PSY 110: Chapter 1
An example of naturalistic observation
A study in which researchers take notes on how people of different ethnic groups interact with each other
An example of correlational research
A study in which the researcher looks for a relationship between people's neighborhood demographics and their level of prejudice
An example of experimental research
A study in which the researcher shows one or two videos, to see which will have a bigger impact on prejudice
An example of a case study
A study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior today towards people of different ethnic groups
Example of case study
After a brain injury, Jake could no longer remember the names of his loved ones. Over the next several years, brain researchers observed and recorded interactions and conversations with Jake
In psychological research, procedures that subject nonhuman animals to distress are
Allowed only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the research is justified by its prospective value
A researcher has decided to conduct research on study habits of 19th century students. This type of research, which uses already-existing data, is called ________ research
Archival
What type of research methodology utilizes census data or previous collections of data?
Archival research
In the field of psychology, women are more likely than men to
Attend graduate school
Focuses on observable behavior
Behavioral
Minimize costs, maximize benefits to participants, human participants should not be harmed in research studies
Beneficence and nonmaleficience
Experimental ________ refers to factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment
Bias
Behavioral neuroscientists study the ________ basis of behavior
Biological
A crucial disadvantage to correlational research is that it
Cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships
Limitations of case study
Cannot determine a cause and effect
Limitations of correlational research
Cannot determine a cause and effect
Limitations of naturalistic observation
Cannot determine a cause and effect
A(n) ________ study is an in-depth investigation of an individual or small group of people
Case
What term describes an in-depth intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people?
Case study
Observing one person or one group of people over a long period of time
Case study (Descriptive design)
Experiments involve ________ one variable and observing the effect on another variable
Changing
Which subfield of psychology combines neuroscience and clinical psychology to understand psychological disorders?
Clinical neuropsychology
Examines how people understand and think about the world
Cognitive
________ psychology is a subspeciality of experimental psychology hat focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, decision making, and language
Cognitive
The two perspectives in psychology emphasize free will over determination
Cognitive and humanistic
In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the ________ group
Control
Research that involves determining the association between two variables or two sets of variables is called ________ research
Correlational
Measure two or more variables and examine their relationship to one another
Correlational design
Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems
Counseling psychology
In an experiment, which variable is measured by the experimenter?
Dependent
________ research is designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior
Descriptive
Experimental manipulation is used to
Detect relationships between different varibles
The idea that behavior is mostly the result of factors outside of a person's willful control is known as
Determinism
A baby taking her first step or saying her first word are universal milestones that would be studies in ________ psychology
Developmental
________ psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death
Developmental
Examines how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death
Developmental psychology
Considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Evolutionary psychology
Which type of research involves manipulating one variable in order to see how it affects another variable?
Experiment
Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of _________ bias.
Experimental
_________ psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world
Experimental
Manipulation of the independent variable to study the effect on the dependent variable and random assignment of participants to either a control or experimental group
Experimental design
The change that experimenters deliberately produce in one variable
Experimental manipulation
Studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world
Experimental psychology
In an experiment, the ________ group is manipulated, which the ________ group is not
Experimental; control
True of False. Correlation implies causation
False
True or False. Deception in psychological research is NOT acceptable
False
True or False. Naturalistic observation utilizes existing data, such as written records
False
True or False. There is only one acceptable method for conducting scientific research
False
Establish relationships of trust, responsibility to society and communities, maintain professional standards of conduct
Fidelity and responsibility
Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential
Humanistic
What are likely trends of the future of psychology?
Increased influence on issues of public interest, more focus on issues of diversity, and greater adherence to strict ethical and more guidelines
In an experiment, the ________ variable is manipulated by the experimenter
Independent
Promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in science
Integrity
Example of naturalistic observation
Interested in how people interact on the subway, Micah sits on the subway train and records what she observes in people's behaviors and communication
Believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control
Psychodynamic
The five major perspectives of psychology
Psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, neuroscience, and cognitive
The field of ________ is involved in the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
In ________ research, a sample of people complete questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior
Survey
________ research involves having people answer questions about their thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior
Survey
Types of descriptive research
Survey research, archival research, naturalistic observation, and case studies
Neuroscientists are most likely to consider how
The body influences behavior
Behaviors, events, or characteristics that can change are referred to as
Variables
Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in a study are called
Variables
To help in identifying the subfields of psychology, which of the following would be the best question to ask?
What type of behavior does it address?
Why use correlational research?
When a researcher is unable to manipulate a variable of interest
Why use experimental design?
When variables of interest can be manipulated and want to infer causation
Which of the following statements about women in the field of psychology are true
Women psychologist outnumber male psychologist by more than 2 to 1
True or False. Psychologists in every specially area use experimental techniques
True
Correlational research involves gathering data on
Two sets of variables
Research is utilized to
Understand the degree to which hypotheses are accurate
The subfields of psychology are related to each other because they share a common goal, which is
Understanding behavior
Which of the following statements about women in the field of psychology are true
75% of psychology graduate students are female
Equity in distribution of costs and benefits among participants
Justice
Which of the following is a behavior?
Movement
What type of research methodology involves watching and documenting people's behavior, without changing the situation
Naturalistic observation
Researcher observes and records behavior in a real-world setting
Naturalistic observation (Descriptive design)
It is hoped that advances in _______ will allow psychologists to focus more on prevention of psychological disorders rather than only treatment.
Neuroscience
Views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning
Neuroscience
Dr. Langley unintentionally transmits his expectations to his participants in an experiment. Which of the following best describes what type of bias is occurring?
Participant bias
Random assignment is a procedure in which ________ are assigned to wither the treatment or control group on the basis of chance
Participants
A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance is called ________ assignment
Random
You are surprised at the outcome of an experiment that comes out very differently than you had anticipated. You should probably ________ the study to see if you get the same result the second time
Replicate
Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings is called
Replicated research
Right of individuals to privacy and confidentiality
Respect for people's rights and dignity
Example of correlational research
Robert developed a smoking cessation program and wants to see if it can help people stop smoking. He recruits smokers to participate and then measures whether or not they stop smoking
If someone is using theories to develop hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses, that person is using the ________________
Scientific method
The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called the ________
Scientific method
Studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
Social psychology
The perspective focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states
Structuralism
The perspective that focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, and other mental states is called ________
Structuralism
The manipulation implemented by the experimenter is called
The treatment
Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?
They must make all efforts to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain
Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?
They must promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals
Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?
They must prove before any nonhuman animal research that the research will be beneficial to humans
What is included in cognitive psychology?
Thinking, problem solving, language, judging, and decision making
Why use case study?
To describe behavior that might lead to better predictions in future studies
Why use naturalistic observation?
To describe behavior that might lead to better predictions in future studies
What is the purpose of using deception in psychological research?
To prevent participants from being influenced by what they think the purpose of the study is
Psychological experimental research compares the responses of one group that receives a ________ (the manipulation implemented by an experimenter) to the responses of another group that does not receive it
Treatment