PSY 223 Final

Jack and Jake are fraternal twins who were reared together. Tom and Tim are identical twins who were reared apart. Base on prior research, one would expect the IQ correlation to be... A. higher for J&J than for T&T. B. higher for T&T than for J&J. C. negative for T&T and positive for J&J. D. positive for T&T and negative for J&J.

B. higher for T&T than for J&J.

You are the teacher in a 3rd grade classroom. You see that the African American children and white children don't play together and sometimes say negative things about each other. Design program to help.

Create groups with African Americans and whites and have them work together. Competition btw. groups promotes pride w/in group.

The existence of children with autism who excel in numerical and spatial skills provides support for... A. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. B. Cattell's crystallized vs. fluid intelligence theory. C. Carroll's 3 stratum theory of intelligence. D. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

D. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

While you are sitting w/ your friends in the cafeteria @ lunchtime, someone is walking past your table and splashes some juice on your shoulder. You get angry b/c you figure that he was trying to embarrass you in front on your friends. This is an example of... A. egocentric thinking B. recursive thinking C. a faulty theory of mind D. a hostile attribution bias

D. a hostile attribution bias

As a result of adolescents' ability to engage in _____, they often construct grand visions of a perfect world that are at odds with adults' more realistic views. A. hypothetico-deductive reasoning B. propositional thought C. animistic thought D. abstract thought

D. abstract thought

David Elkind proposed that b/c adolescents are often preoccupied w/ their own looks and behaviors, they believe they're the center of attention for other people also. Elkin calls this.... A. centrifugal attention. B. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. C. adolescent reversibility. D. adolescent egocentricism.

D. adolescent egocentricism.

When 18 month old James is given peas for the first time he picks one up, throws it, and says "ball." According to Piaget's theory, James is ____ the pea into his ball schema. A. accommodating B. organizing C. equilibrating D. assimilating

D. assimilating

What is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development? A. Apgar score B. birth length C. mother's age D.birth weight

D. birth weight

The scientific process ... A. is the best way to prove or disprove a theory. B. provides us w/ hypotheses, but doesn't provide the methodology to test them. C. has changed over time so that there now is little agreement on best way to conduct process. D. cannot prove a theory beyond a shadow of a doubt, but can provide evidence tat supports or opposes the ideas in it.

D. cannot prove a theory beyond a shadow of a doubt, but can provide evidence tat supports or opposes the ideas in it.

One of the consequences of children experiencing a parental divorce is emotional parentification which is a situation in which... A. the child's parents become emotionally unstable and their behavior is unpredictable. B. parents who had pre-existing emotional problems worsen following a divorce. C. children develop emotional problems which interfere with their relationships with peers and their performance in school. D. children become more concerned about the emotional needs of their parents than their own needs.

D. children become more concerned about the emotional needs of their parents than their own needs.

Parents who are highly stressed following a divorce might... A. become very restrictive and controlling of child's behavior B. work particularly hard on their parenting skills in an effort to make the divorce as easy as possible on children. C. call upon extended family and friends to help them with parenting so their children won't suffer. D. communicate less effectively and do less monitoring and controlling of child's behavior.

D. communicate less effectively and do less monitoring and controlling of child's behavior.

A child w/ violent tendencies may seek out and enjoy playing violent video games. In this case we would describe the genes for his tendency as... A. passive B. active. C. evocative. D. reactive.

B. active.

In Sternberg's theory, individuals who are high in practical intelligence excel @... A. generating solution to novel problems. B. adapting their thinking to fit the demands of their everyday worlds. C. acquiring task-relevant and meta-cognitive knowledge. D. making strategies automatic so that working-memory capacity is freed.

B. adapting their thinking to fit the demands of their everyday worlds.

The embryonic stage of prenatal development is considered a critical period or development b/c... A. it's the sage when the gender is determined. B. all major organs and structures are undergoing rapid development and damage can be severe and irreversible. C. the conception may implant in the fallopian tubes rather than the uterus. D. most of the genetic abnormalities that we see in infants happen during this stage

B. all major organs and structures are undergoing rapid development and damage can be severe and irreversible.

Research on the effect of parental stress on children has found that... A. most children don't know what stress is, so a parent's stress doesn't affect them. B. almost all of the children said they knew when their parents were under stress b/c of the way they behaved. C. children think of all stress as short-term that's easy to resolve. D. almost all the parents thoughts that their stress level had no effect on their children.

B. almost all of the children said they knew when their parents were under stress b/c of the way they behaved.

In Phinney's theory of ethnic identity development, adolescents move from a stage of unexamined ethnic identity to... A. accepting w/out question the attitudes and values of other members of the adolescent's ethnic group. B. an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescents ethnicity. C. a stage in which the adolescent actively rejects his ethic identity in favor of a majority identity. D. a period of dormancy in which the adolescent does nothing with regard to developing an ethnic identity.

B. an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescents ethnicity.

Denise Kandel's explanation for why friends are so similar says that first people seek out friendships w/ people who are similar to them and then... A. the friendship stops new people from joining. B. as they do things together they continue to influence each other. C. as they move through the grades, their friendship becomes stronger, D. parents exert pressure for the friends to remain together as a group.

B. as they do things together they continue to influence each other.

Parents who have age-appropriate expectations upon their children, provide a rationale for their rules and expectations, are willing to listen to their children's point of view, and treat them with respect are classified by Baumrind as... A. authoritarian parents. B. authoritative parents. C. rational parents. D. collectivist parents.

B. authoritative parents.

If you ask a child watch you as you take one of 2 identical balls of clay and roll that ball into a clay snake, and the child then thinks there is more clay in the snake b/c it's longer than the other ball, the child has.... A. used transductive reasoning to frame their answer. B. centered on only one aspect of the situation and ignored other aspects. C. attributed a characteristic of a living organism to the clay snake. D. failed to store the image of the identical balls of clay in their memory.

B. centered on only one aspect of the situation and ignored other aspects.

Poverty has the most damaging effects on children who... A. move in and out of poverty from time to time and those who experience poverty in middle childhood. B. continually live in poverty and those who experience poverty in early childhood. C. continually live in poverty and those who experience poverty during adolescence. D. move in and out of poverty from time to time and those who experience poverty in adolescence.

B. continually live in poverty and those who experience poverty in early childhood.

Abnormal facial features,small stature, a small head, cognitive deficits, and trouble controlling behavior and emotions are all characteristics associated w/... A. maternal rubella during pregnancy. B. fetal alcohol syndrome. C. poor maternal diet. D. use of prescription drugs while pregnant.

B. fetal alcohol syndrome.

What is habituation?

The reduction in the response to a repeated stimulus.

True or false? Once children have gender constancy, they become more flexible about external things like clothing and hairstyles.

True

True or false? The testosterone level of a new father declines following the birth of his baby.

True

True or false? The preservative use in the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine has bee identified as a significant cause of autism.

False

The most common cause of miscarriage is.. A. genetic abnormalities. B. poor maternal diet. C. maternal smoking. D. maternal drinking.

A. genetic abnormalities.

Of the following, which statement contributes to IQ test bias against ethnic minorities? A. Negative stereotypes about the test taker's ethnic group can undermine children's IQ performance. B. Ethnic minority children often group in in "object oriented" rather than "people oriented" homes. C. Ethnic minority parents don't promote complex verbal skills, such as storytelling. D. Ethnic minority children are less concerned with pleasing their teachers than white children.

A. Negative stereotypes about the test taker's ethnic group can undermine children's IQ performance.

When a parent is going through a divorce, the parent may become harsher in disciplining her children. The children may react to this harsh discipline by acting out even more, which makes the parent increase harshness of her discipline.This is an example of... A. a transactional effect B. a multiple effect C. a reactive effect D. a multidimensional effect

A. a transactional effect

Studies examining the correlational stability of IQ suggest that... A. after age 6, IQ scores are fairly stables. B. IQ scores aren't stable until adolescence. C. IQ scores fluctuate widely throughout the school yrs. D. preschool IQs are good predictors of school age IQs.

A. after age 6, IQ scores are fairly stables.

During prenatal development... A. all the baby's senses become functional to some extent. B. the developing baby is protected from all sensory input from environment. C. rudimentary senses develop, but most of this development doesn't occur until after birth. D. auditory ad visual senses develop, but remaining senses not yet functional.

A. all the baby's senses become functional to some extent.

Parents dealing with issues of living in poverty... A. are more punitive and less warm toward their children. B. are more controlling but also more warm toward child. C. use more induction when talking w/ their children. D. are more accepting of their children, regardless of child's behavior.

A. are more punitive and less warm toward their children.

You can help an infant learn to regulate his own emotions by.... A. being sensitive to the infant's signals so he doesn't need to get frantic to get a response from you. B. ignoring the infant when he shows any signs of distress or frustration. C. overstimulating the infant so that he needs to calm himself down after you play with him. D. letting the infant spend a good deal of time by himself so he becomes familiar with his own feelings.

A. being sensitive to the infant's signals so he doesn't need to get frantic to get a response from you.

One explanation for why girls prefer to play w/ other girls and boys prefer to play w/ other boys is that.... A. boys and girls have different play styles and different communication styles. B.girls prefer to play in larger groups, while boys prefer playing in smaller groups or in pairs. C. there's more competition and conflict among groups of girls than among groups of boys. D. girls prefer organized activities, but boys prefer unstructured activities.

A. boys and girls have different play styles and different communication styles.

A researcher interested in children's beliefs about Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny begins each interview with the same question, but subsequent questions are determined by each child's answers. This is an example of... A. clinical interview. B. data questionnaire. C. structured interview. D. case study.

A. clinical interview.

Dr. Lee developed a measure to rate children's distress during medical procedures. To test reliability she... A. compared the level of agreement btw. 2 different observers who used her measured simultaneously. B. used people who were part of the children's natural environment to do the rating. C. compared the degree to which children from different cohorts scored simultaneously. D. compared the extent to which her measure correlated w/ psychophysiolgical measures of distress.

A. compared the level of agreement btw. 2 different observers who used her measured simultaneously.

One explanation for why siblings growing up in the same family have such different experiences in their nonshared environment is that... A. each sibling is born into the family @ a different point in the family's timeline. B. the quality of genetic inheritance each sibling receives is degraded w/ each subsequent birth. C. parents are less invested in the well-being of their later born children. D. the quality of the family's lifestyle improves w/ each subsequent birth.

A. each sibling is born into the family @ a different point in the family's timeline.

The group of adolescents who typically have the most positive self-image, are the most confident, and have high social status among their peers is the.. A. early maturing boys. B. late maturing boys. C. early maturing girls. D. late maturing girls.

A. early maturing boys.

Of te following, which theory suggests that sound public policies are essential for protecting children's well being? A. ecological systems theory B. social learning theory C. evolutionary developmental psych D. dynamic systems perspective.

A. ecological systems theory

A toddler sees his mother lying in bed b/c she doesn't feel well so he gives her his fav. blanket b/c he knows that it always makes him feel better. This is an example of... A. egocentrism B. animism. C. conservation. D. transductive reasoning.

A. egocentrism

Preschoolers are most likely to form friendships with children who... A. enjoy the same kinds of play activities as they do. B. are older and bigger than they are. C. will imitate whatever they do. D. will be a reliable or trustworthy friend.

A. enjoy the same kinds of play activities as they do.

One way to help children remember more details of their life and to even understand their lives in more complex ways is to... A. guide children in a complex discussion of the events in their lives. B. encourage the child to use their imagination and make up stories. C. try to get the child to say exactly what happened and if they don't, change the subject. D. ask the child to talk in detail about events that happen to other children.

A. guide children in a complex discussion of the events in their lives.

Proff. Smart developed a new intelligence test. Although children who took the new test twice received similar scores on both occasions, their scores were not related o their scores on traditional intelligence tests. Smart's test as ____ reliability and _____ validity. A. high; low B. low; low C. high; high D. low; high

A. high; low

A description of the self that included terms such as "beautiful, smart, helpful, fast runner" would be more typical of children... A. in an individualistic culture. B. in a collectivist culture. C. in a collaborative culture. D. in a communist culture.

A. in an individualistic culture.

Statements like "I tend to do my own thing" or "I take pride in being able to do things that others can't do" reflect the values of a(n).... A. individualistic culture. B. collectivist culture. C. monolithic culture. D. transition culture.

A. individualistic culture.

Dr. L is studying effects of a new computer program that's supposed to increase children's reading fluency. While testing one group of participants, the power goes out and Dr.L has to start assessment over. This ex. represents a threat to.... A. internal validity. B. cohort effects. C. inter-rater reliability. D. selective attrition.

A. internal validity.

A toddler's sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is "Mine!" is an indication that the child... A. is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them. B. is becoming too self-centered and egotistical. C. is not successfully negotiating the stage of initiative vs. guilt. D. has developed an autobiographical memory.

A. is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them.

Marcus was abused by his parents during preschool yrs. Now in early elementary school and living w/ a foster family, Marcus's school counselor believes those early negative events can be overcome by his now positive life circumstances. The counselor is emphasizing the role of ____ in development. A. nurture. B. nature. C. heredity. D. stability.

A. nurture.

A parent who suffers from a mental disorder may also provide a dysfunctional family environment for his or her children. In this case we would describe the genes for the disorder as.... A. passive. B. active. C. reactive. D. evocative.

A. passive (kid isn't doing anything)

10 yr. old Andrea has IQ of 130. This means that she... A. performed as well or better than 98% of her same age peers. B. scored higher than 98% of all children. C. scored 3 SDs above mean. D. performed as well or better than 84% of her same age peers.

A. performed as well or better than 98% of her same age peers.

A concordance rate allows us to look at the.... A. similarity btw. an adopted child and the child's biological and adoptive parents. B. likelihood that a recessive gene will be expressed in a child's phenotype. C. degree to which the expression of genes is determined by a particular environment. D. transmission of genetic traits across multiple generations.

A. similarity btw. an adopted child and the child's biological and adoptive parents.

Today 2 yr. old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engine begins to roar, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out the windows so Chandra thinks that flying is fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of... A. social referencing. B. sympathy. C. empathic feelings. D. emotional intelligence.

A. social referencing.

As an infant's brain continues to produce more synaptic connections... A. the connections that aren't used will be pruned. B. the # of synapses will begin to catch up w/the # of neurons. C. neurons will begin to die off and are replaced by new neurons. D. each neuron will add new synapses but will lose axons and dendrites.

A. the connections that aren't used will be pruned.

Calculating H (heritability estimate) tells us... A. the extent to which variation in a trait is due to genetic factors. B. the extent to which a trait is determined by our genes compared to our environment. C. the degree to which genes and the environment interact to cause variation in a particular trait. D. the percentage of which variation in a trait is due to the environmental influences not shared by other people living together.

A. the extent to which variation in a trait is due to genetic factors.

As we look at the temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that... A. there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur. B. temperament is very unstable, especially during childhood. C. there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older. D. if there is going to be change in temperament, it's most likely to occur during adolescence.

A. there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur.

When specific neurons are given extra stimulation through repeated motor practice... A. there's greater myelination of those neurons. B. the dendrites of those neurons grow longer. C. the corpus callosum begins to break down. D. the parietal lobe grows more rapidly than the rest of the brain.

A. there's greater myelination of those neurons.

One reason why preschoolers have such positive views of themselves is that.... A. they can't take the perspectives of other so they make self-comparisons rather than social comparisons. B. they don't yet understand the qualitative differences such as good, better, best. C. people praise children for every little thing they do so they have no realistic standard for their behavior. D. preschoolers operate by the pleasure principle, not reality principle.

A. they can't take the perspectives of other so they make self-comparisons rather than social comparisons.

Research that has compared children raised by gay or lesbian parents and children raised by heterosexual parents has found... A. very few differences btw. them B. that children in homosexual families suffer from more depression. C. that children in heterosexual families do better in school. D. that children in homosexual families are more likely to self-identify as gay or lesbian in early adulthood.

A. very few differences btw. them

Which of the following statements about gender differences in self-esteem is the most accurate? A. Boys have higher self-esteem than girls throughout childhood and adolescence. B. Although boys have higher scores on measures of self-esteem than girls, the difference is actually quite small. C. Any differences in the self-esteem of boys & girls have disappeared by mid-adolescence. D. Contrary to what many people believe, girls have higher self-esteem than boys though most of adolescence.

B. Although boys have higher scores on measures of self-esteem than girls, the difference is actually quite small.

The exception to the findings that authoritarian parenting is associated with poorer school performance is... A. non-custodial fathers, where permissive parenting is more effective. B. Asian parents who are controlling but in the context of a warm, supportive relationship. C. Black parents who are more permissive and grant more autonomy to their children. D. Latino families in which parents are uninvolved or disengaged.

B. Asian parents who are controlling but in the context of a warm, supportive relationship.

Which of the following is the best description of the typical pattern of change in self-esteem from childhood through late adolescence? A. Low in childhood, slight increase in early adolescence, large increases in middle and late adolescence. B. High in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence. C. Moderate in childhood, increase in early adolescence, sharp increase throughout the remainder of adolescence. D. High in childhood, decline in early adolescence, further declines throughout the remainder of adolescence.

B. High in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence.

The capacity for ____ distinguishes the formal operational stage from concrete operational stage. A. conservation B. abstract thinking C. analogical problem solving D. dual representation

B. abstract thinking

The challenge for parents of adolescents is... A. when to shift from induction discpline to power assertion. B. how to balance granting autonomy with maintaining connectedness. C. figuring out how to cope as adolescents break down their attachment to their parents. D. deciding how firm you need to be to control adolescent behavior.

B. how to balance granting autonomy with maintaining connectedness.

One of the criticisms that has been leveled at research that examines the similarity btw. twins separated at birth is that.... A. there's so few cases of separated twins that this research can't really tell us very much about he relative influence of genetics and environment. B. in many cases the twins weren't really separated b/c they were adopted by relatives or lived close to each other growing up. C. we don't have statistical techniques that allow us to separate the effect of genetics from the effect of the environment. D. many of the reports of great similarity btw. separated twins has been exaggerates and these reports are not supported by data.

B. in many cases the twins weren't really separated b/c they were adopted by relatives or lived close to each other growing up.

In research conducted in the U.S., the incidence of bullying peaks in.... A. 3rd and 4th grade. B. in middle school, grades 6 to 8. C. after the start of high school in grade 9. D. in late adolescence .

B. in middle school, grades 6 to 8.

A boy in the U.S. who is hurt on the field may come off the field feeling very angry b/c... A. the area of the brain that control the emotion of anger and the one that controls the emotion of sadness are right next to each other. B. in this culture it's more acceptable for a boy to express anger than sadness. C. a young child has not yet learned how to distinguish btw. anger and sadness. D. either emotion would be equally acceptable under these circumstances.

B. in this culture it's more acceptable for a boy to express anger than sadness.

A critical level of body fat in adolescence is necessary for girls b/c... A. their long bones will not complete their development w/out it. B. it enables girls to maintain regular menstrual cycles. C. the pubertal growth spurt won't begin w/out it, D. it keeps their periods from being unusually heavy.

B. it enables girls to maintain regular menstrual cycles.

Once an adolescent has reached an achieved identity status... A. it is very unlikely that their commitment or status will ever change. B. it is possible for new experiences to push them back into a state of moratorium. C. the only change that can occur is adopt a negative identity. D. most families will continue to push them toward foreclosure.

B. it is possible for new experiences to push them back into a state of moratorium.

In Piaget's theory, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage is an extraordinary increase in... A. abstract thought. B. mental representation. C. logical understanding. D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

B. mental representation.

3 yr. old Zen is more compliant and social @ child care after she's enjoyed a morning of positive iteraction with her parents. This is an ex. of interactions w/in the... A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. exosystem. D. macrosystem.

B. mesosystem.

A child who is sitting next to another child & playing with similar toys but doesn't interact with the other child is engaging in.... A. solitary independent play B. parallel play C. associative play D. disruptive play

B. parallel play

What part of the brain is developing during adolescence? A. corpus callosum B. prefrontal cortex C. reticular formation D. cerebellum

B. prefrontal cortex

George has suddenly outgrown his shoes, gloves, and pants; however his jackets and shirts fit well. This reversal of the proximodistal trend occurs during... A. toddlerhood B. puberty C. infancy D. middle childhood

B. puberty

Researchers who study cultures other than their own have at times been guilty of.... A. ignoring important differences that they see in the other culture. B. seeing differences from their own culture as deficits rather than differences. C. glamorizing the differences they see in the other culture. D. using the other culture as a standard against which to judge their own culture.

B. seeing differences from their own culture as deficits rather than differences.

The baby X experiments have found that adults... A. won't play w/ an infant unless they are told whether the infant is a boy or girl. B. tend to select the toys they give the infant based on whether they are told the infant they're playing w/ is a boy or girl. C. select toys to give an infant based on the characteristics of the infant (fro example, they give boy toys to active infants and girl toys to quiet infants). D. let the child choose whatever toys they want & then play w/ those toys.

B. tend to select the toys they give the infant based on whether they are told the infant they're playing w/ is a boy or girl.

The importance of peer review is.... A. everyone has an equal chance of getting their research published in a journal. B. the research has been reviewed by professionals who are knowledgeable about the topic before the research is published. C. research findings are published in multiple journals so that the results are widely disseminated. D. only well-established ideas will appear in the research literature.

B. the research has been reviewed by professionals who are knowledgeable about the topic before the research is published.

Recent research on the effect of maternal employment on infants' cognitive development found that A. infants had lower levels of cognitive development and were less compliant if their mothers worked at all during the babies' first 5 years B. there were no differences, except that teachers rated the children of employed mothers as having higher achievement motivation and fewer internalizing problems. C. infants of mothers who were employed had lower levels of cognitive development, were less compliant, and were less securely attached. D. infants from middle-class families were less social and had lower levels of cognitive development if their mothers worked.

B. there were no differences, except that teachers rated the children of employed mothers as having higher achievement motivation and fewer internalizing problems.

The pattern of attachment called anxious avoidant has been associated with a caregiver who is... A. intrusive or may even have been abusive. B. unresponsive to the needs of the infant. C. able to anticipate the infant's needs before the infant even signals what he needs. D. overly responsive to the signals of the infant.

B. unresponsive to the needs of the infant.

Piaget's theory is described as a constructivist approach b/c he... A. stressed the social and cultural contributions to children's thinking. B. viewed children as discovering all knowledge about their world through their own activity. C. emphasized how genetic and environmental factors combine to yield more complex ways of thinking. D. believed that children construct knowledge through adult training and modeling.

B. viewed children as discovering all knowledge about their world through their own activity.

Proff. P's research shows that participation in extracurricular ins correlated w/ grades in school. Based on his study's findings, what can he conclude? A. participation in extracurriculars causes grade differences. B. Grades cause difference in participation in extracurriculars. C. Participation in extracurricular activities is related to grades. D. a third variable is causing both participation in extracurriculars and grade differences.

C. Participation in extracurricular activities is related to grades.

According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be w/in a child's zone of proximal development? A. a task that has been assigned by teacher as homework B. a task that a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult. C. a task that a child can't handle on her own, but can do w/ the help of an adult D. a task that a child figures out how to accomplish through trial and error

C. a task that a child can't handle on her own, but can do w/ the help of an adult

Spearman proposed the concept of "g" after he found that... A. test items differed in the extent to which they predicted cognitive performance outside of the testing situation. B. crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence are easy to distinguish in factor analysis. C. all test items he examined correlated w/ one another. D. separate, unrelated factors, called primary mental abilities exist.

C. all test items he examined correlated w/ one another.

Of the following, which ability reflects fluid intelligence? A. general information B. vocab C. analyzing info. D. math skills

C. analyzing info.

Beliefs such as "Others are unpredictable and I don't know what to expect from them" or "I can't explore b/c I might miss an opportunity for live" would reflect having a... A. secure internal working model. B. bidirectional emotional model. C. anxious ambivalent/resistant internal working model. D. goal directed attachment model.

C. anxious ambivalent/resistant internal working model.

When the economic situation of a family living in poverty improves... A. it has little effect on the children if they are already old enough to go to school. B. academic performance tends to improve, but problem behaviors usually increase. C. children's language skills, readiness for school and social behaviors all improve. D. school grades and behavior improve, but improvement is short-lived.

C. children's language skills, readiness for school and social behaviors all improve.

Separation anxiety appears in infants during the stage of... A. preattachment. B. attachment in the making. C. clear cut attachment. D. goal-corrected partnership.

C. clear cut attachment.

To examine if birth order as any bearing on children's intelligence, a researcher would use a.... A. case study method. B. microgenetic study. C. correlational design. D. field experiemnt.

C. correlational design.

According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must... A. find a mentor who will coach and guide them and build a social network. B. filter out information that doesn't interest them and focus only on one specific identity choice. C. engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make. D. build a strong sense of their self-esteem and seek out activities that they enjoy and can succeed at.

C. engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make.

A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that... A. age related changes can't be examined. B. selective attrition often limits the generalization of findings. C. factors affecting individual difference can't be explored. D. practice effects often compromise internal validity.

C. factors affecting individual difference can't be explored.

Marisol is planning to become a pediatrician. For as long as she can remember that is what everyone in her family has expected because all of them work in medical careers. James Marcia would describe Marisol as being in the status of... A. identity diffusion. B. moratorium. C. foreclosure. D. identity deferral.

C. foreclosure.

Of the following, which measure of infant performance best predicts later intelligence? A. infant perceptual and motor responses B. infant memory C. habituation/recovery to visual stimuli D. infant problem solving

C. habituation/recovery to visual stimuli

When we consider how a child's characteristics, such as heir age, gender, or ethnicity, impact on their development, we are... A. searching for universal patterns of behavior. B. examining the resiliency that children bring to their development. C. looking @ how individual diff. modify general patterns of development. D. identifying the predictable stages of development that children move through.

C. looking @ how individual diff. modify general patterns of development.

One important reason why male victims of sexual abuse don't disclose what has happened to them is that... A. male victims of sexual abuse often don't know perpetrators. B. people assume that reports of sexual abuse from male victims are an attempt to get attention. C. males in our society are socialized not to be victims or, if they are, to keep it to themselves. D. the boys don't know how to describe what has happened to them.

C. males in our society are socialized not to be victims or, if they are, to keep it to themselves.C. males in our society are socialized not to be victims or, if they are, to keep it to themselves.

Starting kindergarten, going for your first sleepover, or learning to drive are all examples of... A. problem focused stress. B. emotion focused stress. C. normative stress. D. non-normative stress.

C. normative stress.

Brofenbrenner would say that its important that we understand the individual.... A. as an autonomous individual who has the free will to make independent choices. B. as someone who primarily responds to biological processes that he can't control. C. not on her own or with one or 2 people, but rater w/in all of the contexts that affect development. D. as a member of a specific culture that dictates the person's attitudes, values, and beliefs.

C. not on her own or with one or 2 people, but rater w/in all of the contexts that affect development.

Parents who have a great deal of warmth and affection toward their children, but have few, if any, rules and restrictions, and give their children an equal say in family decision making are classified by Baumrind as... A. authoritarian parents. B. authoritative parents. C. permissive parents. D. uninvolved or neglectful parents.

C. permissive parents.

To study the effect of Ritalin on the cognitive performance of children w/ ADHD, Dr. R had 30 participants perform several cognitive tasks after taking a placebo and then perform the same tasks 2 hours later after taking ritalin. Results showed that participants performed between on the tasks after taking the ritalin. Dr. R concluded that Ritalin facilitated cognitive performance because he did not account for... A. biased sampling. B. selective attrition. C. practice effects. D. cohort effects.

C. practice effects.

A child's regression to a more immature behavior or disruption in the child's routine patterns of eating and sleeping could be... A. symptoms of bi-polar disorder. B. an indication of a conduct disorder. C. signs that child is experiencing stress. D. types of coping strategies.

C. signs that child is experiencing stress.

The consequences for a child having one type of temperament vs. another largely depends upon... A. the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament in a young child. B. how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted w/ new experiences. C. the goodness of fit btw. the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment. D. the gender of the child, b/c people are more willing to accept a difficult temperament in a boy than in a girl.

C. the goodness of fit btw. the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment.

Once born, infants prefer to look at... A. interesting, noisy toys. B. faces of other babies. C. their mother's face. D. themselves in a mirror

C. their mother's face.

When we say that a trait is deeply canalized, we mean that... A. the gene that controls this trait can be expected to produce a wide range of possible developmental outcomes. B. this trait will always be passed along to a person's children and appear in their phenotype. C. we will see the expected developmental outcome from that gene under all but the most extreme conditions. D. the trait is very easily influenced by environmental conditions and life circumstances.

C. we will see the expected developmental outcome from that gene under all but the most extreme conditions.

Fight or flight response... A. is best way to cope w/ any stress or challenge we face. B. is evolutionary leftover from our historic past that doesn't serve us well anymore. C. helps us to cam down and focus our concentration. D. helps us deal w/ short-term sources of stress, but can wear us don physically in the face of long-term stress.

D. helps us deal w/ short-term sources of stress, but can wear us don physically in the face of long-term stress.

Dr. Lee is interested in children's naturally occurring reactions to stressful medical procedures so he observes children as they receive shots. This is an example of... A. event sampling. B. experimental design. C. time sampling. D. naturalistic observation.

D. naturalistic observation.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on... A. conscious motivation. B. adaptive biological mechanisms. C. biological maturation. D. observable behavior.

D. observable behavior.

If you ask 4 yr. old Mariah to describe herself, she will most likely mention... A. personality traits. B. special competencies. C. social virtues. D. observable characteristics.

D. observable characteristics.

Bandura's social cognitive theory added a 3rd learning principle to classical and operant conditioning which was that... A. reinforcement is more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment. B. only involuntary responses can be classically conditioned. C. shaping is anveffective way to learn new behavior. D. people can also learn trough imitation

D. people can also learn trough imitation

In a comparison of infant mortality rates, in 2006 the U.S... A. had one of the lowest rates of infant deaths in the world. B. improved its position from #6 to 3 in a decade. C. slipped from having the lowest rate to being number 2. D. ranked near the bottom on a list of industrialized nations.

D. ranked near the bottom on a list of industrialized nations.

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, an individual demonstrating high interpersonal intelligence would perform well as a... A. composer B. journalist. C. navigator. D. salesperson.

D. salesperson.

In adolescent friendships, we usually see... A. a fairly wide age range within the peer group, on the order of 4 to 6 years btw. the youngest and oldest member. B. a large amount of competition, jealousy, and gossiping. C. friendship groups that bring together adolescents with very diverse characteristics. D. similarity on demographic characteristics, and also in attitudes, values, and activity preferences.

D. similarity on demographic characteristics, and also in attitudes, values, and activity preferences.

If a child younger than the age of about 4 or 5 were to have a large portion o their brain removed in a necessary surgery... A. they would lose all motor function. B. they would lose ability to use language. C. their bodies would generate enough new neurons to places this missing cells. D. their brains are plastic enough that cells intended to serve one function could be turned into cells that serve another function.

D. their brains are plastic enough that cells intended to serve one function could be turned into cells that serve another function.

When an infant has a secure attachment to a parent, the infant can... A. begin developing the early stages of language. B. work on individuating from the parent. C. focus on cognitive development, such as developing object permanence. D. venture away from the parent to explore environment.

D. venture away from the parent to explore environment.

An explanation for why students who study w/ distractions end up with a more superficial understanding of the info is that... A. the synapses run out of neurotransmitters to convey the info from one neuron to another. B. divided attention stimulates the frontal-striatal are of brain. C. they can't rely upon core knowledge to help them process the info. D. when we divide our attention in this way, we don't use the part of the brain designed for deep proccesing.

D. when we divide our attention in this way, we don't use the part of the brain designed for deep proccesing.

Charlie is 12 months old. His mother begins playing w/ him but her phone rings in the other room and she goes to answer it. Charlie begins to cry. when his mother returns, she picks him up and cuddles him and he quickly returns to his play. According to Ainsworth, what type of attachment does Charlie have to his mother? Explain.

Secure attachment b/c when his mother leaves he's upset but when she returns to comfort him he quickly calms down. Mother also interacts w/ him.

Explain why males are more vulnerable to certain genetic disorders than females.

Y chromosome is shorter therefore traits on X chromosome that are unpaired will be expressed even if i's recessive.

What is the primary criticism of that behavioral genetics approach of replying on H to explain genetic influence?

genes and environment interact

What happens if an infant is born w/a cataract doesn't have it surgically removed very early in life? And why?

never develop vision' visual cortex doesn't develop properly