PSY 101: TEST 1 REVIEW
Identical twins share 100% of their genes, whereas fraternal twins share only ____, on average
50%
Rods are:
More light-sensitive and less color sensitive than cones
The brain's thin surface layer, which serves as your body's ultimate information processing center is the:
cerebral cortex
The branch of psychology that can be considered a marriage between the science of the mind and the science of the brain is called:
cognitive neuroscience
Which of the following is NOT a biological influence on behavior or mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial approach:
cognitive processing
After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called :
debriefing
Sensation refers to the ___ of physical energy and perception refers to the ___ of resulting information:
detection; interpretation
Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniell is a(n) _____ psychologist.
developmental
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physical strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ___ perspective
evolutionary
Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in applied research?
industrial-organizational
Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called:
kinesthesia
a myelin sheath is a
layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons of some nerve cells
In a research study in which participants were fitted with electronically activated recorders so that researchers could sample their everyday activities, researchers employed a scientific method known as :
naturalistic observation
Luke shows an increase in aggressive behavior after playing violent video games with his friends. This is possible due to:
observational learning
A type of learning that occurs when an organism forms an association between a behavior and an outcome of that behavior is called:
operant conditioning
In a published report of a research study on social anxiety, psychologists included a 30-items questionnaire, which they had used to assess levels of social anxiety. The psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n):
operational definition
A theory is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that ___ observations and ___ behavior or events:
organizes;predicts
Most psychologists define consciousness as:
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of information received by different areas of the brain is known as:
parallel processing
Rhonda insists that Dr. Philips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of:
skepticism
Dr. Renk is studying how people interact and react in the presence of others. She is examining the ____ influence on behavior and mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial perspective:
social-cultural
The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are:
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
An organism's ability to learn that one event signals the arrival of another event whereas another event does NOT is called
stimulus discrimination
Although phrenology incorrectly suggested that bumps on the skull revealed a person's character traits, phrenology did succeed in focusing attention on :
the localization of function
A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with:
the relationship between wavelength of light and the experience of color
The increased risk of car accidents for drivers talking on a cell phone is:
the same for those using handheld and those using hands-free phones
The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energy into neural impulses is called:
transduction
This psychologist pioneered the study of observational learning as a possible cause of violent behavior in children
Albert Bandura
This theorist developed principle of operant conditioning through research on animals such as rats and pigeons:
B.F. Skinner
Consciousness contributes to all of the following EXCEPT:
Being shocked by the present situation
Which early Psychologist aimed to discover the mind's structure?
Edward Titchener
Which of the following is NOT a descriptive method?
Experiment
Who first imagine using the "natural experiment" comparing identical twins and fraternal twins to estimate the role of nature and nurture in psychological differences?
Francis Galton
Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?
Freudian
Intelligence (IQ) is:
Substantially heritable (50%-70%)
Who developed the first Psych lab?
Wilhelm Wundt
The cochlea consists of
a fluid-filled tube in the inner ear
Circadian rhythm refers to:
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
The classic case of railroad worker Phineas Gage best illustrated that frontal lobe damage can:
alter one's personality
The most extensive regions of the brain are involved in higher mental functions such as memory and reasoning. These regions are called the
association areas
psychology is best described as the science of:
behavior and mental processes
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human behavior without reference to mental processes is known as
behaviorism
A subliminal message is one that is presented:
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
the central nervous system includes
brain and spinal cord
Basic automatic survival functions such as heartbeat and breathing are controlled by:
brainstem
During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the:
brainstem
In classical conditioning, an event that is initially neutral for the organism but gains the potential to elicit some response is called the
conditioned stimulus
Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the decaffeinated drinks were assigned to the ___ group :
control
Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables?
correlation coefficient
The conclusion that "playing violent video games leads to violent crime" has been refuted by the American Psychological Association. Why is this statement problematic?
correlation does not imply causation
Hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome after the fact
In which type of research would an investigator manipulate at least one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?
experimentation
Which portion of the cerebral cortex lies directly behind the forehead and is involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans?
frontal lobes
___ is a statistic that captures the degree of genetic influence on variation across people in a psychological traits
heritability
The wavelength of visible light determines its
hue
Positive reinforcement ___ the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
increases
Neurons are best described as
nerve cells that function as the building blocks of the nervous system
Neuron-produced chemicals that carry messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands are called
neurotransmitters
Sensory receptors in our skin that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called:
nociceptors
A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger:
population
To help control for possible confounding variables, researchers assign research participants to different experimental groups using:
random assignment
The function of dendrites is to
receive incoming signals from other neurons
Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina?
rods and cones
Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the need for:
selective attention
The sense of ___ is a so-called chemical sense:
taste
Auditory stimulation is processed in the ___ lobes:
temporal
A hypothesis is a(n)
testable prediction that gives direction to research