PSY 238 - 9 and 10

divergent

"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters_____ thinking

4-7

7-year-old Adalynn asks her mother to buy her clothes at the start of the new school year. However, her mother tells her that she won't buy too many clothes now because the girl will grow out of them soon. She expects the girl to gain_____ pounds per year, on average, during middle and late childhood

dyscalculia

8-year-old Bennett has difficulty solving numerical problems and has performed poorly on math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gives him extra assignments and has him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these do not help. The boy's parents finally take him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnoses him with a learning disability called_____, or developmental arithmetic disorder.

social comparison

A 10-year-old finds that he needs to talk to his friend in order to know whether his feelings about his own brothers and sisters are normal. Which friendship function does this friend provide in this case?

inferiority

A 12-year-old cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, the boy is at risk for developing a sense of

autistic disorder

A 3-year-old boy was taken to the doctor by his parents, who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. The boy hardly spoke a word to his parents and would not respond when his parents called out to him. His parents arranged play dates with other children his age so that the boy could mingle with other kids and play with them; but the boy would instead go to a corner and spend all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball. After a thorough investigation, the boy's pediatrician diagnosed him with

dysgraphia

A 9-year-old girl is always the last student in class to finish assignments, because she can only write slowly, and even then, her writing is virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher refers her to a psychologist, who diagnoses her with a learning disability known as

the girl's parents are overweight

A 9-year-old girl is overweight. She is constantly bullied by other children in school. Her parents try to cheer her up by telling her that they were also overweight when they were young and even now they are overweight but they don't worry about what others say about them. Based on the given information, which of the following is the primary cause for the girl being overweight?

obese

A 9-year-old is at the 98th percentile in terms of her BMI. Her doctor would likely tell her parents that she is

social conventional thinking

A boy does not cut in line, he raises his hand in class before talking, and he stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes this boy's reasoning?

at risk for being overweight

A boy is at the 85th percentile in terms of his BMI. His doctor would likely tell his parents that he is

obese

A boy is at the 96th percentile in terms of his BMI. His doctor would likely tell his parents that according to the CDC he is

dysgraphia

A boy is in the fourth grade. He finds it hard to keep up with his classmates' writing speed. His handwriting is illegible, so neither his teachers nor his parents can read his notes. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match sounds and letters. The boy likely suffers from

neglected

A boy is rarely considered by others to be a "best" friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, the boy would be classified as a(n)_____ child.

stimulation and ego support

A boy says he likes his best friend because he is fun and talks about interesting things. The boy also says that his friend encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is this boy most likely describing?

ADHD

A boy's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, the boy's pediatrician diagnosed him with_____ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy.

is placed in as regular a classroom as possible

A child has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that the child

rejected

A child has few close friends. He is actively disliked by many children in his class. In the context of peer statuses, the boy would be classified as a(n)_____ child.

more mature than others his own age/enrolled in a gifted student program

A gifted 14-year-old boy has an excellent academic record. He has always scored higher than his classmates in math and can do computations much faster. Seeing his potential, his teachers encouraged him to compete in interstate math tests. He has won several scholarships through these competitions. He recently took an IQ test and found that his score of 140 was much higher than the scores of his classmates. According to the text, it is likely that this boy is

fixed mindset

A girl believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change, despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes the girl's mindset?

her IQ score is above the majority of the population

A girl is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14, and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following is true of this girl?

gender stereotypes

A girl often tells her daughter that a well-adjusted girl is supposed to be dependent, nurturing, and uninterested in power. She also believes that girls should learn to cook and take care of the household. A girl's notion reflects

cardiovascular disease is uncommon in children

A journalist is writing an article about cardiovascular disease in children. Which of the following is a true statement that might serve as her introductory line?

coregulation

A mother allows her daughter to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects the girl to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities ahead of time. Her mother frequently checks on her school progress and talks to her about her problems and her social life. In this context, the mother's approach to parent-child relationships is most likely to be a process of

postconventional

A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using_____

lack of access to fruits and vegetables

A recent research review of Chinese children revealed that childhood obesity was linked to access to which of the following?

phonics

A school teacher introduces children to reading by teaching them a rhyme that goes "A for apple, A says ah, B for ball, B says buh," and so on. This exemplifies the_____ approach to reading instruction.

neglected

A student sits at the back of the classroom. Only a few children in the class know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is the boy's probable peer status?

brainstorming

A teacher is trying out a new technique for group discussions. She forms a group of six students and gives them a topic—the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She encourages the group to talk about the topic, the pros and cons, and the issues and solutions. The students each give their own views and collectively come to the conclusion that exercise is very important in a child's physical development. Identify the technique used by the teacher

engaging in mental imagery

A teacher uses pictures to teach her students about a particular concept. She is confident that doing so will help the children remember the concept easily. Identify the strategy that the teacher is using to improve her students' memory

boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls

A woman and a man are discussing gender and the identification of learning disabilities. The woman believes that there is evidence that supports that gender does play a role in identifying learning disabilities, whereas the man opposes this view. Which of the following is a true statement that supports the woman's view?

complex

A woman with two children marries a man who has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a_____ stepfamily.

practical

Although Casey scores only about average on standardized intelligence tests, she is street-smart and has excellent social skills and good common sense. Given a problem, the girl will try her best to arrive at a solution. Most of her friends and family appreciate this about her, as she seems to be able to find ways to get things done on her own. In the context of Sternberg's theories, she has_____ intelligence.

he has an intellectual disability

An 18-year-old has always found it harder to cope with his studies than his siblings do. He is always the last to finish any assignment or task in class. In a recent IQ test, his IQ score was 60. Which of the following is true of this teen?

increased myelination of the central nervous system

An 8-year-old can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

metamemory

An 8-year-old has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." This girl is exhibiting her

children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report

An 8-year-old stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident?

working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem

An English teacher adopts a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is most likely that the students will be

self-regulation

An active 12-year-old boy has a friend who cheats in a game, which tends to irritate the boy. However, he controls his anger and tries explaining to his friend why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is the boy displaying in his actions?

guide children to be persistent and delay gratification

An elementary school teacher is always trying to find more ways to increase creativity in his students. He approaches her colleague for guidance. Which of the following would be good advice?

phonics

At one elementary school, children are taught to read by teaching basic rules for translating written symbols into sound. Their reading material consists of simplified materials until they have learned correspondence rules. This school is using the ________ approach to reading instruction.

creative thinking

Brooklyn has the ability to think about things in novel and unusual ways, and this allows her to come up with unique solutions to problems. This ability is called_____ thinking

studies show that a higher level of screen time increases the risk of obesity for low- and high-activity children

During a workshop for mothers, one of the topics of discussion was the increasing use of cell phones and other gadgets by children. During the session, the speaker asked parents to monitor their children's screen time and stressed the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She also asked parents to exercise more often, so that their children would be encouraged to spend less time with their gadgets and more time involved in physical activities. Which of the following statements explains why the speaker put forth these requests?

he should allow his son to retell the details of the event and should be patient in listening to him

Floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and one father's family is affected by the disaster. The father is trying to help his son cope with the tragedy. The father should do which of the following to help his son cope with the stress?

a passion to master

Grant is a gifted pianist. He has always been highly motivated to learn and become an artist of consummate skill. According to his mother, he always showed an intense and obsessive interest in learning the instrument. He was always self-motivated and never needed to be "pushed" by his parents. As described by Ellen Winner, what characteristic of gifted children is Grant exhibiting?

elaboration

If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember, the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend. This is an example of

that for many people, moral belief does not predict moral behavior

In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. This scenario reflects what observation made by critics of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

Sheila raising her hand before speaking in class

In the context of domain theory, which of the following scenarios best represents social conventional reasoning?

has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him

In the context of the developmental changes in emotions during the middle and late childhood years, who among the following children most likely exhibits the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions? A child who

inclusion

Jacob is a third grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently, Jacob was moved to the regular third-grade classroom. This is an instance of

a combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

Jana's doctor is treating her for ADHD. Which of the following treatment plans is most likely to be recommended by her doctor?

transitivity

Jayce can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest and can also discern that if stick A is longer than B, and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is called

aside from an IQ score, students' creative and practical skills matter, too

Jeremy is in charge of conducting an IQ test in the school where he teaches. Which of the following points should he keep in mind about the test and the results?

Jude has dyscalculia, whereas Laila has dyslexia

Jude has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation, sometimes referred to as developmental arithmetic disorder. Jude's classmate Laila finds it extremely challenging to read or spell simple words. Based on the given information, which of the following statements is likely true?

leukemia

Lillette, 9, has been diagnosed with_____, a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal cells, making her susceptible to bruising and infection.

the phonics approach

Louise is teaching her son to read by helping him sound out letters. She also plays a cartoon where the characters repeat the sounds of each letter. Watching her and the characters in the cartoon pronounce the letters, her son makes the effort to read aloud some of the letters. What approach is the mother using to teach her son?

seriation

Malachi is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called

rejected

Most of a girl's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Only a few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is this girl's probable peer status?

increasingly levels of education

Researchers suspect which of the following causes for a rise in intelligence test scores around the world?

self-esteem

Rose believes that she is a good person. This observation reflects the girl's

bodily-kinesthetic

Ryker does not get good grades on standardized tests and does not seem to be making an effort to improve his grades. He is more interested in martial arts and has earned a black belt in this field. In the context of Gardner's approach, this boy has the_____ type of intelligence.

120 or 133 (not sure what answer will be given)

Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 10. Sally's IQ is_____

dyslexia

Second grader Sabine finds it more challenging to read or spell simple words than her peers do. Which of the following learning disabilities does Sabine suffer from?

less than 100

Sergio's mental age is 8, but his chronological age is 9. Sergio's IQ is

postconventional

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, which of the following describes the girl's level of moral reasoning?

the girl's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant

Ten-year-old Vanessa has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability?

gifted

Ten-year-old girl Nova is an outstanding flautist and has an IQ of 140. Nova is

self-concept

When Brantley says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects the boy's

postconventional

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against the treatment of women on her university campus, a woman says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to the woman, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. The woman is likely operating at the_____ reasoning level of Kohlberg's theory.

justice

With regard to morality, 18-year-old Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principles rather than on relationships and concern for others. Therefore, she has a(n)_____ perspective on morality.