psy 241 test 2

According to moral foundations theory, concern with the domain of _______ leads people to be MORE likely to follow COVID-19 protocol (i.e., mask-wearing, social distancing), whereas concern with the domain of _______ leads people to be LESS likely to follow COVID-19 protocol. Select one: a. care/harm; liberty/oppression b. authority/subversion; fairness/cheating c. purity/degradation; authority/subversion d. loyalty/betrayal; liberty/oppression

a

Consider the following saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts. Select one: a. increase b. decrease c. not affect d. increase confusion over

a

Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson often eats large portions of sushi and posts pictures of them on his Instagram. Based on his behavior, we may infer that he really likes sushi. However, if we see that these posts are sponsored, we may think he doesn't like sushi as much because of this other plausible cause (being sponsored to post about sushi) that may have produced this behavior (posting pictures of sushi). This is an example of Select one: a. the discounting principle b. the augmentation principle c. counterfactual thinking d. a pessimistic/depressogenic explanatory style

a

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when Select one: a. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low. b. consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low. c. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all low. d. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high.

a

Jamal looks back on his marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Chris and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies Select one: a. counterfactual thinking. b. the actor-observer effect. c. emotional intensification. d. the self-serving bias.

a

Bill thinks that if he could find a wonderful wife, his entire life would be ideal. He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise. Bill is engaging in Select one: a. projection. b. duration neglect. c. focalism. d. immune neglect.

c

Lissett and Janet both responded to a newspaper ad for "friendly and outgoing" sales associates. While interviewing with the store manager, Lissett comes across as extraverted while Janet comes across as shy. After the interviews, the manager thinks about the two applicants. According to the ________ principle, the manager should feel more confident that ________ behavior is a clear reflection of her true self. Select one: a. augmentation; Janet's b. augmentation; Lissett's c. covariation; Lissett's d. covariation; Janet's

a

Parker has just been named Employee of the Month at the grocery store where she works and is delighted. Coincidentally, her younger brother, Marty, decides to ask her for $20 so he can take his girlfriend to the movies. Compared to any other day, Parker would be ________ likely to comply with his request today, because ________ compliance. Select one: a. more; positive mood increases b. less; negative mood increases c. just as; mood state has no influence on d. less; only reason-based requests increase

a

Recall that Wilson and his colleagues (1984) asked students about their current romantic relationships. Participants in Group 1 were asked for an overall evaluation of their relationships, whereas participants in Group 2 were additionally asked to explain why they felt the way they did. Nearly nine months later, the researchers contacted the participants again and asked them about the current status of their relationships. Which of the following statements most accurately captures the study's results? Select one: a. The attitudes of Group 1 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 2 participants. b. The attitudes of Group 2 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 1 participants. c. The attitudes of Group 1 participants were much more positive than those of Group 2 participants. d. The attitudes of Group 2 participants were much more positive than those of Group 1 participants.

a

Travis thinks that Roscoe is a terrible person. So when Travis finds out that Roscoe's business failed and Roscoe's wife left him, Travis's reaction is consistent with the just world hypothesis. He therefore thinks to himself, Select one: a. "Roscoe got what he deserved!" b."Even Roscoe did not deserve that!" c."Roscoe sure had bad luck!" d. "If it happened to Roscoe, it could happen to anyone!"

a

Trina notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Because he rarely eats candy of any kind, Trina concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Trina is relying on ________ information to explain her brother's behavior. Select one: a. distinctiveness b. consistency c. consensus d. individuating

a

When people make public statements regarding their attitudes, Select one: a. they are more likely to resist later counterattitudinal messages. b. they are less likely to resist counterattitudinal messages. c. their tendency to resist counterattitudinal messages is unchanged. d. they are unlikely to change the attitudes of others.

a

Which of the following advertising strategies BEST illustrates an attempt to persuade people through the central route? Select one: a. Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products. b. An attractive woman is shown eating a gourmet brand of chocolate. c. An upbeat song is played during a car ad. d. A famous actor claims he loves drinking a particular brand of soda.

a

Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how emotions influence cognition? Select one: a. People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members. b. People who are in a bad mood are more creative when working on complicated tasks. c. People who are given a bag of candy rate their life satisfaction as higher. d. People who unexpectedly find a dollar on the floor are in a better mood.

a

Which of the following scenarios best characterizes the concept of conformity? Select one: a. Bob is socializing at a party and does not feel like drinking alcohol. But Bob notices that almost everyone else at the party is drinking heavily, so he ends up drinking beer as well. b. Janet is making several photocopies on the library copy machine. Bill, Janet's classmate, shows up and asks if he can make just one copy. Janet says, "Sure, no problem." c. David is pouring himself a cup of coffee when his boss shows up and says, "Pour me a cup." David pours the cup of coffee and gives it to his boss. d. Howard is eating dinner at his professor's house with several other classmates. His professor asks him if he wants some sushi. Howard does not, but he still says, "Yes, I sure do!"

a

In his attempts to persuade Roger to get a fraternity tattoo on his arm, Dan assembles 100 tattooed fraternity members. Dan probably wasted a lot of effort in doing so, because Select one: a. the effect of group size on conformity is relevant only for women. b. group size matters for informational social influence, but not normative social influence. c. the effect of group size on conformity levels off when group size reaches about three to four people. d. group size does not affect conformity levels.

c

Jamie is the sort of person who likes to think, puzzle, ponder, and consider multiple perspectives. Compared with people who do not like these activities, Jamie is Select one: a. more likely to be influenced by the tangential aspects of a persuasive communication. b. equally likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication. c. less likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication. d. less likely to be influenced by the quality of the arguments used in a persuasive communication.

c

Julie attends a focus group where she and five other women are asked to rate three lawn mowers. Julie knows a lot about lawn mowers and is certain that lawn mower A is superior and deserves the highest rating. However, the rest of the women say that lawn mower B is the best. If Julie ends up publicly agreeing with the rest of the group, she has probably succumbed to Select one: a. the autokinetic effect. b. informational social influence. c. normative social influence. d. the chameleon effect.

c

Research on cognitive dissonance teaches a broad and important lesson about how to influence someone else's attitudes. Specifically, if you want people to ________ the broader value or message behind what you got them to do, then you should use the ________ amount of incentive or coercion necessary to induce compliance. Select one: a. reject; smallest b. ignore; largest c. accept; smallest d. accept; largest

c

The main difference between Sherif's (1936) conformity study and Asch's (1951) conformity study is that Asch's study Select one: a. demonstrated the powerful effects of social influence. b. showed higher rates of conformity. c. examined situations in which one's own beliefs clearly conflict with those of the group. d. measured participants' judgments of visual stimuli

c

The sleeper effect occurs in situations in which messages from ________ sources shift attitudes ________. Select one: a. unreliable; immediately b. reliable; immediately c. unreliable; after a delay d. reliable; after a delay

c

________ exemplifies a message characteristic, whereas ________ exemplifies a source characteristic. Select one: a. The credibility of a communicator; the attractiveness of a communicator b. A logical argument; the content of a speech c. The content of a speech; the credibility of a communicator d. The attractiveness of a communicator; a logical argument

c

Compared to people with no prior knowledge, people with prior knowledge of a subject are ________ to scrutinize messages about that subject and are ________ to change their attitudes about that subject. Select one: a. less likely; less likely b. less likely; more likely c. more likely; more likely d. more likely; less likely

d

Note: Be sure to answer parts (a), (b), and (c) of this question! Please label each part of your answer! (a) What does it mean to say that some emotions are "universal"? (2 points) (b) Describe THREE pieces of evidence that support the universality hypothesis. (6 points) (c) Now challenge the perspective that all aspects of emotion are universal. Describe ONE way in which culture influences emotion. (2 points)

same as above

After doing poorly on his biology exam, Jim reminds himself that he is a good artist and a loving boyfriend. Thus, Jim is using ________ to cope with a potential threat to his self-esteem. Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. self-affirmation c. effort justification d. self-love

b

Compared to people who have an entity theory of intelligence, people who have an incremental theory of intelligence Select one: a. believe effort implies a lack of intelligence. b. tend to blame failures on the difficulty of the task. c. believe intelligence is fixed. d. are more anxious about revealing what they don't know.

b

Imagine that you have to convince an audience to adopt your opinion on health care reform, but the specific arguments that your team has selected for your presentation are weak. According to research on attitude change, what should you do to increase your chances of being persuasive despite your weak arguments? Select one: a. make eye contact with as many audience members as possible b. state your arguments with confidence c. ensure that people are paying close attention to what you are saying d. emphasize how health care reform is highly relevant to everyone in the audience

b

Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. Select one: a. door-in-the-face b. foot-in-the-door c. lowball d. that's-not-all

b

In reconciling cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories, researchers find that dissonance reduction processes tend to occur when behavior is at odds with ________, while self-perception processes are more likely to occur when behavior is inconsistent with ________. Select one: a. vague attitudes that are less important; important and clearly held attitudes b. important and clearly held attitudes; vague attitudes that are less important c. the emotional component of our attitudes; the cognitive component of our attitudes d. the cognitive component of our attitudes; the emotional component of our attitudes

b

Janet has a minority opinion about dorm curfew and is afraid she will feel pressured to conform to the majority opinion at an upcoming dorm meeting. To resist conformity pressure, Janet should Select one: a. express strong negative emotions during the meeting. b. bring an ally to the meeting. c. bring cookies to the meeting. d. adopt an interdependent mind-set right before the meeting

b

Lenora's parents always taught her that she ought to "put on a happy face" even when she is not. According to research on self-perception theory, what effect does this behavior have on her corresponding internal state? Select one: a. It makes her seem like a fake. b. It works: behaving as if she were happy can actually make Lenora feel happier. c. It does not work and actually makes some people even unhappier. d. None of the answer options is correct.

b

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) gave participants either $1 or $20 for telling others that an experiment was fun and interesting. The experiment entailed turning pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time. Thus, in actuality, the experiment was tedious and boring. The study results showed that Select one: a. neither $1 nor $20 could induce participants to tell other people that the experiment was interesting. b. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment. c. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $20 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment.

b

Sarah and William got into an argument. The next day, Sarah reflects on why they behaved the way they did. According to the actor-observer difference, Sarah should think, Select one: a. "I wonder what I did to make William so angry." b. "I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty." c. "William must have had a bad day, but I am just plain nasty." d. "I wonder what William did to make me so angry."

b

Suppose you are asked to design an antismoking pamphlet. You decide to put a frightening photograph of a lung-cancer victim on the cover. According to the 1967 study by Leventhal and colleagues, your message will be more likely to be effective if you also provide Select one: a. examples of famous people who died of cancer. b. suggestions for how to quit smoking. c. illness and mortality statistics. d. testimonials about how easy it is to quit smoking.

b

We may be bad at affective forecasting because of ________, the tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while ignoring the possible impact of associated factors or other events. Select one: a. happiness b. immune neglect c. focalism d. affective forecasting

b

When Julio go to the store and sees people not wearing masks and not social distancing, he gets angry and thinks "How can these people be so careless about other people's well-being?" According to moral foundations theory, Bob is likely Select one: a. politically conservative b. politically liberal c. a libertarian d. not going to vote in the upcoming election

b

Laureano has a strong preference for Honda over all other car brands. When it came time to buy a new car, however, there was a promotion that offered a very small discount on Nissans and Laureano elected to buy a Nissan, even though he likes Hondas a lot better. What is the most likely reason why Laureano would experience dissonance in the wake of this behavior (buying the Nissan instead of a Honda)? Select one: a. This behavior was based on introspection. b. This behavior was not freely chosen. c. This behavior has long-term negative consequences. d. There was insufficient justification for this behavior.

d

Research by Tracy and colleagues (2007, 2013) examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted versus blind. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research? Select one: a. Athletes who were blind did not show the nonverbal expressions of pride. b. Athletes at the Olympic level did not display prideful nonverbal expressions. c. Blind athletes from the United States displayed nonverbal expressions of pride, but blind athletes from other countries did not. d. Both sighted and blind athletes displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

d

Research shows that cultures do NOT tend to vary in Select one: a. the importance of different emotions. b. when it is appropriate to display an emotion. c. the number of words used to represent a particular emotion. d. the facial expressions used to display an emotion.

d

Which of the following statements about attribution is INACCURATE? Select one: a. The more an individual's reaction is specific to one occasion, the harder it is to make a definite attribution to either the person or the situation. b. All other things being equal, the more an individual's reaction is shared by others, the less it says about the individual and the more it says about the situation. c.The more someone's reaction is confined to a particular situation, the less this reaction says about that individual and the more it says about the specific situation. d. If an individual's reaction occurs just once, it is easier to determine whether the behavior should be attributed to the situation or to the person.

d

You want to help improve the rate of recycling cans and bottles on your campus and the administration is allowing you to design a sign to encourage recycling. According to your textbook, a particularly effective strategy for your poster might be to use an appeal based on ________ norms, saying that many students choose to ________. Select one: a. descriptive; throw away cans and bottles, contributing to the problem rather than the solution b. descriptive; separate and recycle cans and bottles, contributing to a better planet c. prescriptive; throw away cans and bottles, contributing to the problem rather than the solution d. descriptive and prescriptive; separate and recycle cans and bottles, contributing to a better planet

d

Note: Be sure to answer parts (a), (b), and (c) of this question! Please label each part of your answer! (a) Explain the fundamental attribution error in your own words. (4 points) (b) Describe TWO factors that contribute to the fundamental attribution error. Be sure to explain how these factors contribute to the fundamental attribution error. (4 points) (c) Describe ONE factor that makes the fundamental attribution error less likely to occur. Be sure to explain how this factor makes the fundamental attribution error less likely to occur. (2 points)

no answer to this lol i did awful on it