Psy 210 Exam 1
7. What is the second largest racial group recognized by the U.S. Bureau of the Census? a. Hispanic b. White c. Black d. Asian and Pacific Islander e. American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut
a. Hispanic
9. The ________ refers to the minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to notice a stimulus. a. absolute threshold b. consciousness c. wakefulness d. perception e. meditation
a. absolute threshold
10. A cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the frequency, incidence, or probability of a given event based on the ease with which such instances are retrievable from memory is called: a. availability heuristic b. post-hoc error c. bidirectional causation d. accommodation error e. the fundamental attribution error
a. availability heuristic
9. Why was the fundamental attribution error labeled, "fundamental" by Lee Ross? a. because this cognitive error is very common b. because people worry about money and funds before taking a job c. because people are fundamentally unhappy d. because people are fundamentally happy e. because it emphasizes that these errors are "found" and they are "mental"
a. because this cognitive error is very common
6. What is the name of the strategy that attempts to find similarities and differences in certain statistical measures in a sample of cultures? a. comparativists strategy b. indirect strategy c. application-oriented strategy d. absolutist approach e. content-analysis strategy
a. comparativists strategy
8. The Cultural Mixtures Approach challenges which concept in cross-cultural psychology? a. cultural dichotomies b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. collectivism e. individualism
a. cultural dichotomies
3. The organization of sensations in three dimensions, even though the image on the eye's retina is two-dimensional is referred to as: a. depth perception b. difference threshold c. sensory adaptation d. revealing experience e. sensory threshold
a. depth perception
6. What is the term for a cultural heritage shared by a category of people who also share a common ancestral origin, language, and religion? a. ethnicity b. collectivism c. cultural psychology d. anthropology e. cultural absolutism
a. ethnicity
7. The view that supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook is called: a. ethnocentrism b. cross-cultural psychology c. cultural relativism d. cultural absolutism e. cultural psychology
a. ethnocentrism
6. What is the most significant factor determining an individual's susceptibility to visual illusions? a. formal schooling b. sleep deprivation c. attitude about psychological experiments d. absolute thresholds e. sensory adaptation
a. formal schooling
4. Which of the following is a description of a systematic sample in cross-cultural research? a. groups for this sample are selected according to an assumption or theory (for example, collectivist groups and individualist groups) b. groups for this sample are selected according to a systematic violation of a custom c. cultural groups for the research are selected randomly d. groups are selected so that each one represent one continent (Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia) e. a sample including at least three countries
a. groups for this sample are selected according to an assumption or theory (for example, collectivist groups and individualist groups)
4. Jane is a Canadian citizen. She is kind, goal-oriented, knowledgeable in literature, outgoing and musically inclined. Which of these characteristics would be considered a dichotomous variable? a. her nationality b. her kindness c. her emotional stability d. her social behavior e. her musical skills
a. her nationality
9. A(n)_________ is a strategy for problem solving that reduces complex information and time-consuming tasks to more simple, rapid, and efficient judgmental operations, particularly in reaching decisions under conditions of uncertainty. a. heuristic b. continuous variable c. availability bias d. dichotomous variable e. uncertainty avoidance
a. heuristic
14. People in monophasic cultures tend to interpret their dreams as: a. indirect indication of the dreamer's concerns b. fairy tales coming out of the unconscious mind c. mild mental disorders d. a special kind of mental problems e. signs of demonic possession
a. indirect indication of the dreamer's concerns
12. At the turn of the twentieth century, the American sociologist Fredrick Turner (1920) argued that while facing the challenges of the frontier, Americans as conquerors and builders developed both __________________ a. individualistic and egalitarian culture b. violent and religious culture c. traditional and non-traditional culture d. respect to authority and desire to make money e. unruly behavior and individual ambition
a. individualistic and egalitarian culture
9. _______ is the method of observation that involves the recording of people's behavior in an environment created by the researcher. a. laboratory observation b. content-analysis c. meta-analysis d. random sample e. naturalistic observation
a. laboratory observation
3. Individuals from hunter and gatherer cultures have _______ rates of color blindness than individuals from agricultural cultures. a. lower b. the same c. higher d. significantly higher e. highly unusual
a. lower
1. The established cross-cultural correlation linking an increase in poverty in a community or country to an increase in violent crime would be an example of a_________ correlation. a. positive b. high c. low d. negative e. high-low
a. positive
14. A large group of people distinguished by certain similar and genetically transmitted physical characteristics is called: a. race b. crowd c. ethnicity d. culture e. nation
a. race
12. Studies of color preferences showed that women across countries tend to choose and like _____________compared to other colors. a. reddish hues, such as pink b. blue and red colors c. greenish hues, such as olive d. yellow and red colors e. violet hues, such as lilac
a. reddish hues, such as pink
14. A sample having characteristics that accurately reflect the characteristics of the population is called: a. representative sample b. reliable sample c. experimental sample d. survey sample e. convenience sample
a. representative sample
6. A phenomenon wherein people's attitudes, beliefs or assumptions about another person (or persons) can, with or without their intent, actually produce the very behaviors that they had initially expected to find is called: a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. dichotomous variable c. the continuous variable d. the fundamental attribution error e. the post hoc error
a. self-fulfilling prophecy
13. Some psychologists suggest that shamanic practices involving ritualistic trance influence ____________ a. the brain's serotonin and opioid neurotransmitter systems b. an individual's hormonal system c. immune system and resistance to stress d. an individual's reaction time e. an individual's time perception
a. the brain's serotonin and opioid neurotransmitter systems
15. What is the name for the investigative method in which groups of people answer questions about their opinions or their behavior? a. content-analysis b. survey c. psychobiographical research d. experiment e. representative sample
b. survey
14. Which of the following is an example of a Barnum statement? a. The halftime show during the final game received more attention than the game itself b. Sometimes female immigrants feel insecure. c. The weather in New York was very humid this week d. Iran has a resilient soccer team this year e. Australian beaches are not very crowded this winter
b. Sometimes female immigrants feel insecure.
2. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the Belief Perseverance Effect? a. We defend our property no matter what is going on around us. b. We defend our opinions in spite of arguments that challenge them. c. We alter our opinions when we are facing strong arguments. d. We defend our opinions only when we are scared. e. We defend the opinions of others when we feel they are friendly.
b. We defend our opinions in spite of arguments that challenge them.
7. In traditional cross-cultural psychology, cultural dichotomies were used to compare and contrast: a. observation and experiment b. Western and non-Western cultures c. content-analysis and survey methods d. random and other types of sampling e. excellent and poor test translations
b. Western and non-Western cultures
2. A clinical psychologist writes the following: "Psychological symptoms are similar around the world. If you are anxious, you are restless, not focused, and very tense. Cultural differences in symptoms are insignificant." This statement reflects which cross-cultural approach to comparing phenomena? a. relativist b. absolutist c. correlational d. systematic e. random
b. absolutist
7. What is the name of the process (described by Jean Piaget) by which we change our existing beliefs and accept new information? a. assimilation b. accommodation c. both assimilation and accommodation d. fundamental attribution error e. metathinking
b. accommodation
11. According to evolutionary psychologist, Geoffrey Miller, the brain, like the peacock's tail, is designed through evolution to __________________ a. attract attention of enemies b. attract the opposite sex c. help in searching for food d. intimidate enemies e. help in case of bad weather
b. attract the opposite sex
9. Until recently, the altered states of consciousness associated with religious experiences have been practically excluded from scientific psychological research. Why? a. because of the government's restrictions on such studies b. because of the attempts of researchers to distance psychology from organized religion c. because of censorship: journals and magazines would not have published such research d. because such studies are extremely expensive and require special licensing e. because these states of consciousness are dangerous
b. because of the attempts of researchers to distance psychology from organized religion
11. Divorce rates around the world are negatively correlated with fertility rates. This means that the more children a family has a. the greater chance of divorce b. the less chance of divorce c. the greater chance that the husband older that his wife d. the greater chance of family conflicts e. the greater chance of conflicts with in-laws
b. the less chance of divorce
11. Which of the following most accurately reflects the language-related theories of color perception? a. people are generally color blind but the language is used to identify brightness b. certain words are linked to various units of the visible spectrum c. language has nothing to do with the way people see colors d. when a person learns a foreign language, this individual is confused about colors e. exposure to colors blue and red reduces a person's accent
b. certain words are linked to various units of the visible spectrum
1. The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology is called: a. multiculturalism b. cross-cultural psychology c. cultural relativism d. cultural psychology e. cultural absolutism
b. cross-cultural psychology
3. What is the name of the type of survey in which the interviewer maintains a direct communication with the respondent and is able to provide feedback, repeat a question, or ask for additional information? a. indirect survey b. direct survey c. focus group methodology d. content-analysis e. psychobiographical research
b. direct survey
8. Evidence that the methods selected for the study, measure the same phenomenon across other countries or cultures chosen for the study is called: a. correlation b. equivalence c. random sample d. comparativists strategy e. application-oriented strategy
b. equivalence
9. Complex behavior based on concern for oneself and one's immediate family or primary group as opposed to concern for other groups to which one belongs is defined as: a. ethnocentrism b. individualism c. culture concern d. cultural relativism e. family values
b. individualism
4. _______ is the act of thinking about thinking; engaging in a critical analysis and evaluation of the thinking process. a. post-hoc error b. metathinking c. bidirectional causation d. Barnum effect e. assimilation bias
b. metathinking
11. What is the term for the view that encourages recognition of equality for all cultural and national groups and promotes the idea that various cultural groups have the right to follow their own paths of development and have their own unique activities, values, and norms? a. individualism b. multiculturalism c. femininity d. cultural relativism e. uncertainty avoidance
b. multiculturalism
12. A kind of "magical thinking," frequently responsible for superstitious behaviors, in which events that occur close together in time are erroneously construed by a person to be causally linked is called: a. Barnum effect b. parataxic reasoning c. dichotomous variable d. uncertainty avoidance e. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. parataxic reasoning
2. An individual's experience with the environment (for example, living in a mountainous area) shapes this individual's perception by creating perceptual sets. What are they? a. stress-related reactions b. perceptual expectations c. absolute thresholds d. adaptation strategies based on thinking e. negative emotions
b. perceptual expectations
13. What is the term for the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally? a. individualism b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. collectivism e. femininity
b. power distance
12. The term ___________indicates an individual's acceptance of knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to a particular faith. a. attitudes b. religious affiliation c. ethnic affiliation d. cultural dichotomy e. social identity
b. religious affiliation
9. When assessing abuse against women, which of the following statements best reflects the absolutist approach to cross-cultural studies? a. abuse is defined differently in various places; we should not judge it using our standards b. there should not be a cultural justification of abuse against women c. women are tolerant to abuse if they are in love with the abuser d. women should understand the context in which abuse takes place e. family members are mostly responsible for abuse against women
b. there should not be a cultural justification of abuse against women
1. What is the term for a sleeplike state marked by reduced sensitivity to stimuli, loss or alteration of knowledge, and the substitution of automatic for voluntary motor activity? a. sleep b. trance c. aesthetic experience d. dream e. sensory adaptation
b. trance
2. People in cultures considered "high" on the measure of _________tend to support beliefs promising certainty, and to maintain social institutions protecting conformity (find a missing term). a. collectivism b. uncertainty avoidance c. power distance d. femininity e. masculinity
b. uncertainty avoidance
4. The degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity is called in cross-cultural psychology: a. comfort zone b. uncertainty avoidance c. societal uncertainty d. degree of ambiguity e. inexact vagueness
b. uncertainty avoidance
5. If the strength of an ethnic group's religious beliefs are said to be positively correlated with their family values, which of the following statements is true? a. A influences B but not the other way around b. B influences A but not the other way around c. A and B may influence each other d. A and B are independent and do not influence each other e. all of the above
c. A and B may influence each other
3. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the Evaluative Bias of Language? a. People often use language to achieve own selfish goals b. People value their own language and refuse to learn others c. Descriptions become prescriptions d. Descriptions are made without serious thought e. Language is used to make evaluations about a person's intellectual potential
c. Descriptions become prescriptions
2. A(n)________ is a term used to identify the feeling of pleasure evoked by stimuli that are perceived as beautiful, attractive, and rewarding. a. depth perception b. perceptual set c. aesthetic experience d. revealing experience e. sensory adaptation
c. aesthetic experience
14. A typical humanist (or the follower of the humanist tradition in sciences) is a person who embraces: a. the importance of studying human beings b. the importance of studying human beings and animals c. altruism, passion, and ethics d. action, willpower, and resolve e. creativity and originality in research
c. altruism, passion, and ethics
1. Some intriguing perceptual differences were found in comparative studies of Weston and East Asian subjects. East Asians tend to be more holistic and Westerners tend to be more _______. a. creative b. impatient c. analytic d. forgiving e. aggressive
c. analytic
5. The strategy used to establish the applicability of research findings obtained in one country or culture to other countries or cultures is called the________. a. comparativists strategy b. meta-analysis strategy c. application-oriented strategy d. absolutist strategy e. direct strategy
c. application-oriented strategy
7. Any condition where the availability heuristic produces systematic errors in thinking or information processing, typically due to highly vivid (dramatic) although rare (extraordinary) events is called: a. Barnum effect b. continuous variable c. availability bias d. post-hoc error e. the fundamental attribution error
c. availability bias
7. Any condition where the availability heuristic produces systematic errors in thinking or information processing, typically due to highly vivid (dramatic) although rare (extraordinary) events is called: a. Barnum effect b. continuous variable c. availability bias d. post-hoc error e. the fundamental attribution error
c. availability bias
3. A graduate student tells you that she is going to travel India to collect comparative data for her dissertation. She indicates that she has chosen this country because she was born there and believes she will have a relatively easy time finding a research sample. What type of sampling strategy is she employing? a. random sampling b. systematic sampling c. convenience sampling d. experimental sampling e. reliable sampling
c. convenience sampling
5. A journal editor asks you to write a research article about "indigenous psychologies." This means that your article is likely to be about __________________. a. culture-rooted hostility b. large cultural groups that migrate from place to place and mix with other groups while preserving some of their own customs and beliefs c. cultural groups understood from "within" with the help of methodologies associated almost exclusively with these groups d. small groups of collectivist tribes living exclusively in the mountains e. small urban communities pursuing an ethnocentric view of reality
c. cultural groups understood from "within" with the help of methodologies associated almost exclusively with these groups
2. Any variable that can be placed into either of two discrete and mutually exclusive categories is called: a. continuous b. dependent c. dichotomous d. independent e. uncertainty avoidance
c. dichotomous
4. In South Korea, there are several hundred thousands of professional mediators, called manshin. What is their role? a. teaching traditional medicine b. teaching the legal aspects of marriage and divorce c. direct communication with multitudes of gods and spirits d. mediating interpersonal conflicts between spouses e. mediating interpersonal conflicts between parents and children
c. direct communication with multitudes of gods and spirits
19. What would you call the view that supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook? a. multiculturalism b. cultural psychology c. ethnocentrism d. collectivism e. individualism
c. ethnocentrism
7. Which of the following is least likely to be viewed as an Altered State of Consciousness? a. meditation b. hypnotic trance c. fantasy d. possession trance e. sleep
c. fantasy
6. If a psychologist studies the hidden meanings that people of different countries attach to their birthday greetings, she is studying which cultural characteristics? a. explicit b. collectivist c. implicit d. individualist e. power-distance related
c. implicit
10. What is the name for the quantitative analysis of a large collection of scientific results that attempts to make sense of a diverse selection of data? a. psychological analysis b. content-analysis c. meta-analysis d. indirect surveys e. laboratory observation
c. meta-analysis
17. Cultures based largely on modern beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles relatively open to other cultures, absorbing and dynamic, science-based, technology-driven, and relatively tolerant to social innovations are referred as: a. advanced cultures b. collectivist norms c. non-traditional cultures d. individualist norms e. industrial communities
c. non-traditional cultures
13. The ________ is a view in cross-cultural psychology that asserts that psychological phenomena should be studies only from "within" the culture where these phenomena occur. a. internal investigation b. application-oriented strategy c. relativist approach d. cross-cultural approach e. absolutist approach
c. relativist approach
8. _______ refers to the tendency of the sensory system to respond less to stimuli that continue without change. a. sensation b. excessive sleep c. sensory adaptation d. meditation e. dreams
c. sensory adaptation
4. The _________ suggests that while an ethnic group may excel in a particular sensory task, they may be less adept in others. Yet in sum, sensory and other cognitive skills are evenly balanced across ethnic groups. a. the inequality hypothesis b. the power hypothesis c. the compensation hypothesis d. the justice hypothesis e. the consciousness hypothesis
c. the compensation hypothesis
9. The United States' culture is commonly associated with individualism. This means that most likely_________. a. about 90 percent of Americans are individualists b. most people in the USA enjoy individual freedom c. there are more individualist than collectivist features in the US culture d. the individualists influence the level of power distance e. the individualists influence the level of uncertainty avoidance
c. there are more individualist than collectivist features in the US culture
13. During World War II, between 1940 and 1945, the British and American intelligence "bugged" several thousand German and Italian prisoners of war to gather secret recordings of their conversations with one another. What did psychologists learn from these recordings? a. they learned about correlation between two variables b. they gathered information about critical thinking c. they learned about people's war experiences d. they gathered information about people's memory e. they learned about the individual's anxiety and fears
c. they learned about people's war
16. The term _________ is used to describe cultures based largely on beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles established predominantly in the past, confined in local or regional boundaries, restricting and mostly intolerant to social innovations. a. advanced culture b. collectivism c. traditional culture d. power distance e. uncertainty avoidance
c. traditional culture
15. The term ________________refers to people's common ways to handle uncertainty in their daily situations and lives in general. a. individualism b. power distance orientation c. uncertainty orientation d. conservative orientation e. femininity
c. uncertainty orientation
5. The term for any generic description or interpretation about a particular individual that is true of practically all individuals or groups is known as a(n): a. the fundamental attribution error b. standup comedy c. ethnic joke d. Barnum statement e. post-hoc error
d. Barnum statement
11. Which one of these statements represents the Fundamental Attribution Error of judgment? a. Russia as a country has high violent crime rates because the weak criminal justice system. b. Russia as a country has high violent crime rates because of poverty and lack or order. c. Russia as a country has high violent crime rates because of numerous factors. d. Russia as a country has high violent crime rates because Russians are violent people. e. Russia as a country has high violent crime rates because the problems in their educational system and the lack of positive family influence.
d. Russia as a country has high violent crime rates because Russians are violent people.
1. Which one of the following is an example of the Fundamental Attribution Error? a. Russia has a high rate of violent crime because of the country's tough laws. b. Russia has a high rate of violent crime due to poverty and cold weather. c. Russia has a high rate of violent crime as a result of numerous factors. d. Russia has a high rate of violent crime because Russians are violent. e. Russia has a high rate of violent crime due to problems in their educational system.
d. Russia has a high rate of violent crime because Russians are violent.
1. Which approach in cross-cultural psychology argues that psychological phenomena are basically the same in all cultures? a. relativist b. ethnocentrism c. meta-analysis d. absolutist e. content-analysis
d. absolutist
5. What is the general name for phenomena that are different than normal waking consciousness and include mystic experiences, meditation, hypnosis, trance, or possession? a. aesthetic experience b. therapy c. paranormal phenomena d. altered states of consciousness e. spirituality
d. altered states of consciousness
10. A(n) ________ is a mental representation that orients people to dimensions such as time, space, and the interpersonal world. a. perceptual set b. absolute threshold c. sensory adaptation d. behavioral environment e. altered state of consciousness
d. behavioral environment
13. A kind of multiculturalism that involves combining features of two cultures into one unique blend is called: a. twin culture b. double-sided cultural influence c. dual culture d. biculturalism e. twofold dilemma
d. biculturalism
2. The term ________ refers to behavior based on traditions, concerns for other people, and values they share. a. individualism b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. collectivism e. femininity
d. collectivism
10. If you were to examine African and European fairy tales to find out how often they refer to symptoms of mental illness, what kind of a methodology are you likely to use? a. naturalistic observation b. experiment c. laboratory observation d. content-analysis e. sample selection
d. content-analysis
7. A research method that systematically organizes and summarizes both the manifest and latent content of communication is called: a. survey b. focus-group methodology c. latent analysis d. content-analysis e. arrangement method
d. content-analysis
3. ________ is the study that seeks to discover systematic relationships between culture and psychological variables. a. multiculturalism b. cross-cultural psychology c. cultural relativism d. cultural psychology e. cultural absolutism
d. cultural psychology
8. If you are conducting an experimental study assessing the impact of videos games upon the academic success of Japanese and American students, the dependent variable is _________. a. number of hours spent playing video games b. skill of video-game playing c. Japanese educational system d. grades at school e. U.S. educational system
d. grades at school
8. While traveling in a foreign country you are approached by a group of strangers and have to quickly surmise their intentions. You will likely use a set of quick and simple mental shortcuts to accomplish this task. These shortcuts are called: a. fundamental attribution error b. metathinking c. uncertainty avoidance d. heuristics e. self-fulfilling prophecy
d. heuristics
5. Lee has earned an undergraduate degree in biology. He is motivated to become a doctor. He has ascertained three letters of recommendation from his professors and has applied to medical school. He has not yet proposed to his girlfriend. Which of these characteristics referring to Lee is a continuous variable? a. his college degree b. his school application c. his letters of support d. his motivation e. his status as a fiancée
d. his motivation
2. The type of survey in which the researcher's personal impact is very small because there is no direct communication between the respondent and the interviewer is called: __________ a. content-analysis b. direct survey c. focus group methodology d. indirect survey e. psycho-biographical research
d. indirect survey
10. Which type of knowledge in cross-cultural psychology exists in the form of laws and other prescriptions established by authorities? a. authoritarian b. collectivist c. prescribed d. legal e. popular beliefs
d. legal
11. Any systematic error in attribution that derives from people's efforts to satisfy their own personal needs, such as the desire for approval by others, high self-esteem, power or prestige is called: a. intellectual hunger b. paradoxical reasoning c. parataxic thinking d. motivational bias e. post-hoc error
d. motivational bias
10. Imagine your client during a therapy session describes her perceptions and feelings when an evil spirit invaded her body a few days ago. From a psychological perspective, how would you define this altered state of consciousness? a. visionary trance b. non-specific spirit-related coma c. spiritual awakening d. possession trance e. "Seven-days-in-Tibet" experience
d. possession trance
1. If a psychologist examines a degree to which people in a certain country accept inequality between the leaders and the led, the elite and the commons, what psychological phenomenon does this researcher actually study? a. collective identity b. uncertainly avoidance c. power sharing d. power distance e. democratic collectivism
d. power distance
12. A longitudinal analysis of particular individuals, usually outstanding persons, celebrities, and leaders, representing different countries or cultures is called: a. investigative journalism b. sensationalism c. focus-group methodology d. psychobiographical research e. content-analysis
d. psychobiographical research
16. The term holistic is used to describe: a. the study religious motivation b. experimental medicine c. the study of symptoms of mental illness d. the study of systems with multiple interconnected elements. e. a specific statistical method to study human behavior and experience
d. the study of systems with multiple interconnected elements.
10. Which of the following is not typical of traditional cultures? a. most social roles are prescribed individuals b. there is a clear distinction between good and evil in behavior c. individuals' choices are restricted to the boundaries of social perceptions d. truth is revealed through the competition of ideas e. all these features are typical in traditional cultures
d. truth is revealed through the competition of ideas
6. Thirteen exchange students received the following scores on a written aptitude test: 2, 5, 9, 3, 3, 4, 9, 6, 6, 9, 9, 1, 1. What is the median score for this group? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6 e. 5
e. 5
6. De-Barnumize the following statement: "Russians are sensitive to criticism." a. Russians are insensitive to criticism. b. Russians are extremely sensitive to criticism but insensitive to other people's problems c. Russians are insensitive to criticism but sensitive to other people's problems d. Russians have an appreciation for nature and respect their ancestors e. Russians, in particular situations, become more sensitive to criticism than other groups
e. Russians, in particular situations, become more sensitive to criticism than other groups
10. Sana is a Canadian citizen, female, math major, extraverted, open-mined, strong, quick, anxious, and with some attention problems. In such a list of her "features" find a dichotomous variable: a. Sana's anxiety b. Sana's attention problems c. Sana' strength d. Sana's temperament e. Sana's nationality
e. Sana's nationality
18. A discipline with the humanities that emphasizes the subjective side of the individual (such as the sense of freedom, beauty, creativity, and moral responsibility) is called: a. The Subjective tradition b. The Freedom school c. The Moral school d. The Creativity tradition e. The Humanist tradition
e. The Humanist tradition
13. What is the Representativeness heuristic? a. any generic, "one-size-fits-all" description or interpretation about a particular individual b. deliberate lying about self c. the logical error that because Event B follows Event A, then B must have been caused by A d. a systematic error in attribution that derives from people's efforts to satisfy their own personal needs, such as the desire for self-esteem, power or prestige e. a cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the probability that a given instance is a member of a particular category.
e. a cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the probability that a given instance is a member of a particular category.
8. Under the influence of the Protestant (Christian) tradition, developed first in Western Europe, altered states of consciousness were considered: a. normal, common phenomena b. result of difficult educational environment c. religious experiences d. human emotions e. abnormal phenomena
e. abnormal phenomena
3. Since the beginning of scientific polling almost seventy years ago, how many Americans consistently report that they believe in God? a. about 35% b. about 55% c. about 65% d. about 75% e. about 95%
e. about 95%
1. The propensity to resolve discrepancies between pre-existing schemas and new information in the direction of assimilation rather than accommodation, even at the expense of distorting the information itself is called: a. post-hoc error b. accommodation error c. bidirectional causation d. Barnum effect e. assimilation bias
e. assimilation bias
12. Translating the original version of the method and then transferring this version back into the original language is called: a. correlation b. transfer of meaning c. absolutist approach d. content-analysis e. back translation
e. back translation
5. The term _________ refers to a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next. a. nation b. collectivism c. cultural relativism d. cultural psychology e. culture
e. culture
8. Complex behavior rooted in the pursuit of interpersonal goals, friendly atmosphere, consensus, modesty, caring for the weak, and quality of life is defined as: a. individualism b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. collectivism e. femininity
e. femininity
4. __________ is a survey method used intensively both in academic and marketing research, during which a group of 7-10 participants respond to specific social, political, or marketing messages. a. direct surveys b. indirect surveys c. content-analysis d. group experiment e. focus-group methodology
e. focus-group methodology
11. ________ is a method observation that involves the recording of people's behavior in their natural environments with little or no personal intervention. a. natural witness testimony b. content-analysis c. meta-analysis d. hidden-camera method e. naturalistic observation
e. naturalistic observation
6. What is the general scientific term for phenomena that appear to contradict physical laws and suggest the possibility of causation by mental processes? a. hypnosis b. magic psychology c. conscious efforts d. social psychology e. parapsychology
e. parapsychology
5. There is evidence that scanning patterns (scanning a text, for example) are subject to cultural variations. These variations are most closely linked with: a. perception of time b. religion c. access to water d. access to sand e. reading habits
e. reading habits
4. _________ is a quiet and relaxed state of tranquility in which a person achieves an integration of emotions, attitudes, and thoughts. a. hypnosis b. aesthetic experience c. trance d. meditation e. sleep
e. sleep
7. Which term stands for a broad range of phenomena concerning "non-material" matters related to faith, trust, and hope, in contrast to "material" matters related to ownership, accumulation of possessions, and competition? a. social psychology b. altered states of consciousness c. power of the mind philosophy d. eastern religions e. spirituality
e. spirituality
3. The ________ is a logical error that because Event B follows Event A, then B must have been caused by A. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. dichotomous variable c. the Barnum effect d. the fundamental attribution error e. the post hoc error
e. the post hoc error
