PSY-101 Ch. 12
Intraversion
A person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person
Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Trait Theory
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
Personality Theory
A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
ego
According to Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and serves as a mediating force.
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:
reciprocal determinism
Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment
projection
Baumeister and colleagues (1998) found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others. This is a phenomenon that Freud called:
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
spotlight effect
Christine is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and will discuss her unattractive hair. Christine's overestimation of people's reactions is known as: the
Rogers
Client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional analysis
personality
Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of:
genuineness
Dr. Costa sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as:
may not be ESP
Dr. Haun developed a test that measures the amount of extrasensory perception (ESP) individuals exhibit. The test is found to be reliable, which means that: this test measures something consistently, but it:
most
Dr. Wayne states that the task of the personality psychologist is to describe the "consistent and persistent" patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Wayne is ______ likely a trait theorist of personality.
secure self-esteem
Esteem that is not as dependent on outside factors, but more on internal factors like being secure with yourself for who you are.
biopsychosocial model
Factors that are the biological influence in the ___________________________ of personality: 1. genetically determined temperament 2. autonomic nervous system reactivity 3. brain activity
do not
Freud's supporters _________ identify as a lasting contribution: the role of the environment on personality development.
unconscious mind
Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of
conscious mind
Freud's term for what we are presently aware of
conscientiousness
Frieda is organized, careful, and disciplined. She would likely score very high on a Big Five scale that measures:
conscientiousness
Gabriela has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Based on this information, Geneva would MOST likely score high on a scale measuring the Big Five factor of:
displacement
Helena is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Helena's reaction to her children illustrates
unconditional positive regard
Hiro's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Hiro, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development
Maslow
Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs.
impulsive
In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, Jeffrey is unstable and extraverted. Jeffrey is MOST likely:
weak ego
Jaydon does not realize that his alcohol abuse and family neglect is leading to the destruction of both his family and his career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon is showing signs of a:
reciprocal determinism
Jeannette often expects the worst of people, and yesterday she thought Sarah was angry at her because Sarah asked another friend out for coffee. As a result, Jeannette ignored Sarah's texts, angering Sarah. But in truth, Jeannette created the situation to which she was reacting. This is an example of:
oral
Jennifer is a chain smoker. Freud would suggest that she is fixated at the _________ stage of psychosexual development.
love and security
Karen Horney, neo-Freudian said that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for:
unconscious
Neo-Freudians' main goal of assessment was to see through the surface in order to uncover the ______________ mind.
Trait theorists' Big Five
OCEAN 1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism
reciprocal determinism
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:
are not
Scores on measures of extraversion __________ correlated with measures of sales performance. (are) or (are not)
individualist
Studies show that people in ___________ cultures demand more romance and personal fulfillment in marriage, which subjects the relationship to more pressure.
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion
The Big Five personality factors
humanistic perspective
The _________________ on personality: Focused on people's strive for self-determination and self-realization and human potential. Studied healthy, creative people, believed people are mature, kind, likeable, can find their passion. Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Hierarchy of Needs.
most
The life story approach to personality assessment is ___________ likely to be practiced by a humanistic psychologist.
Defense Mechanism: Projection
The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of the
Karen Horney
This neo-Freudian said that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security.
defensive self-esteem
This type of self-esteem focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failure and criticism feel threatening. It correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior.
spotlight effect
When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates: the
psychosexual stages
Which Freudian concept is NOT widely embraced by contemporary psychodynamic theorists? the
biological
Which choice CORRECTLY pairs a component of the biopsychosocial approach to personality with a sample influence? ____________- genetically based temperament
unconscious thought processes
Which factor is NOT a biological influence in the biopsychosocial model of personality?
collective unconscious
Which idea has been rejected by today's psychodynamic psychologists? the
Abraham Maslow
Which person is NOT classified as a neo-Freudian?
trait
Which personality theory emphasizes the Big Five?
extraversion
Xander is a newspaper reporter who uses a high frequency of personal pronouns such as we, our, and us in his articles. Based on this, you might predict that Xander would score high on the Big Five trait:
Defensive; secure
_____________self-esteem relies on the perceptions of others, while _________self-esteem relies on internal evaluations.
Defensive
_________self-esteem is fragile. Its goal is to sustain itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening. Defensive people may respond to such perceived threats with anger or aggression (Crocker & Park, 2004; Donnellan et al., 2005).
Secure
________self-esteem is sturdy. It relies less on other people's evaluations. If we feel accepted for who we are, and not for our looks, wealth, or fame, we are free of pressures to succeed. We can focus beyond ourselves, losing ourselves in relationships and purposes larger than ourselves (Crocker & Park, 2004). Secure self-esteem thus leads to greater quality of life. Such findings are in line with humanistic psychology's ideas about the benefits of a healthy self-image.
biological psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
neuroticism
degree of emotional instability or stability
Defense Mechanism: Projection
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
humanistic perspective of personality
emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization
psychosexual stages of development
four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud; personality quirks are a result of being fixated, or stuck, at any stage
Rogers and Maslow
humanistic psychology
Freud
id, ego, superego
Big Five Personality Factors
include: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
Big Five
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Eysenck & Eysenck - 2 factor model
proposed two basic personality factors that have a biological origin: introversion - extroversion emotional stability - instability
Projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
trait
specific characteristic of an individual
Abraham Maslow
suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others display self-actualization
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
humanistic psychologist
type of psychologist that emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage