemispheres differ in language capacity, evidence from aphasia, and from studies in split-brain patients indicate that speech is predominantly a: (A) left hemisphere function. (B) right hemisphere function. (C) function that both hemisphere can perform. (D) also a function that some monkeys can perform.

left hemisphere function.

The difference between gray matter and white matter is that gray matter refers to ________, whereas white matter refers to ________.

neuronal cell bodies / axons

If a picture of a dog is flashed briefly in the left visual hemifield of a split-brain patient, and they are asked what they saw, they will say: (A) a dog (B) nothing (C) a cat (D) none of the above

nothing

A patient has an injury to the parietal lobe and has a selective deficit in processing information about the spatial location* of visual stimuli. You hypothesize that this region of the brain is distinct in function from other visual areas in the occipital lobe, in which you suspect color information is processed. In order to establish the difference between the two functions and brain regions, you would need to find another person who had damage to the_______.

occipital lobe and had only a color perception deficit.

The French neurologist Broca was among the first researchers to notice that language deficits resulting from brain injury was often accompanied by hemiparesis on the __________ of the body which indicated that the ___________ hemisphere was especially critical to language function. (A) left / left (B) left / right (C) right / left (D) right / right

right / left

You have are interested in a neuron in the occipital lobes that you believe is responsible for processing information about color. What type of neurophysiological technique would allow you to assess this hypothesis in a living animal?

single-cell recording

Broca's patient "Tan" had brain damage in the left inferior frontal cortex, which in him led to problems with:

speech production

Directing attention toward a visual stimulus results in an increase in the evoked response (event-related potential) to the stimulus when: A) subjects are overtly, rather than covertly, directing attention. B) subjects are selectively attending to the stimulus based on its location C) subjects encode the stimulus in long-term memory D) subjects are shown a different stimulus to each eye.

subjects are selectively attending to the stimulus based on its location

The Sylvian fissure separates the ______lobe from the ______lobe

temporal / frontal

One finding demonstrated by the Posner spatial cueing task is that: A) the focus of attention can be moved separately from eye fixation. B) valid cues cause a slowing in reaction time to detect targets. C) invalid cues cause a speeding of reaction time to detect targets. D) neutral cues produce the greatest change in reaction time.

the focus of attention can be moved separately from eye fixation.

Following a focal brain injury, a patient shows great difficulty in discriminating tones that differ in frequency. Which area of the cortex is most likely affected?

the superior temporal lobe

Korbinian Brodmann used ________ techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in ________.

tissue staining / cytoarchitectonics

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a method for _________.

tracing white matter tracts in the brain

A patient with a stroke that damages the right hemisphere will show reduced ability to solve a visual-spatial task, such as matching the shapes of colored blocks to a picture of a polygon. (A) True (B) False

true

PET can be used to localize certain neurotransmitters using radiolabeling of molecules that bind to specific chemicals in the brain. true or false

true

You can do EEG recording on a dog. true or false

true

Once it was clear to scholars that the brain gave rise to behavior and cognition, the following brain structure was first thought to be most important.

ventricles