PSY-101 Ch. 12

Intraversion

A person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person

Extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Trait Theory

A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

Personality Theory

A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

ego

According to Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and serves as a mediating force.

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

reciprocal determinism

Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment

projection

Baumeister and colleagues (1998) found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others. This is a phenomenon that Freud called:

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

spotlight effect

Christine is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and will discuss her unattractive hair. Christine's overestimation of people's reactions is known as: the

Rogers

Client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional analysis

personality

Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of:

genuineness

Dr. Costa sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as:

may not be ESP

Dr. Haun developed a test that measures the amount of extrasensory perception (ESP) individuals exhibit. The test is found to be reliable, which means that: this test measures something consistently, but it:

most

Dr. Wayne states that the task of the personality psychologist is to describe the "consistent and persistent" patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Wayne is ______ likely a trait theorist of personality.

secure self-esteem

Esteem that is not as dependent on outside factors, but more on internal factors like being secure with yourself for who you are.

biopsychosocial model

Factors that are the biological influence in the ___________________________ of personality: 1. genetically determined temperament 2. autonomic nervous system reactivity 3. brain activity

do not

Freud's supporters _________ identify as a lasting contribution: the role of the environment on personality development.

unconscious mind

Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of

conscious mind

Freud's term for what we are presently aware of

conscientiousness

Frieda is organized, careful, and disciplined. She would likely score very high on a Big Five scale that measures:

conscientiousness

Gabriela has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Based on this information, Geneva would MOST likely score high on a scale measuring the Big Five factor of:

displacement

Helena is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Helena's reaction to her children illustrates

unconditional positive regard

Hiro's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Hiro, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development

Maslow

Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs.

impulsive

In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, Jeffrey is unstable and extraverted. Jeffrey is MOST likely:

weak ego

Jaydon does not realize that his alcohol abuse and family neglect is leading to the destruction of both his family and his career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon is showing signs of a:

reciprocal determinism

Jeannette often expects the worst of people, and yesterday she thought Sarah was angry at her because Sarah asked another friend out for coffee. As a result, Jeannette ignored Sarah's texts, angering Sarah. But in truth, Jeannette created the situation to which she was reacting. This is an example of:

oral

Jennifer is a chain smoker. Freud would suggest that she is fixated at the _________ stage of psychosexual development.

love and security

Karen Horney, neo-Freudian said that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for:

unconscious

Neo-Freudians' main goal of assessment was to see through the surface in order to uncover the ______________ mind.

Trait theorists' Big Five

OCEAN 1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

reciprocal determinism

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:

are not

Scores on measures of extraversion __________ correlated with measures of sales performance. (are) or (are not)

individualist

Studies show that people in ___________ cultures demand more romance and personal fulfillment in marriage, which subjects the relationship to more pressure.

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

The Big Five personality factors

humanistic perspective

The _________________ on personality: Focused on people's strive for self-determination and self-realization and human potential. Studied healthy, creative people, believed people are mature, kind, likeable, can find their passion. Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Hierarchy of Needs.

most

The life story approach to personality assessment is ___________ likely to be practiced by a humanistic psychologist.

Defense Mechanism: Projection

The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of the

Karen Horney

This neo-Freudian said that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security.

defensive self-esteem

This type of self-esteem focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failure and criticism feel threatening. It correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior.

spotlight effect

When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates: the

psychosexual stages

Which Freudian concept is NOT widely embraced by contemporary psychodynamic theorists? the

biological

Which choice CORRECTLY pairs a component of the biopsychosocial approach to personality with a sample influence? ____________- genetically based temperament

unconscious thought processes

Which factor is NOT a biological influence in the biopsychosocial model of personality?

collective unconscious

Which idea has been rejected by today's psychodynamic psychologists? the

Abraham Maslow

Which person is NOT classified as a neo-Freudian?

trait

Which personality theory emphasizes the Big Five?

extraversion

Xander is a newspaper reporter who uses a high frequency of personal pronouns such as we, our, and us in his articles. Based on this, you might predict that Xander would score high on the Big Five trait:

Defensive; secure

_____________self-esteem relies on the perceptions of others, while _________self-esteem relies on internal evaluations.

Defensive

_________self-esteem is fragile. Its goal is to sustain itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening. Defensive people may respond to such perceived threats with anger or aggression (Crocker & Park, 2004; Donnellan et al., 2005).

Secure

________self-esteem is sturdy. It relies less on other people's evaluations. If we feel accepted for who we are, and not for our looks, wealth, or fame, we are free of pressures to succeed. We can focus beyond ourselves, losing ourselves in relationships and purposes larger than ourselves (Crocker & Park, 2004). Secure self-esteem thus leads to greater quality of life. Such findings are in line with humanistic psychology's ideas about the benefits of a healthy self-image.

biological psychology

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

Defense Mechanism: Projection

disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

humanistic perspective of personality

emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization

psychosexual stages of development

four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud; personality quirks are a result of being fixated, or stuck, at any stage

Rogers and Maslow

humanistic psychology

Freud

id, ego, superego

Big Five Personality Factors

include: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

Big Five

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Eysenck & Eysenck - 2 factor model

proposed two basic personality factors that have a biological origin: introversion - extroversion emotional stability - instability

Projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

trait

specific characteristic of an individual

Abraham Maslow

suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others display self-actualization

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

humanistic psychologist

type of psychologist that emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage