PSY 212
Victor is in the middle of taking an exam. His teacher temporarily steps out of the room and Victor notices that his neighbor's scoresheet is exposed and is tempted to look at his neighbor's answers. According to Freud's model of the mind, his "superego" would unconsciously feel:
"I shouldn't cheat because it is wrong and immoral"
Bandura s P, or person, factor includes
-though and memory and -anticipation, planning, and judging
Today most researchers who study personality traits agree that __, and only __, and no fewer than __ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques.
5
Allport hypothesized that the number of central dispositions for any one person would be about
5-10
Concerning emotions, Skinner believed all EXCEPT which of the following?
A majority of human behaviors are the result of emotions
TRUE OR FALSE According to Rotter, people who have a score low on the Interpersonal Trust Scale are likely to give others a second chance
False
TRUE OR FALSE In Dr. Bandura's famous experiment on aggresson from 1963, the researchers found that children exposed to an aggressive model displayed less aggressive responses than those children who had not been exposed to aggression.
False
TRUE OR FALSE In regard to interpersonal trust, Rotter contended that high trust is not desirable or essential for the survival of civilization. Society can function smoothly with high levels of mistrust
False
An individual with this component in their typology likes to take their clarity from symbols, abstract ideas, theories and on hunches, rather than just on fact. They like how data and information can relate to theory or things that come from the unconcious mind. They are more of the free-thinkers and therefore base their assumptions on free-thought rather than concrete data or details. These individual pay attention to the meanings and patterns of the information they get. They would rather learn by thinking a problem through than through hands-on experiences. Further, they think about new thing and what is possible, thus they think more about the future than the past.
Intuiting (Intuition)
Jung's concept of the collective unconscious differs from Freud's concept of the unconscious in that
Jung's theory includes archetypes that are common to all people and were formed in the beginning of time.
When a Rotterian therapist is working with patients, they might try to help patients change their goals. These therapists believe that all of the following are sources of problems that stem from inappropriate goals, EXCEPT
Patients might not recognize that their archetypes are influencing their beliefs and are speaking on their behalf
Which of the following is NOT an assumptions underlying Maslow's theory of motivation?
People in different cultures have different basic needs
In 1970, Mischel & Ebbesen conducted their famous 'marshmallow' study in which they told children that they could eat the marshmallow, but if they waited for fifteen minutes without giving in to the temptation, they would be rewarded with a second marshmallow. Children that were able to resist temptation did so with a variety of cognitive and behavioral techniques. In 2012, Mischel and his colleagues did a fullow up study with the children that were in the original study. They found all of the following, EXCEPT
Preschoolers who gave into the temptation of one marshmallow were more successful later in life, reported higher satisfaction in life, and scored very high on their SATs
When Allport was a young man, he spent a year teaching in Europe. On his return trip home, he visited with his brother Fayette and had a memorable meeting with
Sigmund Freud
TRUE OR FALSE Bandura proposed that people don't necessarily need to be directly involved in an event to learn from it; they can learn just as effectively from observing someone else be reinforced or punished (a.k.a. vicarious learning).
True
TRUE OR FALSE Studies on Self-Efficacy and Diabetes show that higher levels of self-efficacy are related to lower levels of depression, increase adherence to doctors' orders, lower BMI, and fewer and decreased sevrity of diabetes symptoms.
True
TRUE OR FALSE Walter Mischel and his colleagues currently believe that behavior stems from relatively stable personal dispositions and cognitive-affective (thought/emotion) processes interacting with a particular situation.
True
A taxonomy is best defined as
a classification system according to their natural relationships.
By the end of which of Erikson s psychosocial stages should a person develop a firm sense of ego identity?
adolescence
According to Maslow, a person surrounded by beauty and order would ordinarily satisfy
aesthetic needs.
May described _______ as "esteem for the other, the concern for the other's welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it." He also described it as a spiritual or altruistic love
agape
Bandura claims that self-efficacy can be increased or decreased through
all of the above
Bandura s triadic reciprocal causation assumes that personal conduct is a function of
all of the above
During psychotherapy, Adler used the therapeutic relationship to
all of the above
Erikson's theory of personality is unique and particularly well known for its focus on
all of the above
For Maslow, the peak experience
all of the above
In modeling, Bandura claims people are most likely to pay attention to
all of the above
What factors in Adler's personal life influenced his theory of personality (individual psychology)
all of the above
Which of these would NOT be considered by Skinner to be a generalized reinforcer?
all of these are considered to be common reinforcers
According to Allport's definition, personal dispositions
all of these are correct
As Molly looks at the grade on her final exam, she thinks, "I did well on this exam, but only because my roommate helped me study and told me the answers." Molly's thoughts indicate that she has:
an external locus of control
According to Erikson, each stage of life is characterized by
an interaction of opposites (systonic vs. dystonic).
A researcher uses the number of times a person smiles at others as a measure of friendliness. This an example of
an operational definiton
This represents the male element or masculine side of a woman. According to Jung, this archetype is symbolic of thinking, reasoning, logic and opinions in women. Further, women may project her distant ancestors' experience with fathers, brothers, lovers and sons onto unsuspecting men in their lives.
animus
According to Skinner, individuals may choose to remain in physically/verbally/emotionallythey may not abusive relationships because
any or all of these reasons are correct
For Allport, common traits
are general characteristics shared by several people.
For Maslow, B-values
are indicators of psychological health and ultimate level needs
To Allport, personal dispositions differ from common traits in that they
are peculiar/ unique to the individual
The cognitive components that A. Bandura describes as necessary for the performance of modeled behavior are
attention, representation, behavioral reproduction, and motivation
Adler believed that people strive for success
because they are motivated by social interest and the success of all humankind
The ultimate goal in Jungian therapy is to help neurotic patients:
become healthy and encourage people to work independently toward self-realization
The potential for any given behavior to occur in a particular situation or set of situations as calculated in relation to any single reinforcement or set of reinforcements, is Rotter s definition of
behavior potential
Albert Bandura s approach to therapy emphasizes
behavioral change and self-regulation
Two basic concepts of existentialism are
being-in-the-world and nonbeing
A rapist excuses his violent assault on his victim by claiming the she provoked the attack by dressing provocatively. According to Albert Bandura, this technique of disengagement is
blaming the victim
A rapist excuses his violent assault on his victim by claiming the she provoked the attack by dressing provocatively. According to Bandura, this technique of disengagement is
blaming the victim
According to the writings of Soren Kierkagaard's existential perspective, people acquire freedom from action
both A and B
To stop her 2-year-old daughter from crying, Sandy consistently gives the child a piece of candy whenever she cries. Such behavior is
both of these
According to Allport, personal dispositions that are so dominating in one s life that they cannot be hidden are called
cardinal traits
Most people who knew Allport described him as reserved, prim, and orderly. Allport would say that these descriptions are in terms of _____ dispositions.
central
Alexandria, Brendan and Jackie are healthy people. According to Rollo May, all three
challenge their destiny and cherish their freedom
Valerie was hired for as a short-order cook at Five Guys Burger and met Tom on her 1st day at work. They were regularly scheduled to work together and got to know one other. As time passed, they found themselves attracted to each other as they found that they had similar interests in music and sports. They started dating, eventually finished college, got married and started a family. Albert Bandura would say that this ______ __________ helped shape their lives.
chance encounter
Which term best describes the acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environments?
characteristic adaptations
People who score high on the trait _______ refers to people who are hard-working, self-disciplined, ambitious and organized. Those that score low on this trait are described as lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, quit easily, and are negligent.
conscientiousness
Adler referred the concept of ________ as people having control of their own lives and being responsible for their goals and the methods for striving toward those goals. He said that this concept makes people free individuals
creative power
According to Skinner, advertising is a method of social control through
describing contingencies
A parent injures a child with a severe beating, but explains that the child needs to be disciplined because by not resorting to corporal punishment (i.e. physical punishment), they may be spoiling the child. This illustrates Bandura s disengagement technique of
distorting or misconstruing consequences
Skinner believed that psychology and personality shouldn't explain behavior on the basis of physiology/biology, but rather on the basis of _________________.
environmental stimuli
______ is the psychological desire that seeks procreation or creation through an enduring union with a loved one, according to May. It's also described as a wish to establish a lasting union with care, understanding and tenderness
eros
The 'freedom of being' is called
essential freedom
As Charlese studied in smaller chunks of time, repeatedly over a few weeks, her quiz grades improved. She began to see herself as a good student as did her teachers. She also felt respected by others
esteem needs
Maslow included the needs for self-respect, confidence, competence, and the respect of others as
esteem needs
While serving a 10-year prison term for armed robbery, Charlie vowed to change his life for the better, so he completed an online G.E.D. and then earned his B.S. degree in marketing. He now believes that he has built a positive reputation, feels good about himself and his abilities, and is respected by others. His ___________ needs are in place.
esteem needs
Rollo May was the foremost spokesperson for the ______ approach to psychology in the United States
existential
Kasia believes that she has the freedom to act on the choices that she makes. For example Kasia is free to travel across state lines, to choose her friends, and to vote for a representative in government. Additionally, she is free to push around a shopping cart and select through thousands of items at her local grocery store and is free to choose what establishment she wants to eat at or she can choose to go home and cook her own meal. This type of freedom, the 'freedom of action - the freedom of doing' is called
existential freedom
Rollo May suggested that existential therapists should help their clients
expand their consciousness so they can make choices in life, experience their existence, and experience and understand their sense of freedom (help set them free)
The systematic withholding of reinforcement previously contingent upon a response until the probability of the response diminishes to zero is Skinner's definition of
extinction
Life Eysenck's model, the Five-Factor model rates ______ as a trait that reflect an affectionate, active, talkative, fun-loving, and passionate person
extraversion
Adler theorized that people strive to overcome feelings of inferiority that may not be shaped by reality, but by subjective perceptions of reality, or expectations of the future. This theoretical idea is called
factionalism
Trait theorists rely mostly on which method of identifying traits?
factor analysis
According to Gordon Allport, all human behavior is motivated by unconscious factors. Healthy adults are generally not aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it.
false
According to McNiel and Fleeson's (2006) study, individuals that were asked to act neurotic reported being a positive mood and those that were instructed to act extraverted reported being in a worse mood.
false
TRUE OR FALSE Alfred Adler believed that psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for success of humankind, while psychologically healthy individuals strive for personal superiority
false
TRUE OR FALSE Existential Psychologists believe that people live in a world of past experiences and feel that other people are generally responsible for who someone become
false
When Mary took her daughter shopping with her to the supermarket, her daughter asked for a candy bar and Mary would not buy it for her. Her daughter started throwing a tantrum and began screaming very loudly. Finally, Mary had enough and said, 'Fine, I'll buy you the candy bar if you stop crying.' Once Mary gave her daughter the candy bar, she did indeed stop the tantrum. Mary has just negatively reinforced her daughter's behavior.
false
May (1969) identified sex, eros, philia, and agape as the
forms of love
According to our textbook authors, the psychosocial crisis of adulthood (ages 31-60), according to Erikson, is
generativity vs. stagnation
Maslow's feelings toward his mother were marked by
hatred, animosity
In his concept of humanity, Maslow insisted that people
have the basic potential for improvement and growth.
This archetype is represented in myth and legend, as one who fights to conquer evil, frequently has a tragic flaw, and is sometimes part God.
hero
All of the following are true about Carl Jung's life EXCEPT:
his other personality was a Blacksmith from Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.
An educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be scientifically tested is a definition of
hypothesis
Erikson's life was marked by several
identity crises
Chris is 18 and has successfully developed a strong sense of who he is and has a clear plan for the future. His friend Benjamin does not know what to do with his future, and has difficulty making decisions. According to Erikson, which stage are these men in?
identity vs. identity confusion
Adler believed that people strive for superiority
in order to compensate for feelings of inferiority.
According to Rollo May, ______ is the structure that gives meaning to our experience and allows us to make decisions about the future. It's also the structure of meaning which makes it possible for people (subjects) to see, understand and find meaning with the outside world (object)
intentionality
Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval are examples of
intermittent schedules
A generalized expectancy held by an individual that the word, promise, oral or written statement of another individual or group can be relied on is Rotter s definition of
interpersonal trust
These people tend to passively go through things or reflect on them before they invoke action. They like to take time on their own to reflect and to revitalize their energy. Instead of directing their energy into people and objects, someone with this personalityi type likes to direct their energy inward on concepts and thoughts within their own minds. They like to go over things within themselves first before divulging with others. These individuals are turned into their inner world with all of its biases, fantasies, dreams and individualized perceptions.
introversion
Maslow believed that the impulse toward growth and self-actualization
is a natural characteristic of humans
For Skinner, natural selection
is probably responsible for some human behavior.
This period is seen as less of a stage and more of a period between stages, where boys and girls usually, but not always go through a period of dormant psychosexual development. This stage exists from ages 5 until puberty. This stage is brought about partly by parents' attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in young children, and if successful, children will suppress their sexual drives and direct their energy toward school, friends, hobbies, or other nonsexual activities. The sexual drive is inhibited and sublimates itself into social and cultural accomplishments. This describes the ________ phase / period.
latency
According to Rotter, four variables and their interactions must be analyzed to ensure accurate predictions. They include all the following EXCEPT
law of effect
The ego
looks for realistic ways to satisfy the id and superego.
Daquain was the only one from his high school class who went to U.C.L.A. He and his roommate happily pledged and joined a fraternity so they could meet new people and be part of a community.
love and belongingness needs
On Valentine's Day, everyone in Mrs. French's 3rd grade class exchanged valentines with a personalized message about why each student is 'a nice person." What needs are with this activity?
love and belongingness needs
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs concept,
lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be activated.
Adler refers to the overcompensation on the importance of being manly as the
masculine protest
Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale is an attempt to
measure generalized expectancies
Rotter assumed that
motivation is directed toward a goal
For Rotter, the degree to which a person prefers one set of reinforcements to another is called
need value
A researcher is interested in the relationship between smoking and aggressive personality tendencies. The results of her correlational study indicate that as the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day increases, aggressive characteristics decrease. This is an example of what kind of correlation?
negative
Heather has a painful headache. She takes some aspirin and the pain stops. In the future when she has a headache, she will also take aspirin. Skinner would say that the taking of aspirin to reduce headache pain is
negatively reinforced
David was abused and mistreated as a child and developed little social interest. He has little confidence in himself and tends to overestimate his life's problems. He is distrustful of others and of society, and is unable to cooperate for the common welfare of his society. He feels alienated from people and has envy toward successful people. Adler would say that David's views and personality are characteristic of a
neglected style of life
______ anxiety is disproportionate to the threat, involves repression and other forms of intrapsychic conflict, and is managed by various kinds of blocking-off of activity and awareness, according to May
neurotic
According to May, drug addiction, alcohol abuse, promiscuous sexual behavior, blind conformity to society's expectations, and other compulsive behaviors can be manifestations of _____________. He also said that people practice this be fleeing from making active choices and by dimming our self-awareness
nonbeing
In Bandura s view, self-efficacy is most likely to be increased when
one successfully performs a difficult task
Young Tyler has learned that his mother always hides the cookies on the top shelf of the hall closet. After Tyler's mother noticed cookies missing, she decided to hide the cookie jar in a new place. After several unrewarding trips to the top shelf of the hall closet, Tyler stops looking there after a few weeks. Skinner would say that the disappearance of this response is due to
operant extinction
Aaron was charged with possession of heroin outside of a rock club after a concert. While he plead with the police as they were handcuffing him, she said "Why are you guys arresting me, I just had the stuff on me, it's not like I was selling it!" He used the excuse "People who sell heroin are far much worse than me - you should go after them and leave me alone." What Bandurian 'redefining behavior technique' is Aaron using?
palliative comparisons
Adler health that parents that do too much for their children by treating them if they were incapable of solving their own problems may be in turn spoiling their childcare, and in turn these children may see the world with selfishness and feel entitled to be first in everything. When they must fend for themselves, they feel mistreated. These parents may be influencing their child's
pampered style of life
Maslow believed that time and space disorientation, a decrease in self and ego-consciousness, and the transcendence of everyday polarities frequently occur during
peak experiences
Unlike Freud's psychoanalysis, Adler's individual psychology assumed that
people are motivated mainly by social influences and a strive for superiority or success
This archetype represents the socially acceptable front that we present to others. It can also be described as the side of the personality that people show to the world / society.
persona
In this stage of sexual development, spanning the ages of three to four years, a toddler's libido (desire) centers upon his or her genitalia as the erogenous zone. Children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other genders, and the bodies of their parents. In this stage, children learn the physical differences between "male" and "female", and the gender differences between "boy" and "girl", experiences which alter the psychological dynamics of the parent and child relationship. Personality development is primarily shaped by experiencing the male and female Oedipus complex, which if resolved, helps children identify with the parent of the same sex. This describes the ________ phase / period.
phallic
According to May, ______ is an intimate but nonsexual friendship between two people. "It takes time to grow, to develop and to sink its roots." It can be described as the type of love between siblings or lifelong friends
philia
Jane is a homeless person that takes two buses through the city and walks 30 minutes through the snow she can get to her local homeless shelter. The shelter provides meals and heat during the winter months. The homeless shelter allows her to meet her ___________ needs by providing food and ability to maintain body temperature.
physiological needs
Liam's stomach was grumbling during class. He watched the hands on the clock tick toward the end of class and lunch time, not really hearing Mr. McNeely's lecture. What needs is he focusing on?
physiological needs
The most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy are
physiological needs
In Bandura s disengagement technique of displacement of responsibility (as seen in the Stanley Milgram 'Obedience' experiment), the consequences of one s actions are minimized by
placing/allocating responsibility on an outside source
Research suggests that the personality traits of conscientiousness and agreeableness are related to cooperative, teamwork-like behavior. The more conscientious and agreeable someone is, the more cooperative they will be in a team setting. The less conscientious or agreeable someone is on a numerical scale, the less cooperative they will be in a team. What type of correlation exists between the variables of consientiousness/agreeableness and cooperative, teamwork-like behavior?
positive
Mark drew pictures on the wall with crayons, which made his father furious. To teach him a lesson, his father gave him a severe beating, which left several bruises all over the boy's body. A neighbor heard this and said, 'quit abusing that little boy,' to which the father justified his behaviors by responding, 'I am not abusing him, I am teaching him discipline because he will be spoiled if we let his behaviors go.' Which defense mechanism is the father using?
rationalization
When a televangelist like Jim Bakker passionately preaches religious morality in public while secretly engaging in immoral sex in private, this may be an example of which defense mechanism?
reaction formation
In general, the purpose of factor analysis is to
reduce many variable to fewer basic factors/traits
Skinner called any stimulus within the environment that strengthens behavior or makes it more likely to reoccur a
reinforcer
Behavior reinforced on an intermittent schedule is
resistant to extinction
Martyrs who sacrifice physical needs and personal safety for their beliefs, and heroes who risk their lives to save others illustrate Maslow's notion of
reversed order of needs.
Labron is an 87 year old man who lives on his own and has concerns for his well-being. To help him ease his worries about living along, he recently purchased the "Life Alert" program that can help him contact the paramedics in the event of illness, chest pains, or if he falls and can't get himself up. The remote controlled alarm he wears around his neck can be pressed in case of emergency. According to Maslow's Theory, Labron's ____________ needs are being fulfilled by purchasing this program.
safety
Maslow classified the need for stability, dependency, freedom from illness, fear, anxiety, war, terrorism, chaos, anxiety and natural disasters as ________ needs.
safety
Larry, age 9, was afraid to go to home after school because his mother was physically and verbally abusing him, so he tried to hide behind the teacher's desk after school. When the teacher noticed a noise behind his desk, he found Larry hiding. Larry stated, "Can't I just sleep here? I am afraid to go home." Larry was trying to meet his _________ needs.
safety needs
Teri learned basic kung fu and mixed martial-arts in an effort to feel better about working the night shift at a gas station. She was likely motivated by _________ needs.
safety needs
Personal dispositions that are not central to personality, yet occur with some regularity and are responsible for much of one s specific behaviors, Allport termed ______ dispositions.
secondary
In an effort to make a productive change for the better, a smiling Oprah Winfrey spent $40 million dollars opening a new school for girls in South Africa. Ms. Winfrey was motivated by social interest, justice, truth, and altruism that day. Which needs are these indicative of?
self actualization needs
Vincent paints pictures because it provides him with self-fulfillment and it gives him the opportunity to express his creativity. He loves beauty and creates art for art's sake, and is not concerned with people's criticism of his art or painting techniques. Vincent is likely motivated by _________ needs.
self actualization needs
Maslow was one of the first theorists to emphasize
self-actualization
Which of these would NOT be characteristic of the mature, healthy personality, according to Allport?
self-centeredness
People's feelings of self-isolation and alienation from the world are seen in their
separation from nature, lack of meaningful interpersonal relationships, and alienation from authentic self
Rollo May considered ________ as "the power of procreation, the drive that perpetuates the race, the source of a human being's most intense pleasure and their most pervasive anxiety." This is considered a biological function
sex
Freud's psychoanalysis rests on which two cornerstones?
sex and aggression
This archetype represents darkness and repression in addition to those qualities that we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others. It can also be described as the dark, socially unacceptable part of the personality.
shadow
Which of these did Skinner NOT list as an effect of punishment?
shaping of the targeted behavior
Maslow would describe Adelina as a self-actualizer. She likely possesses all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
she is free from all personal problems
According to Erikson, during adolescence, a person is permitted to experiment with a variety of roles, values, and goals without making a lasting commitment. This reflects what aspect of adolescence?
social (psychosocial) latency
Jane is a 55 year old that does not want to contribute anything to society or beyond her own wants, though she is a brilliant mathematician. People have described her as self-absorbed and selfish, as she does not care to teach any graduate students or math classes to students that might benefit. When she does teach, it's mainly because she has to due to her contract. You might hear her saying, "I don't care about anyone other than myself and I don't even interact with department members or students because they distract me from my reading." Erikson would say that Jane is experiencing ________ in this stage of her life.
stagnation
Negative and positive reinforcement are alike in that they
strengthen the behavior they follow
In Adlerian theory, this refers to the flavor of a person's life. It includes a person's goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and their attitude toward the world,. Its also the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and a persons creative power
style of life
Bandura views human agency as
the capacity to exercise control over our own lives
In psychoanalytic theory, this is the part of the personality that represents reason, sensibility, logic, and rational self-control. It is the only part of the mind that is in contact with reality or external world, and is known as the 'decision-maker.' This part of the personality works on the 'reality principle' and is partly conscious:
the ego
Rollo May has been working with Laura. He has helped her develop her sense of 'being-in-the-world': Laura is now aware of
the environment around her, her relations with other people, and the relationship she has with herself
Maslow's Jonah complex is characterized by
the fear of being one's best.
Skinner believed that human behavior is shaped by all these factors EXCEPT
the individual's personal drive state
Erikson's anthropological studies demonstrated
the influence of history, culture and society on personality development
According to Maslow, metamotivation is
the motivation of self-actualizing people
According to classical conditioning, Little Albert's fear of rats was the result of
the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
Rotter distinguished between internal reinforcement and external reinforcement. External reinforcement is determined by
the positive or negative conditions that others or society place on an event
Those aspects of a person regarded as warm, central and important to a person's life. There aspect slash provide the sense of self0identity and are what Allport called
the proprium
The personalities, cognitive processes, developmental histories, and social experiences of personality theorists help shape their theories. The discipline that deals with these factors is called
the psychology of science.
Mischel s early research led him to believe that behavior is mostly a function of
the situation
According to Rotter, people with high internal locus of control believe that
the source of control is mostly inside them
Reliability in personality testing means that:
the test produces the same results from one time and place to the next.
Allport s principal concern in personality theory was with
the uniqueness of the individual
When operant conditioning is used to shape complex behavior such as playing a piano, reinforcement is applied
through successive approximations
____________ contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations. This/these may be unique, common to some, or shared by an entire species.
traits
The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to
transform unconscious material into consciousness
The notion that behavior is a consequence of a mutual interaction of three forces (B, P & E) is what Bandura calls
triadic reciprocal causation
According to Maslow, the 14 B-values not only distinguish self-actualizing people from those healthy people who do not reach self-actualization, but are also so highly interrelated that they probably represent a single factor.
true
Breanne is a self-actualized individual. According to Maslow, she can be alone w/o being lonely because she has satisfied her love and belongingness needs and has no desperate need to be surrounded by others
true
Erik Erikson theorized that basic ego strength emerges from the clash between the harmonious and the disruptive elements of each respective life-stage.
true
In a suited done by Van Der Aa and colleagues (2009), it was found that more introverted, less agreeable, and more neurotic adolescents were more likely to score high on compulsive internet use, and this type of internet use was predictive feelings of loneliness and depressive symptoms
true
In treating a patient using behaviorism, one would point out the positive consequences of certain behaviors and the negative effects of others, and over time suggesting that desired behaviors will result in positive reinforcement
true
Research shows that those who are high on the trait of conscientiousness then to have higher GPAs in both high school and college
true
TRUE OR FALSE From an existential perspective, as people realize that they are in charge of their own destiny, they experience anxiety, which is the burden of freedom and the pain of responsibility
true
The five factor of personality show some performance with age. This means that in the absence of catastrophic illnesses such as Alzheimer's people tend to maintain the same personality structure over time, as they grow older
true
The two MOST important functions of a theory are its ability to generate research and organize observations.
true
Trained psychoanalysts can interpret dreams most accurately by asking the dreamer for his or her associations to the material.
true
Unlike punishment, reinforcement gives information as to the desired behavior or personality trait that one is expected to display / demonstrate
true
Erikson's biological father
was never known to Erikson
Skinner defines negative reinforcement as any condition that,
when removed from a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will occur.
When discussing personality testing, validity refers to
whether a test measures what it is supposed to
Certain political and religious leaders rely on charisma, wisdom, sensibility and verbal persuasions to influence multitudes of people. Jung would say that the spell these individuals cast over others might be due to this archetype within people.
wise old man
If a need develops at a lower level of Maslow's pyramid while you are trying to satisfy a higher-level need
your attention is pulled downward, away from higher-level need
