psy 200 midterm

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

False

Frequency and amplitude are dependent on each other.

False

Top-down processing involves the organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose.

False

__________is the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is used as a method for coping with stress.

Transcendental meditation

Social-cognitive theorists grant cognition a key role in studying and explaining behavior.

True

_____ is the process by which we organize or make sense of the sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes our eyes.

Visual perception

In _____, people tend to be more responsive to some pitches than others.

sensorineural deafness

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?

Freud argued that dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.

Which of the following is an important factor emphasized by the sociocultural perspective in understanding behavior and mental processes?

Gender

Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?

Growing hair

What role does the somatic nervous system play?

It transmits messages about sights, sounds, smells, and so on, to the central nervous system.

Despite being blind, Brian has never had a problem with performing day-to-day activities. He has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able to perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario?

Kinesthesis

Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?

They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain.

In the context of withdrawal symptoms associated with substance use, cravings are typically accompanied by signs of anxiety such as shakiness, rapid pulse, and sweating.

True

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

A visual illusion

_____ is the tendency to perceive an object as being just as luminous even though lighting conditions change its intensity.

Brightness constancy

How do pigments gain their colors?

By absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest

_____ refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs.

Clairvoyance

As we enter stage 1 sleep, the transition from alpha waves to theta waves may be accompanied by__________during which we may experience brief but vivid dreamlike images.

a hypnagogic state

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a _____.

selection factor

Social-cognitive theorists:

suggest that people can modify and create their environments.

The term _____ refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness.

suppression

A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a__________

synapse

The fluid-filled gap between two neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses is known as the _____.

synaptic cleft

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

focus on the present.

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they:

focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain scans. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brains while they are speaking or using a language. These pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and the other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, it would be most suitable for Dr. Kennett to use _____.

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Raoul is one of the best football players in Newborn Warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a__________.

health psychologist

A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.

industrial psychologist

Once light passes through the iris, it encounters the _____.

lens

The__________adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness.

lens

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the deficient hormone. Emily has _____ deficiency.

melatonin

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _____.

motor neurons

Larry, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Larry is likely suffering from__________.

narcolepsy

Circulation of blood is an example of a__________.

nonconscious process

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and deep sleep hinder learning and memory.

False

The__________is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.

pons

__________is the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements— sensations, feelings, and images—that combine to form experience.

Structuralism

Which of the following best describes association areas?

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.

Stewart is a chain smoker and a nicotine addict. Due to excessive cigarette smoking, he has developed lung cancer. In this scenario, which of the following chemical compounds is likely to have caused lung cancer?

Hydrocarbons

The brain and the spinal cord make up the _____, which controls and commands bodily functions.

central nervous system

An association among variables is known as__________.

correlation

_____ is part of the maturation process that leads to a child's ability to crawl and walk during the first year.

Myelination

________is the type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli.

Negative adaptation

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of having _____.

dyslexia

_____ specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.

Experimental psychologists

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

False

Alia was just about to fall asleep when she heard something crash in the kitchen. The noise jolted her awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.

False

Glen is an accomplished guitarist. He can play the guitar with his eyes closed. When he does this, he is quite aware of which frets his fingers are on. He does this with the aid of his vestibular sense.

False

The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea.

False

Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?

People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility.

Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture?

Phenotype

__________may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body.

Sleep paralysis

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

True

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the__________.

all-or-none principle

Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the__________.

basilar membrane

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up__________.

preconscious information

The frequency theory notes that for us to perceive lower pitches, _____.

we need to match the frequency of the sound waves with our neural impulses

What similarity did Wilhelm Wundt share with Aristotle?

Both saw the mind as a natural event that could be studied scientifically, like light and heat.

Split-brain operations are primarily aimed at curing botulism.

False

Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?

Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose.

Which of the following is a feature of gray matter?

It consists of non-myelinated neurons.

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

A person has trouble adjusting with the new students in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but has trouble making new friends. A(n) _____ would most likely be consulted to help the person.

counseling psychologist

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called _____.

direct inner awareness

Some lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) users have__________, which are distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD "trip" but occur days, weeks, or longer after usage.

flashbacks

Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____.

health psychologist

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between workplace stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter workplace stress. Erica is most likely a__________.

health psychologist

The _____ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore the body's reserves of energy.

parasympathetic division

In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?

Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.

What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?

To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?

Vision

The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

biological

The oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony tube called the__________.

cochlea

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings.

environmental psychologist

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________.

informed consent

According to Sigmund Freud, hypnotized adults:

permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding.

Some researchers consider the__________to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

prefrontal cortex