PSY 110: Chapter 1

An example of naturalistic observation

A study in which researchers take notes on how people of different ethnic groups interact with each other

An example of correlational research

A study in which the researcher looks for a relationship between people's neighborhood demographics and their level of prejudice

An example of experimental research

A study in which the researcher shows one or two videos, to see which will have a bigger impact on prejudice

An example of a case study

A study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior today towards people of different ethnic groups

Example of case study

After a brain injury, Jake could no longer remember the names of his loved ones. Over the next several years, brain researchers observed and recorded interactions and conversations with Jake

In psychological research, procedures that subject nonhuman animals to distress are

Allowed only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the research is justified by its prospective value

A researcher has decided to conduct research on study habits of 19th century students. This type of research, which uses already-existing data, is called ________ research

Archival

What type of research methodology utilizes census data or previous collections of data?

Archival research

In the field of psychology, women are more likely than men to

Attend graduate school

Focuses on observable behavior

Behavioral

Minimize costs, maximize benefits to participants, human participants should not be harmed in research studies

Beneficence and nonmaleficience

Experimental ________ refers to factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment

Bias

Behavioral neuroscientists study the ________ basis of behavior

Biological

A crucial disadvantage to correlational research is that it

Cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships

Limitations of case study

Cannot determine a cause and effect

Limitations of correlational research

Cannot determine a cause and effect

Limitations of naturalistic observation

Cannot determine a cause and effect

A(n) ________ study is an in-depth investigation of an individual or small group of people

Case

What term describes an in-depth intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people?

Case study

Observing one person or one group of people over a long period of time

Case study (Descriptive design)

Experiments involve ________ one variable and observing the effect on another variable

Changing

Which subfield of psychology combines neuroscience and clinical psychology to understand psychological disorders?

Clinical neuropsychology

Examines how people understand and think about the world

Cognitive

________ psychology is a subspeciality of experimental psychology hat focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, decision making, and language

Cognitive

The two perspectives in psychology emphasize free will over determination

Cognitive and humanistic

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the ________ group

Control

Research that involves determining the association between two variables or two sets of variables is called ________ research

Correlational

Measure two or more variables and examine their relationship to one another

Correlational design

Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems

Counseling psychology

In an experiment, which variable is measured by the experimenter?

Dependent

________ research is designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior

Descriptive

Experimental manipulation is used to

Detect relationships between different varibles

The idea that behavior is mostly the result of factors outside of a person's willful control is known as

Determinism

A baby taking her first step or saying her first word are universal milestones that would be studies in ________ psychology

Developmental

________ psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death

Developmental

Examines how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death

Developmental psychology

Considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

Evolutionary psychology

Which type of research involves manipulating one variable in order to see how it affects another variable?

Experiment

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of _________ bias.

Experimental

_________ psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world

Experimental

Manipulation of the independent variable to study the effect on the dependent variable and random assignment of participants to either a control or experimental group

Experimental design

The change that experimenters deliberately produce in one variable

Experimental manipulation

Studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world

Experimental psychology

In an experiment, the ________ group is manipulated, which the ________ group is not

Experimental; control

True of False. Correlation implies causation

False

True or False. Deception in psychological research is NOT acceptable

False

True or False. Naturalistic observation utilizes existing data, such as written records

False

True or False. There is only one acceptable method for conducting scientific research

False

Establish relationships of trust, responsibility to society and communities, maintain professional standards of conduct

Fidelity and responsibility

Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential

Humanistic

What are likely trends of the future of psychology?

Increased influence on issues of public interest, more focus on issues of diversity, and greater adherence to strict ethical and more guidelines

In an experiment, the ________ variable is manipulated by the experimenter

Independent

Promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in science

Integrity

Example of naturalistic observation

Interested in how people interact on the subway, Micah sits on the subway train and records what she observes in people's behaviors and communication

Believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control

Psychodynamic

The five major perspectives of psychology

Psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, neuroscience, and cognitive

The field of ________ is involved in the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

In ________ research, a sample of people complete questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior

Survey

________ research involves having people answer questions about their thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior

Survey

Types of descriptive research

Survey research, archival research, naturalistic observation, and case studies

Neuroscientists are most likely to consider how

The body influences behavior

Behaviors, events, or characteristics that can change are referred to as

Variables

Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in a study are called

Variables

To help in identifying the subfields of psychology, which of the following would be the best question to ask?

What type of behavior does it address?

Why use correlational research?

When a researcher is unable to manipulate a variable of interest

Why use experimental design?

When variables of interest can be manipulated and want to infer causation

Which of the following statements about women in the field of psychology are true

Women psychologist outnumber male psychologist by more than 2 to 1

True or False. Psychologists in every specially area use experimental techniques

True

Correlational research involves gathering data on

Two sets of variables

Research is utilized to

Understand the degree to which hypotheses are accurate

The subfields of psychology are related to each other because they share a common goal, which is

Understanding behavior

Which of the following statements about women in the field of psychology are true

75% of psychology graduate students are female

Equity in distribution of costs and benefits among participants

Justice

Which of the following is a behavior?

Movement

What type of research methodology involves watching and documenting people's behavior, without changing the situation

Naturalistic observation

Researcher observes and records behavior in a real-world setting

Naturalistic observation (Descriptive design)

It is hoped that advances in _______ will allow psychologists to focus more on prevention of psychological disorders rather than only treatment.

Neuroscience

Views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning

Neuroscience

Dr. Langley unintentionally transmits his expectations to his participants in an experiment. Which of the following best describes what type of bias is occurring?

Participant bias

Random assignment is a procedure in which ________ are assigned to wither the treatment or control group on the basis of chance

Participants

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance is called ________ assignment

Random

You are surprised at the outcome of an experiment that comes out very differently than you had anticipated. You should probably ________ the study to see if you get the same result the second time

Replicate

Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings is called

Replicated research

Right of individuals to privacy and confidentiality

Respect for people's rights and dignity

Example of correlational research

Robert developed a smoking cessation program and wants to see if it can help people stop smoking. He recruits smokers to participate and then measures whether or not they stop smoking

If someone is using theories to develop hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses, that person is using the ________________

Scientific method

The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called the ________

Scientific method

Studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

Social psychology

The perspective focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states

Structuralism

The perspective that focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, and other mental states is called ________

Structuralism

The manipulation implemented by the experimenter is called

The treatment

Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?

They must make all efforts to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain

Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?

They must promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals

Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?

They must prove before any nonhuman animal research that the research will be beneficial to humans

What is included in cognitive psychology?

Thinking, problem solving, language, judging, and decision making

Why use case study?

To describe behavior that might lead to better predictions in future studies

Why use naturalistic observation?

To describe behavior that might lead to better predictions in future studies

What is the purpose of using deception in psychological research?

To prevent participants from being influenced by what they think the purpose of the study is

Psychological experimental research compares the responses of one group that receives a ________ (the manipulation implemented by an experimenter) to the responses of another group that does not receive it

Treatment