PSY 200 Study Guide- Mr Nichols, NWSCC

Which of the following reflects alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep?

A circadian rhythm

Which of the following characterizes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

A level of arousal similar to that of a person's waking state

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

A refractory period

Dave cannot remember the last digit in his friend's telephone number. in order to reach him , he keeps trying different numbers until he finds the right one. In this context, which of the following methods is Dave using.?

A systamatic random search

Which of the following statements was proposed by the functionalists?

Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot, Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through ____.

Afferent

A(n) ______is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.

Analogy

_____ enables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge, and it is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests.

Analytical intelligence

Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling?

Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic

Which of the following is true for behaviorism?

Behaviorist define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective.

Biological

During a survey conducted in a primary school, it was found that most of the students feared snakes, insects, thunderstorms, and darkness. According to Arne Ohman and Susan Mineka, the students might be _______ by evolutionary forces to develop these fears.

Biologically prepared

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to perceive an object as being just as luminous even though lighting conditions change its intensity.

Brightness constancy

_________ refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs.

Clairvoyance

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

Clara gets a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore

____ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.

Closure

_____ psychologist define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience

Cognitive

_______ psychologists investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgements, make decisions, and use language

Cognitive

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled ______.

Complementary colors

_____ has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has therfore been characterized as research for its own sake.

Compressed research

Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. Her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of the food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective ________ for the dog.

Conditioned stimulus

_____ is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced.

Continuous reinforcement

Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces. According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of_____?

Creative intelligence

________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

Critical thinking

Which of the following is an example of nonconscious process?

Digestion food

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into the driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car engine. in the context of conditioning, the reaction of Jeff's dog to the sound of his car's engine is known as ____.

Discrimination

At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having luch with a friend, Martha was bale to recall several details depitcted in the painting. she remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as _____?

Eidetic imagery

A(n) ______ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.

Engram

While looking at a painting in an art gallery, many of Jinan's brain cells fire in response to lines presented at various angles, while others fire in response to specific colors. These brain cells are termed ______.

Feature detectors

In the context of reinforcement schedules, commuter trains that arrive at platforms at specific times are on a_________.

Fixed-interval schedule

_______ psychologist may treat psychological ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes.

Forensic

In the context of auditory perception, which of the following statements is true?

Frequency theory appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second.

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conduction research using brain imaging techniques. he wants to study pictures of his subjects brain while they are speaking or using a language. The picture will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature study., the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennet's research would be to use________.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Amy was playing in the living room, when she accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of the wall. Her sharp cry attracted the attention of Amy's mother who rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. the immediate rubbing of the elbow seemed to lessen Amy's pain. Which theory would best explain why this occurred?

Gate thoery

which of the following is an important factor emphasized by the sociocultural perspective in understanding behavior and mental illness?

Gender

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures---even squares. Through this experiment Pavlov demonstrated ______.

Generalization

______ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and form myelin.

Glial cells

Which of the following hallucinogens is derived from the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant?

Hashish

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between work stress and cancer. As a part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter work stress. Erica's job is that of a _____ psychologist.

Health

________ is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.

Heritability

Ten-year old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is?

Hierarchical

_______ is a procedure in which previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditiones stimulus.

Higher-order conditioning

Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. however, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damaged to her _______.

Hippocampus

Shana is a young girl who met with a car accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember her family members and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life.. She is often introduced to the same people whom she has met earlier. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has disabled Shana's ability to permanently store new information because she sustained and injury to her ____.

Hippocampus

When a child utters "baba," it may mean, "I want my bottle," or "where is my bottle?" or "that's my bottle." These single words used by children to express many things are known as?

Holophrases

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responisble for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following _____ perspective.

Humanistic-existential

The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Humanistic-existential

Which of the following scenarios illustrates subliminal stimulation?

In an experiment, an audio track was played at such low volume that the participants were not even conscious of it

________is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

Infantile amnesia

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on work stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking _______.

Informed consent

In Gestalt psychology, a(n),______ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.

Insight

A(n) _________ is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a specific situation.

Instinct

A(n)______ is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation.

Instinct

________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, slove problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experien

Intelligence

Which of the following statements is true about the learning theory in the context of language development?

It emphasizes the role of imitation and reinforcemnt in language development in children

Which of the following statements is true about the nativist theory of language development?

It holds that the innate factors of children cause them to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?

It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered

Which of the following statements is true about the schema>

It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions

Which of the following is true about the serial position effects?

It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.

Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation

It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal

Which of these is a function of the medulla of the brain?

It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing.

Which of the following is true of psychokinesis?

It refer to mentally manipulating or moving objects

Which of the following is true of the humanistic-existential perspective?

It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior.

Despite being blind, Brian has never had a problem understanding how to use his limbs. he has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able to perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario?

Kinesthesis

According to behaviorist, _______ is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that arise from practice or experience.

Learning

Which of the following refers to a process by which people suspend thinking and allow the world to fade away?

Meditation

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question?

Melatonin

A(n) ____________ is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems.

Mental set

_____ is an example of a hallucinogenic.

Mescaline

The ____ minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, therby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently.

Myelin sheath

Larry is a 26-year old man who often stinks into sudden vouts of sleep. He reports being unable to move during this time, describing his dreams as that of someone weighing down on his chest. He usually wakes up comletely refreshed in around 10-15 minutes. LArry seems to be suffering from ______.

Narcolepsy

The _____ of language development holds that the inborn factors-which make up children's nature- cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

Nativist theory

Which one of the following terms is related to one's genotype?

Nature

Side effects of ______ include cancer, heart disease, lung and respiratory diseases.

Nicotine

_____ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

Observant learning

William's father was a gardener. As a child, William often watched his father at work. As and adult, William takes care of his garden himself. Though he was never taught the art of gardening, he is very good at it and prides himself on having the best garden on the block. William acquired the knowledge and skills of gardening by the process of _____.

Observational learning

In operant conditioning, an organism leans to do or not do things because ______.

Of the consequences of their behavior

In the context of difference threshold, identify the correct statement.

On average, people can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by an extremely small one-third of 1%

_______ is defined as a form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.

Operant conditioning

Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was 3 weeks ago. the doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with the hormone _______?

Oxytocin

In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?

Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.

Which of the following is a suggestion by cognitive psychologist about the behavior of people?

People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.

Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese-American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is called _______?

Phenotype

The_______ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland".

Pituitary gland

Amelia works as a general physician. One of her pt claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches that would not go away. Upon diagnosis, Amelia could not determine anything wrong with the pt. Her previous records revealed no illness either. Therefore, Amelia gave her a strip of harmless sugar pills and asked her to take them twice a day after her meals. This Tx is known as ______?

Placebo

A _________ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn.

Population

Liz was involved in a car accident that lef her to sustain a head injury. when she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her some questions ranging from "what is the last thing you remember?" to "when were you born?" to "what is your mother's maiden name?" Liz was able to answer all of this correctly. Such information constitutes her ______ material.

Preconscious

______ is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.

Priming

Jonah loves learning new languages. in high school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of ________.

Proactive interference

_______ is an application of operant conditioning that assumes that any complex task can be broken down into a number of small steps; these steps an be shaped individually and then combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain.

Programmed learning

Which of the following characterizes hypnotic suggestibility?

Proneness to fantasy

_______ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certian event occurs.

Prospective memory

Sean believes that many of our unconsonscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a _____.

Psychoanalyst

Sofia doesnt like eating vegetables. To ensure Sofia east vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of desert everytime Sofia finishes her vegetables. in the context of behaviorism, this is known as ______.

Reinforcement

Which of the following terms was proposed by B. F. Skinner?

Reinforcement

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _______ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

Repression

Which of the following is a difference between repression and suppression?

Repression is an unconscious process, whereas suppression is a conscious process.

Joy speaks Spanish as she has learned the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.

Retroactive interference

A(n) ______ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.

Schema

While on a bus on the way back home, Jenny overheard a father telling his young son an interesting story to Jenny found the story to be so captivating that she found herself listening intently to it. In fact, she was listening to the story so intently that she missed her stop. This is an example of____?

Selective attention

While sitting in class, Paul heard two people whispering about an upcoming college event. Since this sounded more interesting to him than the lecture that was going on, Pail started listening intently to what the two people were talking about, while completely ignoring the lecture. This is an example of _______.

Selective attention

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as ________.

Semantic memory

_______ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.

Semanticity

______ is the stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system.

Sensation

______ usually stems from damage of the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells. People with this condition tend to be more sensitive to some pitches than others.

Sensorineural deafness

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because ______.

Sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected

In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitative is a _____.

Shaper

Hailey is teaching her dog to roll over on its back. she starts by giving it a treat every time it performs an action close to rolling over. At first, she gives it a treat for lying on its stomach, then on its back, and eventually for rolling over. This procedure used by Hailey to tech her dog to roll over on its back is known as _____.

Shaping

Narcolpesy is usally accompanied by ____, which is characterized byt the collapse of the muscle groups or tge entire body, and a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep.

Sleep paralysis

Which of the following theorist suggest that people can modify and create their environments?

Social-cognitive theorist

Which of the following statements is true of structuralism?

Structuralism argues that the mind consist of three basic elements: sensations, feelings, and images.

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces _______ of the goal.

Successive approximations

Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces?

Texture gradient

If the _______ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

Thalamus

Which of the following terms describes the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron?

The action potential

Which of the following biological views suggests that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?

The activation-synthesis model

Barbara wanted to know whether Americans bought more American-made cars than foreign made cars. To come up with an answer, she based her opinion on the cars her friends drove. Barbara used ______ to come to the conclusion.

The availability heuristic

Which of the following is a defining feature of psychoanalysis?

The emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses

Michelle is walking on the road when she suddenly hears an intermittent ringing of church bells. She is unable to detect the source of the sound and looks around. She continues to walk ahead and slightly turns her head to the right. The intensity suddenly increases in her left. In this case, the sound of the church bells is most likely coming from _______.

The front

Which of the following terms best describes the nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a molecular ladder?

The genetic code

In which of the following theories did Edwald Hering propose that there are three types of color recpetors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?

The opponent-process theory

Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this and example of?

The serial-position effect

In the context of immediate versus delayed reinforcers, which of the following statements is true?

The short-term consequences of behavior often provide greater incentive than the long-term consequences.

Which of the following is a difference between the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of the body temperature, concemtration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion.

Which of the following statements is truw about concepts?

They can represent visions of things that can never be measured

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxine secretion in adults?

They fell tired and sluggish and may put weight on it

Which of the following statements is true of functionalists?

They focus on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.

Which of the following is true of biologically oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental process such as pyschological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.

Those with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

In which of the following ways do receptor neurons transmit information about odors to the brain?

Through the olfactory nerve

The ________ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved

Tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon

What is the purpose of a split brain operation?

To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

Which of the following is a function of the middle ear?

To increase the pressure of air entering the ear

Darryl first had an alcoholic drink when he was 17 years old. he recalls "feeling tipsy" right after finishing the first drink. Now, after almost 5 years of habitual drinking alcohol, he needs to consume 4 or 5 glasses of the same drink to get the "tipsy feeling". in other words, Daryl's _______ for alcohol has increased.

Tolerance

Elly attends a spiritual therapy session once a week. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras". Through the sessions, Elly wishes to attain an altered state of consciousness which includes spiritual experiences. Elly is most likely to be practicing ______.

Transcendental meditation

In the context of operant conditioning, gamblers at slot machines win on a ____.

Variable-ratio schedule

Andy is a professional skydiver. During his free fall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the the earth's gravity without really having to look around him. This allows him adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is _____.

Vestibular sense

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

Visual illusion

John recently suffered a blow to the head. Since then, he has found it quite difficult to express his thoughts. Although his ability to think has not been impaired, he cannot find the right words to say what he wants to say. However, he speaks freely and with proper syntax. John most likely suffers from _____.

Wernicke's aphasia

______ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany,.

Wilhelm Wundt

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to ______.

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory