PSY 254 Final
The advantage of a new diagnosis must outweigh the harm of categorizing a(n) _______ person as having a "disorder."
"normal"
Correlation scores range from _____ to ______.
+1 to -1
When adding or deleting disorders on the DSM, which of the following would not be considered a valid reason to drop a disorder?
-A financial analysis shows that halting treatment of the disorder would allow hospitals to be more profitable.
An inability to learn new information is described as ? amnesia.
-anterograde
The ? perspective helps to understand that people commit suicide because of physiological contributions, distorted cognitive processes, and stressful environments.
-biopsychosocial
The main goal of therapists working in the cognitive-behavioral framework with someone with a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder is to
-break the client's negative cycle of avoidance
The term ? disorder is a diagnosis that clinicians use when a person develops symptoms of psychosis that last between one day and one month.
-brief psychotic
In a ? ? experimental design, the same person serves as the subject in both the experimental and the control conditions.
-single case experimental design
On a pleasant summer day, you are sitting at a sidewalk coffee shop drinking an iced coffee and reading a book when you see a man walking toward you wearing a parka, snow pants, heavy winter boots, and goggles. You ask why he's dressed that way, and he says that a friend of his wants to sell his winter camping gear, and that he just wants to try it out before buying it is heading back to his friend's place now. Which answer best describes his behavior?
-though strange, it could still be considered normal
? care promotes trauma awareness and understanding for clinicians treating individuals with a history of trauma.
-trauma informed care
The lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa is _______ in women, and _______ in men.
1.5%/.05%
About what percent of adults over the age of 65 binge drink?
10%
What is the approximate lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder?
12%
How many college-age adult men are estimated to be engaged in significant restricted eating?
20%
In a recent online survey, what percentage of men engaged in periods of uncontrolled eating?
20%
What is the approximate percentage of young adults age 18 - 25 who smoke cigarettes?
23%
What is the prevalence of some type of problem with food and feeding among normal children?
25 - 45%
How many college-age adult women are estimated to be engaged in significant restricted eating?
25%
How long after a traumatic event can symptoms continue to be considered diagnostically for acute stress disorder?
A few days to a month
Which of the following examples best represents a gene-environment correlation?
A naturally athletically gifted child seeks out opportunities to play sports which makes the child even more talented.
Which of the following best describes the behaviorist view of how specific phobias develop?
A person generalizes an appropriate fear reaction to all stimuli in that category, even harmless ones.
Which of the following are psychotherapies that are being explored for the treatment of eating disorders but that are not considered evidenced-based? Choose all that apply.
ACT Mindfulness
What did a recent fMRI study suggest about altered brain activity in people with anorexia nervosa?
AN creates lingering effects in the way people process food-related cues.
A commonly used assessment for alcohol use disorders is the ______.
AUDIT
Which of the following describes the phase of schizophrenia during which the individual's symptoms are most prominent?
Active
Laurie feels intense fear and anxiety every time she needs to leave her apartment. Laurie takes steps so she has to leave her apartment only once or twice a month. Laurie is likely to have which of the following disorders?
Agoraphobia
Which of the following is the most common comorbidity?
Alcohol or other drug plus another psychiatric disorder
In the US, which psychological disorders put people at the highest risk for suicide?
Alcohol-use disorders Depression
How effective is contemporary psychodynamic therapy, according to research?
As effective as CBT
Which of the following represent the psychological perspective of borderline personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Avoidance of emotionally uncomfortable situations Inability to withstand distress Lack of emotional regulation
Which of the following is a new disorder added to the DSM-5?
Binge-eating disorder
Mark has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and his symptoms are best controlled with medications. Although he will need to remain on medications, which theoretical perspective would emphasize the importance of Mark maintaining employment, creating interpersonal relationships, and monitoring his overall physical health?
Biopsychosocial
Quentin has, in the past, been severely depressed. Recently, however, he has felt mildly ecstatic. He is more energetic than normal, doesn't sleep much, and has some pressured speech. This lasts for about 4 days before leveling off into more normal behavior. What is probably the best diagnosis for Quentin?
Bipolar II disorder
Cluster B contains which of the following personality disorders? Choose all that apply.
Borderline Narcissistic Histrionic Antisocial
Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of CBT and IPT for at least one year post-treatment?
Both CBT and IPT are equally effective.
Which treatment approach for gambling disorder lets clients decide if they want to pursue complete abstinence or moderation as the goal?
Brief motivational interviewing
Which medication produces less physical dependence, a lower risk of overdose, and fewer withdrawal effects in the treatment of heroin dependence?.
Buprenorphine
Which of the following are biological treatments for nicotine dependence?
Bupropion Nicotine replacement therapies
The personality disorders which focus on behaviors which are dramatic, emotional, or erratic are _______.
Cluster B personality disorders
? therapy focuses on the client's dysfunctional thoughts and how to change them through cognitive restructuring.
Cognitive behavioral
Which of the following are involved in panic control therapy (PCT)? Choose all that apply.
Cognitive restructuring Breathing retraining Psychoeducation
According to the psychological perspective, which of the following are components of eating disorders?
Cognitive-affective component Behavioral component Perceptual component
Of the following, which therapy based on the resilience model appears to be effective in reducing suicides among those at high risk?
Cognitive-behavior therapy
In general, what is considered the most effective psychological treatment for PTSD?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which of the following therapies is an effective psychological approach in the treatment of substance dependence?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which psychological treatment approach seems to be the most useful approach to treating dissociative and somatic symptom disorders?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which of the following is true regarding cognitive-behavioral therapy and behavioral therapy?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy and behavioral therapy both meet the criteria for evidence-based treatments.
Mark is a 19-year-old, male, college student experiencing depressive symptoms related to a recent breakup with his high school partner. His primary symptoms include sadness, insomnia, and loss of interest in his studies. He is not presenting with any high-risk behavior. What would be the most appropriate setting for him to receive services?
College counseling center
Karl and Melanie, a married couple, have decided to seek psychotherapy because they have been arguing a lot lately. They will most likely seek which of the following?
Couples psychotherapy
A set of questions that assess the impact of culture on key aspects of the client's clinical presentation and care is the
Cultural Formulation Interview.
Which of the following are characteristics of antisocial personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Deceptive Able to exploit others Incapable of love Extremely egocentric Charming but insincere
Which of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusions Disorganized speech Hallucinations
Cluster C contains which of the following personality disorders? Choose all that apply.
Dependent Avoidant Obsessive-compulsive
Other than PTSD symptoms themselves, what were some of the long-term effects for survivors of the 1980 North Sea oil rig disaster? Choose all that apply.
Depressive Disorders Substance use disorders Other anxiety disorders
The sociocultural model that connects genetic predisposition to environmental stressors is called the _______ model.
Diathesis-stress
Instead of categorical ratings, the alternative system for diagnosing personality disorders, which is being offered on a trial basis in Section 3 of the DSM-5, uses _______ ratings.
Dimensional
What is the best description of the pattern of eating disorders over time?
Disordered eating patterns in college tend to improve over time but not disappear completely.
Which of the following are features of avoidant personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Feeling socially inferior Staying away from social encounters Perceiving oneself as lacking social skills
Dr. Walters is conducting a first interview with Maria using the SCID-5-CV. During the interview, Maria mentions that she has been experiencing feelings of depression. What should Dr. Walters do next?
Follow up with questions about her depressed feelings
Which of the following are typical of a person with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Has difficulty understanding how others feel Extremely perfectionistic Has high standards for self and others
Which of the following symptoms are indicative of those with anorexia nervosa? Choose all that apply.
Having an unrealistic fear of getting fat Severely restricting food intake Having disturbed self-perceptions of body shape
Which of the following are opioids? Select all that apply.
Hydrocodone Percocet OxyContin
Which best summarizes the cognitive-behavioral perspective on the causes of avoidant personality disorder?
Hypersensitivity to shame
Z codes are found in the ______.
ICD-10
Charlie, an avid football fan, is tired of watching the games on his small television. When he gets to the store, however, he realizes he doesn't have enough money for a new HDTV. Match the behavior to the Freudian personality component.
Id: He has a temper tantrum and shouts, "I want this one!" Ego: He lists all of the ways in which the new television could be acquired, including store credit and outright theft. Superego: He judges each option as being "good" or "bad."
Lloyd is in therapy for depression. According to attachment theorists, what would be the best predictor of successful treatment?
If Lloyd has a secure attachment style
Virtually exposing a client to the feared situation is considered which of the following behavioral techniques?
Imaginal flooding
Which of the following are serious health consequences of heroin use? Choose all that apply.
Infectious diseases Death Damage to cardiovascular system
Which of the following best describe psilocybin? Choose all that apply.
It has hallucinogenic properties. It is derived from mushrooms.
Which of the following are true of milieu therapy? Choose all that apply.
It is based on the idea that the environment is a major component of treatment. It is specific to psychiatric hospitals.
Which of the following statements regarding lithium are true? Choose all that apply.
It is effective in preventing recurrence of manic episodes. It is effective in treating manic episodes.
What does the current research suggest concerning the effectiveness of the nicotine patch?
It is no more effective than not using the patch.
Which of the following is the theoretical assumption that a psychodynamic theorist would make with regard to avoidant personality disorder?
It is the result of a person's fear of attachment in relationships.
Ethan takes some tablets his roommate gives him and immediately there is a dramatic change in his sensations. He believes that numbers have their own special flavor, and he says he is able to see sounds. The drug in the tablets is most likely ______.
LSD
Which of the following produces an altered sense of time and self, may result in synesthesia, and may involve terrifying feelings of panic, losing control, going insane, or dying?
LSD
What may negatively impact treatment success?
Lack of cooperation of other people in the client's life Financial constraints Client relocation
Which of the following are features of schizoid personality disorder?
Limited range of emotional expression Lack of sexual involvement
The _______ has 338 items, and offers scores for overall emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning.
MMPI-2-RF
The newest version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the
MMPI-2-RF.
The trait theory states that abnormal behavior occurs because of which of the following?
Maladaptive personality traits
What were the control conditions used in the COMBINE study? Choose all that apply
Medical management Placebos
What is the first step in the treatment of heroin dependence?
Medically assisted detoxification
"Factitious disorder imposed on another" was previously called
Munchausen's syndrome by proxy.
Adam believes he is exceptional, should be treated as special, and is entitled to a promotion at work. He spends a considerable amount of time creating the right impression with people. His boss is getting a little tired of Adam's attempts to gain his approval and the approval of his coworkers. Adam saw a clinician several weeks ago and was diagnosed with a personality disorder. Which one is most likely?
Narcissistic personality disorder
Which of the following are the major dimensions of OCD? Choose all that apply.
Need to save useless items Need for order Need for symmetry Need for cleanliness
? provides a picture of the brain's structures or level of activity and therefore is a useful tool for "looking" at the brain.
Neuroimaging
Which of the following disorders often coincide with gambling disorder? Choose all that apply.
Nicotine dependence Anxiety disorder Mood disorder
Increasing evidence points to the role of which neurotransmitters in the development of major depressive disorder? Choose all that apply.
Norepinephrine Serotonin
Two diagnoses that people often find confusing are obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Match each with its correct definition.
Obsessive compulsive disorder: -a disorder in which there are obsessive thoughts and then compulsive behavior Obsessive compulsive personality disorder: -a disorder that involves rigidity and perfectionism
A person diagnosed with which of the following disorders is usually seen by others as rigid and stubborn?
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Which of the following best apply to opioid usage? Choose all that apply.
Opioids are among the most frequently abused prescription drugs. Opioids are substances that relieve pain. The risk of death by overdose is significant.
Which of the following harmful behaviors do some of the people with bulimia nervosa engage in?
Overusing saunas Regurgitation and rechewing food Using enemas
What are the "objects" in object relations theory?
People with whom we form relationships
Which of the following are doctoral degrees in psychology? Choose all that apply.
PhD PsyD
Which of the following are considered suicidal behaviors? Choose all that apply.
Plan development Suicide attempt Suicidal ideation
Which is a behavioral technique that helps individuals gain control over the bodily reactions involved in panic attacks?
Relaxation
Changes in the DSM-5 with regard to bulimia nervosa include which of the following?
Removal of the purging and nonpurging distinction
Why is Internet gaming disorder not a diagnosis in the DSM-5?
Research on the disorder is not fully developed.
Which of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? Choose all that apply.
Restlessness Muscle tension Irritability
Match the substance with its depressant effect: Sedatives → Hypnotics → Anxiolytics →
Sedatives → produce a soothing or calming effect Hypnotics → induce sleep Anxiolytics → treat anxiety
For how long must one experience the symptoms of agoraphobia before it can be officially diagnosed?
Six months
Which of the following are categories of symptoms used by clinicians to diagnose substance use disorders? Choose all that apply.
Social impairment Impaired control Pharmacological changes Risky use
Which of the following are likely contributing factors to eating disorders? Choose all that apply.
Sociocultural influences Experiences with eating Body image
Which of the following disorders are often comorbid with anorexia nervosa?
Substance use disorder Mood disorder Anxiety disorder
For treating specific phobias, which method suggests the client learn to substitute relaxation for fear through a series of graduated steps?
Systematic desensitization
Which of the following is the active ingredient in cannabis?
THC
How are older adults at risk for abusing sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics?
The drugs may be taken incorrectly by people with cognitive impairment. The drugs may interact with other medications. The drugs may interact with alcohol.
Which of the following would a cognitive-behaviorist endorse with regard to narcissistic personality disorder?
The underlying problem is the client's maladaptive ideas.
Which of the following features are typical of people diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Their self-esteem is based on views of others. They have a strong sense of entitlement. They have a belief that they are exceptional.
Which statement is true regarding gender differences in bulimia nervosa?
There is no significant sex difference in the use of laxatives or exercise to avoid weight gain after binge eating.
What were the empirical findings concerning the antipsychotic drug risperidone?
There is not support for its use in reducing PTSD symptoms.
Which of the following symptoms are more typical for women than for men diagnosed with borderline personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
They have higher rates of eating disorders. They have higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders.
Which is true about people with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder? Choose all that apply.
They have little interest in food. They sometimes avoid food because they dislike its texture, smell, or temperature. They are concerned with the aversive consequences of eating food.
Which of the following are typical of a person who has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa? Choose all that apply.
To avoid gaining weight, they engage in purging. They eat excessive amounts of food during a short period of time. They use methods such as fasting and exercise to compensate for added calories.
According to the text, why might people who do not have dissociative identity disorder feign or fabricate the disorder? Choose all that apply.
To avoid punishment Because of popular culture representations of the disorder To gain attention
What is the role of the client in psychotherapy? Choose all that apply.
To describe personal reactions as treatment progresses To describe and identify the nature of the disorder To initiate and follow through on changes as they emerge over time
True or False? Bulimia nervosa is less prevalent in middle- and older-aged women than in younger women
True
The diagnoses in a diagnostic manual must represent real and distinct clinical phenomena. This requirement is called ______.
Validity
Which of the following health problems are associated with anorexia nervosa? Choose all that apply.
Weak and brittle nails Infertility Thinning bones
When people are exposed to a trauma like the threat of death, actual or threatened serious injury, or sexual violation, they are at risk of developing
acute stress disorder.
The biological perspective views binge-eating disorder as a form of _______.
addiction
Psychotherapeutic medications such as Prozac and Zoloft work because they ______ the level of neurotransmitters.
alter
The average person metabolizes alcohol at a rate equivalent to
an ounce of whiskey an hour.
Kelsey has developed Korsakoff's syndrome and is not able to learn new information. This is described as
anterograde amnesia.
To be diagnosed, a specific phobia must be present _______.
at least 6 months
Researchers believe that ______ is a more severe form of social anxiety disorder.
avoidant personality disorder
Shelley's roommate wonders why she never accepts any social invitations. The roommate has also noticed that Shelley is sensitive to rejection and often interprets innocent remarks as ridicule. The roommate knows Shelley has recently seen a psychologist and been diagnosed with
avoidant personality disorder.
The ____________ perspective focuses on how individuals can acquire new behaviors over time through the process of learning.
behavioral
The term ? assessment refers to recording a client's actions, rather than eliciting and analyzing responses to scales or questions.
behavioral
A native of an African country presents to a clinician saying that her family believes she is possessed by evil spirits. This is an example of how
beliefs about mental illness vary from culture to culture.
Cognitive restructuring is helpful to the client in that it
challenges the client's dysfunctional attitudes in an attempt to change them.
According to the DSM-5, specifiers for panic attacks include
chest pain. Palpitations. Nausea. trembling.
Research suggests possible genetic abnormalities in the opioid receptor on _______ that may be involved in alcohol and other substance disorders.
chromosome 1
By definition, an anxiety disorder is the experience of ______ feelings of anxiety.
chronic
Exposure to ? strains can lead to persistent feelings of hopelessness..
chronic
Randy was startled one day in the yard when he moved a rock and a large but harmless garter snake hissed and tried to bite him. Now, any time he is near that rock, he feels scared and refuses to get close to it. His fear was learned through which of the following?
classical conditioning
The ________ perspective on OCD proposes that maladaptive thought patterns contribute to the development and maintenance of OCD symptoms.
cognitive-behavioral
The most promising approach to treating illness anxiety involves
cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Russell is seeing a therapist to help him develop coping skills to deal with his substance use disorder. Most likely, Russell's therapist is
cognitive-behavioral.
Jan's psychologist believes that she most likely has a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder as well as a diagnosis of a substance abuse disorder. In this case, the term ? is used, which describes the presence of two or more disorders.
comorbidity
Hoarding disorder is a form of
compulsion.
In ______ therapy, both partners in a relationship meet with a psychotherapist.
couples
To protect us from our unconscious desires, Freud believed we use
defense mechanisms
Behavior therapy for depression includes each of the following except
delving into the unconscious traumas which may have contributed to the depression.
One of the medical problems that occurs with people who have bulimia nervosa is
dental decay.
People with ______ feel that their identities have become detached from their bodies, whereas people with ______ feel a sense of unreality or detachment from their surroundings.
depersonalization; derealization
Sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics all act as central nervous systems ? .
depressants
In general, behavior therapy for depression helps clients
develop more positively reinforcing experiences.
According to the positive psychology approach, trauma can allow clients to cope by
developing positive interpretations of their experiences.
The ? process uses a systematic approach to classify clients' disorders
diagnostic
Situations such as traumas, disease, birth complications, or harsh family environments are all part of the
diathesis-stress model.
? diagnosis involves the ruling out of alternative diagnoses.
differential
Dr. Robinson ruled out delusional disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, and substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder before settling on a diagnosis of schizophrenia for her patient Rosemary. Dr. Robinson conducted a ______ diagnosis.
differential
A personality ? may diagnosed when people become rigidly fixed on one particular trait or set of traits.
disorder
Cocaine has its effects by blocking the removal of ? a neurotransmitter in the brain.
dopamine
Believing that you are a failure and deserve the bad things that happen to you is an example of a(n)
dysfunctional attitude.
Classical conditioning is the process by which people tend to learn
emotional, automatic responses.
? -based practice in psychology integrates the best available research findings and clinical experience in the context of the background of the client in deciding on a theoretical approach to psychotherapy.
evidence
The term ? -based assessment refers to relying on research findings and scientifically viable theories, using psychometrically strong measures, and empirically evaluating the assessment process.
evidence
Your ______ is(are) your genetic makeup.
genotype
? therapy provides a modality in which clients who face similar issues can openly share their difficulty with others and receive feedback.
group
Grace is involved in therapy where a number of people meet to discuss their common problems, receive feedback, develop trust, and improve their interpersonal skills. In which modality of therapy is Grace involved?
group
Clinicians treating illness anxiety assume that underlying this disorder is an unusually high level of
health anxiety.
? is a form of opioid that is a pain-killing drug synthesized from morphine. Users inject, snort, sniff, or smoke this substance, and once it is ingested, the body converts it to morphine.
heroin
People with PTSD experience alterations in the ______ structure in the brain.
hippocampus
Psychologists who support the _________________ perspective focus on the qualities that make each individual unique.
humanistic
Existential psychology—or the belief that people who are tuned in to the world around them experience life more fully—heavily influenced which of the following?
humanistic perspective
Psychology researchers conduct most experiments
in labs
Each of the following are long-term negative consequences of BPD except
intellectual impairment.
A(n) ______ test can be used to assess overall cognitive abilities, assess the likelihood of future academic success, and assist in the diagnosis of learning disabilities.
intelligence
The diathesis-stress model
investigates the interaction between our genes and the environment.
The term ______ refers to the form in which one offers psychotherapy. This is a crucial component of the treatment plan.
modality
Cocaine use is
more common in men than in women.
The body converts heroin to ______.
morphine
When a therapist asks questions that elicit the individual's own arguments for change, the therapist is using the ______ model.
motivational interview
The ____________ approach to therapy relies on awareness, knowledge, and skills of the client's sociocultural context.
multicultural
When psychologists conduct an assessment, they must take into account a person's cultural, ethnic and racial background, performing a ? assessment.
multicultural
When conducting an assessment, psychologists must consider a client's cultural, ethnic, and racial background, which will become the basis for a(n)
multicultural assessment.
In most cases, abnormal behavior is the result of
multiple causes from a number of perspectives.
keep behaviors going by reducing or taking away an aversive stimulus.
negative reinforcers
The main objective of the clinical interview is to
obtain information
Cluster A of the personality disorders of the DSM-5 is the
odd, eccentric cluster.
Learning that occurs when a response is paired with a consequence is referred to as
operant conditioning
Irene is depressed. When she's depressed, her husband starts doing more of the housework. She likes it when he does the housework, but it also makes her feel guilty that she is not helping with it, which causes her depression to get worse. Irene's husband's reinforcement of her depressed behavior is the basis of
operant conditioning.
Which of the following is a substance that relieves pain?
opioid
Often, the clinician's own theoretical ? forms the basis for the clinician's treatment decisions
orientation
While driving on a dark road, Zack begins to feel physical discomfort, intense feelings of being overwhelmed, and shortness of breath. Zack is experiencing a(n) ? attack.
panic
People suffering from OCD may also be high on the personality trait of _______.
perfectionism
Shannon has been asked to complete a self-report test that is designed to assess her thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. This is most likely a(n)
personality test
Sleep-wake disorders are best assessed through _______, and best treated _______.
physiological tests; behaviorally
A researcher is looking at the connection between class attendance and performance on various assessment tools (exams, quizzes, in-class assignments). He finds that the more students attend class, the better they tend to do when they are assessed. This is an example of
positive correlation
When you are paid for working, you have received a
positive reinforcer
Positive psychology proposes that people can grow through the experience of trauma. This is called
post-traumatic growth.
The Thematic Apperception Test is a(n)
projective personality test.
A psychologist examines a diagnostic manual and wonders about its ______ because when clients display a sad mood, the manual leads one clinician to diagnose a depressive or mood disorder and another clinician to diagnose an anxiety disorder from the same set of symptoms.
reliability
? refers to the time when an individual's symptoms no longer interfere with his or her behavior and are below the diagnostic threshold.
remission
Interventions based on the ? model assess and strengthen the client's feelings of personal control and perceived abilities to handle stress.
resilence
The humanistic perspective views abnormal behavior as a result of
restricted growth potential.
Information used to help determine a diagnosis includes which of the following? Choose all that apply.
results of tests Personal history Interview material
An inability to remember past events is ? amnesia.
retrograde
To help us stay objective and reduce bias, we use
scientific method
Alexis' psychologist has asked her to keep track of how often she drinks alcohol throughout the day. This is most likely an example of
self-monitoring
Researchers believe lower levels of _______ are involved with binge-eating disorder.
serotonin
After identical twins, which group would have the next highest concordance rates for psychological disorders?
siblings
Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is a(n) _____________ approach which helps clients who have trouble regulating their emotions.
skills-based
Lynn is 16 and the oldest of four children. She constantly argues with her parents and is often punished because of it. As a result, when her brother Chris turns 16, he does not fight with his parents and is able to avoid being punished. This is an example of
social learning
The ___________ perspective focuses on how external factors, such as communities and family, may contribute to the development of abnormal behavior.
sociocultural
The fact that psychological disorders vary from one society to another supports the claim of the ? perspective that cultural factors play a role in influencing the expression of abnormal behavior.
sociocultural
One of the causes of eating disorders is
sociocultural influences.
There is a great deal of ______ associated with psychological disorders, which causes certain people to label those with mental health issues as different or defective.
stigma
A ? interview provides standardized questions that are worded the same way for all clients and can either provide a diagnosis on which to base further treatment or classify the client's symptoms into a DSM disorder.
structured
A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using a substance even though it causes significant problems in his or her life is known as ? disorder.
substance use
The Barnum effect in clinical practice is best described as
the tendency to use vague and generic statements that do not specifically characterize a client.
One important issue that often obstructs treatment of people with narcissistic personality disorder is
their extreme perfectionism.
Which of the following is one word that best describes the cognitive perspective?
thoughts
LSD does seem to produce _______.
tolerance
The diagnostic phase is typically followed up with a ? ? , the outline for how therapy should take place.
treatment plan
Marja comes from a society where a common religion is highly valued. When she presented for therapeutic services, her therapist took this into account and wondered if her religious beliefs could be used to justify her treatment goals. This is an example of
using people's cultural background to help them cope with stressful events.
A researcher has invented a psychological test that assesses personality. Psychologists who use it say that it is ______ because it measures what the researcher has designed it to measure.
valid
The three _______ scales of the MMPI attempt to guard against people feigning exceptional psychological health or illness.
validity
From the behavioral perspective, gambling disorder may develop due to a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio
LSD does not seem to produce _______.
withdrawal
Chronic heroin users experience severe ? when they stop using heroin.
withdrawals
Which of the following are examples of people with persecutory type of delusions? Choose all that apply.
-Ada believes that her husband intends to kill her. -Brian thinks that his coworkers are destroying his work.
Dr. Phillips regularly does testing with elderly clients in nursing homes. She may need to adapt the tests that she usually gives in what way? Choose all that apply.
-Be sure to have a large-print version available. -Give her clients longer time to complete the test. -Provide special writing instruments for her clients with arthritis.
Dr. Martin's research focuses on the hereditary factors contributing to schizophrenia. She is best classified as what type of researcher?
-Behavioral geneticist
The first time that Charlotte saw her psychologist, he asked her about her overeating behaviors, what occurred before overeating, and what the consequences were. He was most likely conducting which of the following?
-Behavioral interview
Which of the following are risk factors for the development of schizophrenia? Choose all that apply.
-Childhood loss of or separation from parents -Being a target of bullying -High genetic risk
What are the advantages of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)? Choose all that apply.
-It can be used with clients who may not have the language skills necessary to complete the MMPI. -It can be used with clients who may not have the reading skills necessary to complete the MMPI. -Its validity scale is calculated independently of any content scales.
Which of the following are true of the Thematic Apperception Test?
-It is a projective test. -It is a personality test. -People are asked to look at pictures and tell a story.
Animal studies have found that dysfunctions in _______ receptors contribute to abnormal brain waves, which might lead to difficulties in both sensory integration and cognition.
-NMDA
Clarice is an accountant and has recently been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She is perfectionistic, work-focused to the exclusion of social relationships, and has strong opinions of right and wrong. Which of the following personality disorders best fits Clarice?
-Obsessive-compulsive
What evidence supports the possibility that expressed emotion (EE) is a sociocultural factor in schizophrenia?
-People living in high EE families are more likely to relapse.
Into which of the following categories do theories accounting for the origin of schizophrenia generally fall? Choose all that apply.
-Psychological -Sociocultural -Biological
Which of the following symptoms can be used to diagnose a manic episode? Choose all that apply.
-Racing thoughts -Excessive participation in potentially dangerous activities -Inflated self-esteem
Which of the following neurotransmitters are thought to be implicated in schizophrenia? Choose all that apply.
-Serotonin -GABA -Dopamine
Which of the following are cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques used with people with schizophrenia? Choose all that apply.
-Teaching coping skills -Reducing preoccupation with symptoms -Assisting in stress reduction
Which of the following are reasons why the subtypes of schizophrenia were eliminated in the DSM-5?
-The authors are moving toward a dimensional approach to provide a more quantifiable basis for treatment planning. -The authors sought to improve the validity of the manual.
Which of the following are disadvantages of in vivo observation? Choose all that apply.
-The observer may not be able to record all relevant behaviors. -The observer may be a distraction for the subject.
People with schizophreniform disorder are less likely to develop full-blown schizophrenia if the following are true. Choose all that apply.
-They have a rapid development of symptoms. -They had good social and personal functioning prior to the psychotic episode. -They seem confused and perplexed during the psychotic episode.
Which of the following are features of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) for people with diagnoses of schizophrenia? Choose all that apply.
-This approach involves bringing care to the clients. -Mental health professionals work as a team.
Which of the following best describe the uses of intelligence tests? Choose all that apply.
-To assist in determining giftedness -To assist in diagnosing learning disabilities -To assist in determining intellectual disabilities
Which of the following is the best description of the current state of treatment for schizophrenia?
-Treatment integrates medication, psychological, and sociocultural interventions
Dr. Farook is doing a study to test the effectiveness of a new drug to combat hallucinations. The treatment group received the new medication, while the control group received a drug that looked exactly the same as the drug being tested and led to some of the same side effects (e.g. dry mouth and irritability). The control condition used a(n) _______.
-active placebo
In cross-fostering cases, an adopted child with a psychological condition would show a connection to his _______ but not his _______.
-adoptive, birth
The term restricted ? is used to describe the narrowing of the range of outward expressions of emotions that is sometimes seen in persons with diagnoses of schizophrenia.
-affect
The person with ? feels intense fear triggered by real or anticipated exposure to situations such as using public transportation, being in an enclosed space such as a theater or an open space such as a parking lot, and being outside the home alone.
-agoraphobia
Research suggests that those with dependent personality disorder have an extremely high level of _______.
-agreeableness
People with ? feel that they are already overweight even though they may be seriously underweight, and they severely restrict their eating.
-anorexia nervosa
The depletion of nutrients associated with severely restricted eating that occurs in people with ? leads them to develop a series of health changes, some of which can be life threatening.
-anorexia nervosa
? personality disorder is characterized by a lack of regard for society's moral or legal standards and an impulsive and risky lifestyle.
-antisocial
The main feature of a(n) ? disorder is the experience of a chronic and intense sense of dread about what might happen to you in the future.
-anxiety
Which of the following operates on both serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters?
-atypical antipsychotics
Robert has recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He hears voices instructing him to run far away, but there is no one around; this is a(n) ?
-auditory hallucination
Charlotte has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, and her psychologist notes that she demonstrates some negative symptoms. Among them is her lack of initiative and not wanting to take any behavioral action. The technical term for this is
-avolition
Regarding symptoms of schizophrenia, the term ______ is used to describe a lack of initiative.
-avolition
The ? model is a useful one for understanding substance dependence and approaches to treatment because it incorporates genetics, developmental issues, and sociocultural factors.
-biopsychosocial
People with ? engage in binge eating generally followed by purging.
-bulimia nervosa
List the following gambling activities in order of risk of developing a gambling disorder, the highest risk first.
-cards -sports betting -gambling machines (slot machines) -horse racing
For a disorder to be included in the DSM-5, the symptoms must be _______ significant.
-clinically
The personality disorder categories of paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal fall into which cluster of the DSM-5?
-cluster A
Professor Tou explains to her Abnormal Psychology class that a person with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has unrealistic expectations about being perfect and avoiding mistakes. This is a(n) ______ perspective.
-cognitive behavioral
Which treatment appears to be the most effective for people with dependent personality disorder?
-cognitive behavioral
Ellen has schizophrenia, and her clinician reports that she displays significant deficits in attention, long-term recall of information, and processing speed. These are all examples of
-cognitive impairment
Mason's therapist is having him keep a diary of his experiences of hearing voices in an attempt to provide a reality check for Mason, who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Which perspective does his therapist's technique fall under?
-cognitive-behavioral
Zack persistently thinks about cleaning out the refrigerator. When he acts on the thoughts and repetitively cleans the refrigerator, this behavior is considered a(n) ? .
-compulsion
During the Occupy Wall Street protests, some declared that the organizers of the protests were acting "crazy" and should receive counseling. This would violate the criterion for abnormal behavior that
-conflicts between the individual and society are not counted as psychological disorders unless they reflect a dysfunction within the individual
Margaret is a 19-year-old college student. She experienced a series of stressful situations over the past few months and had suicidal thoughts. Prior to reaching out for help, she wondered if others would understand her. What is the best explanation of her worry?
-cultural stigma based on mental illness
The two types of mood disorder in which mood alterations are the primary characteristic are bipolar disorder and ? disorder.
-cyclothymic
In the alternative personality disorder diagnostic system defined in Section 3 of the DSM-5, the number of personality disorder categories has been
-decreased
A(n) ? in schizophrenia is a deeply entrenched false belief not consistent with the client's intelligence or cultural background.
-delusion
Samuel has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents first knew something was wrong when he announced that he was an archangel in the service of the Angel Gabriel. The best description of this is
-delusion
A person diagnosed with a ? disorder has delusions that have lasted for at least one month, but the person has no other symptoms of schizophrenia.
-delusional
Which of the following diagnoses is most likely for a person who has delusions as their only symptom? These delusions have lasted for at least a month, and the person does not now and never has met the criteria for schizophrenia.
-delusional disorder
The basic premise of experimental design is that it can
-determine whether one variable influences another variable
The ? hypothesis integrates genetic vulnerabilities, damage occurring in the prenatal and early childhood periods, adversity, and drug abuse as leading ultimately to psychosis.
-developmental cascade
? behavior therapy (DBT) was developed by Marsha Linehan for use with people diagnosed with BPD.
-dialectical
In the DSM-5, schizophrenia is conceptualized
-dimensionally
Each of the following are common examples of types of data gathered from surveys except
-direct observations of behavior
The term ? speech, in reference to a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, refers to language that is incoherent and incomprehensible.
-disorganized
The developmental cascade hypothesis proposes that changes in which neurotransmitter leads to the expression of psychosis?
-dopamine
Research has found that more individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia live in poorer sections of urban areas. The _____ _____ hypothesis interprets this finding to mean that the disorder drives people into poverty.
-downward drift
The term ? refers to the idea that a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia has a greater likelihood of being driven into poverty.
-downward drift
? an essential element of a depressive disorder, is an unusually elevated sad mood.
-dysphoria
People with ? disorders experience persistent disturbances of eating and eating-related behavior that changes the way they eat or retain food.
-eating disorders
Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) involves
-encouraging empowerment and self-determination.
? disorder is also called skin-picking disorder.
-excoriation
When conducting an experiment to evaluate treatment methods, researchers compare the effectiveness of the independent variable applied to the ______ to the results found in the ______.
-experimental group; control group
Family interactions which reflect criticism, hostile feelings, and emotional overinvolvement or overconcern are called ?
-expressed emotion
True or false: From the biological perspective, the dissociative, somatic symptom, and related disorders are viewed in terms of the thoughts linked to their physical symptoms.
-false
True or false: Mental health professionals have no trouble defining abnormality.
-false
A familiar way of describing what happens when two or more people develop a delusional system as a result of a close relationship with another delusional person is _______.
-folie à deux
Erika Bergdahl of Oslo, Norway, was adopted at birth. When she was 17, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Researchers are able to check government records to find if there is a(n) ______ connection to the disorder.
-genetic, or familial
Psychological influences include all of the following EXCEPT
-genetics
Abby's therapist and Abby have developed a hierarchy of social situations that range from not very threatening to very threatening. The therapist's strategy is to start with the least threatening and work up to assist Abby in not being so sensitive to rejection, to improve Abby's sense of unworthiness, and to assist her in having more relationships with others. This is a description of using _____ _____ to treat Abby's diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder.
-graduated exposure
Monique, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, often reports smelling a burning smell, but the fire department and her family members do not smell it. The best description of this is ?
-hallucination
Professor Taylor explains to his Abnormal Psychology class that a person with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has not progressed from or is constantly returning to the anal stage of psychosexual development. This is a ______ perspective.
-historic psychodynamic
A diagnosis of ? personality disorder in the DSM-5 describes a person whose behavior revolves around the seeking of attention, usually in a "theatrical" way, wanting to be on stage, admired, and praised.
-histrionic
People with ? disorder easily become alarmed about their health and seek unnecessary medical tests and procedures to rule out or treat their exaggerated or imagined illnesses.
-illness anxiety disorder
Flooding is when the client is totally immersed in the sensation of anxiety and ? flooding is when the client is virtually exposed to a feared situation.
-imaginal
To help stay open to other scientists offering alternative explanations to their findings, researchers now are making their data available
-in open-access repositories
Alexis giggles at a funeral. The best description of this is
-inappropriate affect
When a person's emotional response does not match the social cues present in a situation, this is known as ?
-inappropriate affect
Probably the most exciting development in understanding schizophrenia is the evolution of a(n) _______ approach.
-integrated
Why is the depression that goes along with the grief of the death of a loved one not considered clinical depression?
-it is a normal and expected response to the situation
Which of the following types of delusional disorder applies to a man who is certain, without justification or evidence, that his wife is having an affair with the garbage man?
-jealous
The thought process underlying the symptom of disorganized speech present in those with schizophrenia reflects
-loosening of associations
Migrants who are most at risk for schizophrenia are those who migrate to _______? Choose all that apply.
-lower status jobs -urban areas
Employees who deliberately feign sickness to get out of going to work are ? .
-malingering
? therapy is a treatment modality that is specific to psychiatric hospitals and is based on the premise that the environment is a major component of the treatment.
-milieu
Which intervention can help people with dependent personality disorder manage interpersonal anxiety?
-mindfulness training
______ is used to investigate the connection between genes and behavioral disorders.
-molecular genetics
Brandon has recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His therapist notes that he is exhibiting restricted affect in that he is unable to take action or to empathize with others. These symptoms are
-negative symptoms
? is the irrational belief or perception that others wish to cause you harm.
-paranoia
Hayden has the irrational belief or perception that others wish to cause him harm. Which of the following best describes this?
-paranoia
The term ? describes suicidal gestures that are frequently made by a person with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder.
-parasuicide
According to the ? , there are three main pathways leading to three subtypes of gambling disorder.
-pathways model
Caleb has become convinced that his wife is trying to kill him by poisoning his food, even though in reality she is not. This is an example of which type of delusion?
-persecutory
You are taking a survey about alcohol use and are asked if you have had a drink today. The researchers are taking the
-point prevalence
For which profession might the characteristics of paranoid personality disorder actually be useful?
-politician
Symptoms that a person experiences during the active phase of schizophrenia fall into a category described as ? symptoms, because they represent overt expressions of unusual perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors.
-positive
The events that cause acute stress disorder may lead to a disorder known as ? stress disorder.
-post traumatic stress disorder
The ? perspective on PTSD posits that, due to trauma, we form a biased information style that focuses our attention on potentially threatening cues.
-psychological
Somatic symptom disorders are ? in nature because they do not necessarily have a diagnosed ? condition that can explain their symptoms.
-psychological; medical
Which key feature establishes a foundation for evidence-based treatment?
-randomized controlled trial
Which of the following are associated with antipsychotic medications? Choose all that apply.
-reduced suicide rates -increased mortality because of negative effects on cardiovascular health
Mary Ann has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and often presents to others as devoid of emotional responses. The best description of this is
-restricted affect
Which of the following are negative symptoms of schizophrenia? Choose all that apply.
-restricted affect -avolition (term used to describe the lack of motivation or ability to do tasks or activities that have an end goal, such as paying bills or attending a school function) -inability to emphasize
Little baby Tara vomits up and rechews her food after first swallowing it. If this continues, her pediatrician will likely offer a diagnosis of ? disorder.
-rumination
A diagnosis of ? disorder is made when a person has a depressive or bipolar disorder as well as psychotic symptoms.
-schizoaffective
Which diagnosis is most appropriate for a person with a depressive or bipolar disorder who also has delusions and/or hallucinations?
-schizoaffective disorder
A person with a diagnosis of ? personality disorder might prefer to work in an isolated situation away from others.
-schizoid
Schizotypal personality disorder is related to ? , with people demonstrating schizotypal symptoms at risk of developing a full-blown psychosis.
-schizophrenia
. If a person experiences symptoms of schizophrenia for a period from one to six months, he or she would receive a diagnosis of
-schizophreniform
Which neurotransmitters do the atypical antipsychotics operate on? Choose all that apply.
-serotonin -dopamine
A ________ refers to one or more people developing a delusion as the result of a close relationship with a person who is delusional.
-shared psychotic disorder
Researchers have come to believe that ? disorder is a less severe form of avoidant personality disorder.
-social anxiety
? is when an individual has marked or intense fear of public situations in which the individual may be embarrassed in front of others.
-social anxiety disorder
One thing that may keep people from seeking help for abnormal behaviors is the
-social stigma attached to many disorders
The ______ perspective looks at the influences of family, friends, and communities on our mental health.
-sociocultural
The term is used in the psychological profession to describe the way that people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder relate to others. This means that their preoccupation with feelings of love for the object of their desire and attention can easily turn to extreme rage and hatred when the love object rejects them
-spitting
Marie has a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. When she first saw her therapist, she immediately liked her, talked about her to everyone, and could not wait for her next session. When the therapist advised her that she would be relocating and it would be necessary to transfer her to a different therapist, Marie flew into a rage and told the therapist that she hated her and hoped she died. This is an example of
-splitting
What changes were made in regard to subtypes of schizophrenia in the DSM-5?
-subtypes were eliminated
An effective behavioral method for treating specific phobia is ? desensitization.
-systematic
Roger has found that there is a generational relationship with depression. If one parent has clinical depression, the chances a child will have it is higher than in families where depression is not present in either parent. From this, he can state
-that though related, this connection does not show a causal link
Orientations to understanding the causes of human behavior and the treatment of abnormality are called ?
-theoretical perspectives
Which of the following is an intervention that is part of metacognitive interpersonal therapy?
-thinking about thinking
True or false: To be diagnosed with a trauma-and stressor-related disorder, a traumatic event must have acted as a precipitant.
-true
Schizophrenia is associated with cognitive deficits in all of the following except
-verbal comprehension
The notion that some people have a biologically determined predisposition to developing schizophrenia but that the disorder develops only when certain environmental conditions are in place is called ?
-vulnerability
Although the majority of adults in the United States have gambled at some point in their life, gambling disorder is estimated to affect ______ percent of the population.
0.6
Worldwide, there are about _______ suicides a year.
1 million
Recent estimates on the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia are
1%
The lifetime prevalence rate of methamphetamine use by high school students is about _______.
1%
According to the cognitive-behavioral perspective, what is the progression of the development of avoidant personality disorder? Place the following in order:
1. Hypersensitivity to shame 2. Misinterpreting neutral or positive remarks 3. Feeling hurt because of the misinterpretation 4. Retreating inward 5. Placing further distance between self and others
What is the lifetime prevalence for specific phobia in the US?
12.5%
People with schizophrenia have a reduced life expectancy of _______ years.
15-20 years
How many Iraq War veterans meet the screening criteria for PTSD?
17%
The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder among U.S. adults is approximately
17%
What age group has the highest rates of binge drinking?
18-25
The rate of cigarette smoking in 2002 for people 12 and older was 26 percent of the population, and in 2016 it was
19. 1 % of the population
By definition, people with DID have at least _______ distinct identity/identities.
2
How many people in the US misused tranquilizers in 2016?
2 million
About what percentage of those over 12 used cocaine in the past month?
2%
Anxiety disorders have a lifetime prevalence of about
29%
The estimated prevalence of minor psychotic symptoms at any one time is about
3%
Bipolar disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of ______ in the U.S. population.
3.9 percent
How long does the clinical interview typically last?
30-45 minutes
The PAI consists of _______ items organized into _______ scales.
344/11
How many major dimensions does OCD have?
4
What percentage of anorexia nervosa related deaths occurred in women 65 years or older in a Norwegian study?
43%
Personality disorders are being aligned to the ______ in the DSM-5.
5 factor model
About what percentage of high school students take Adderall?
5%
Patricia is an American. What chance does she have of experiencing some psychotic symptom in her lifetime?
5%
Twin, family, and adoption studies point to the importance of genetic factors as contributors to alcohol-related disorders, with an estimated heritability of
50-60%
Who of the following, based on age alone, would be most likely to commit suicide?
51-year old John
McCrae and Costa (1987) felt that each of the basic five traits has ______ facets.
6
To be diagnosed as a psychological disorder, agoraphobia must cause extreme discomfort and persist over time (at least ? months).
6
The lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder is about ________.
6%
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is ______.
6.8%
Approximately what percentage of college-age women have concerns about their weight or body shape?
60%
What is the approximate 12-month incidence of social anxiety disorder?
7%
How many sessions does contemporary psychodynamic therapy usually involve?
8 - 10
What is the prevalence of some type of problem with food and feeding among children who are intellectually disabled?
80%
CBI also encourages participation in
Alcoholics Anonymous.
Each of the following is an example of a long-term treatment goal except for which?
Alleviating immediate symptoms
Which of the following describe the effects of psilocybin? Choose all that apply.
Alterations in motor reflexes Difficulty differentiating fantasy from reality
Olga has been taking drugs that affect both her central nervous system and autonomic nervous system. When she takes these drugs, she becomes hostile, violent, and paranoid, and her blood pressure increases. Which of the following is she most likely taking?
Amphetamines
Tabitha has been going to gym for 4 hours a day and watching her caloric intake. She is determined to lose weight, despite the fact that she is already underweight. Which of the following best classifies her behavior?
An eating disorder
What is emotional dysregulation?
An inability to regulate emotion
Hannah, who believes she is extremely fat even though she is significantly underweight, goes from periods of uncontrolled eating to periods where she eats almost nothing for days at a time. What would likely be her DSM-5 diagnosis?
Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following is true about anorexia nervosa?
Anorexia nervosa is more common in women.
Which of the following are features of behavioral assessment? Choose all that apply.
Antecedents and consequences are noted. Actions are recorded.
In ego psychology, the importance of the ego and its development is the key to being psychologically healthy. Which theorist is not considered a part of this movement?
Carl Jung
Of the following, which country has the lowest prevalence rates of specific phobia?
China
Which of the following are components of a structured interview? Choose all that apply.
Classification of a client's symptoms into a DSM disorder Standardized questions
What are the reasons treating narcissistic personality disorder is difficult?
Clients with the disorder tend not to have insight about it. Therapists often have strong negative feelings toward those with the disorder.
Which of the following are features of people with dependent personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Clinging behaviors Passivity and agreeing with others When alone feel despondent and abandoned.
Which treatment modality has the greatest empirical support for the treatment of gambling disorder?
Cognitive behavioral therapy
The contemporary psychodynamic approach to OCPD adds what focus to the Freudian concepts? Choose all that apply.
Cognitive factors Prior learning
In the category of trauma- and stressor-related disorders, the DSM-5 includes which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Disorders that were previously in their own category within the anxiety disorders Disorders in childhood that resulted from exposure to stress or trauma
According to object relations theory, what is the base cause of abnormal behaviors?
Early childhood relationships
Many treatments used in the acceptance-based perspective were developed in the 1970's and were influenced by ______.
Eastern philosophy
According to the pathways model, which are characteristic of people prone to gambling disorder? Choose all that apply.
Emotionally vulnerable Behaviorally conditioned
Treatment guidelines for dissociative identity disorder emphasize which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Establishing and maintaining a strong therapeutic alliance Helping clients see themselves and their worlds in a more favorable manner Not playing favorites with any of the alters
Which of the following are effects of heroin use? Choose all that apply.
Euphoria Dry mouth Heaviness in the arms and legs
The effects that users of marijuana seek include which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Euphoria Increased awareness of internal and external stimuli Heightened sense of sensuality and sexuality
Which of the following describe the effects of cocaine? Choose all that apply.
Euphoria Mental alertness
Which of the following are goals of today's psychodynamic approach to treating conversion disorder? Choose all that apply.
Expressing emotion directly Gaining insight Gaining self-awareness
In which disorder does the individual assume a sick role to get sympathy and attention?
Factitious disorder imposed on self
The factors that comprise high resilience include which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Feeling in control over one's life circumstances The ability to make positive assessments of one's life circumstances
Ken feels compelled to bet on horses and is at the race track whenever there are races. Ken has lost a lot of money, but he knows he can win it back with just one lucky break. He does not tell his wife how much he has actually lost. Ken would likely be diagnosed with which of the following?
Gambling disorder
The three main categories of cultural concepts of distress include all of the following except?
Gender-based syndromes
Which of the following are components of the biopsychosocial perspective for understanding why people commit suicide? Choose all that apply.
Genetic predisposition Distorted cognitive processes Exposure to life stresses
Dr. Allison is a cognitive-behavioral therapist treating Anna for avoidant personality disorder. Which of the following treatment techniques would Dr. Allison be most likely to use?
Graduated exposure Skills training Relationship training
Which of the following are the most common client obstacles to seeking psychotherapy? Choose all that apply.
Having to disclose embarrassing information Thinking there is something wrong with them because they need help Having increased anxiety because they need to seek help
Which of the following are pragmatic treatment approaches to help individuals with diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Helping clients use cooperation rather than exploitation and manipulation Developing prosocial ways to satisfy needs Using motivational interviewing
Henry has been in psychiatric treatment, both inpatient and outpatient, for schizophrenia. The medication regime he has been on has been very helpful, and he no longer suffers from the hallucinations and delusions he experienced when the disorder was at his worst. Henry still is in outpatient therapy to help him improve his life skills and stay motivated to continue with his medication. Which best describes Henry's stage of functioning?
Henry's symptoms are in remission.
People with Cluster B personality disorders exhibit which of the following characteristics? Choose all that apply.
High desire to seek stimulation Impulsivity Inflated self-importance
Which of the following can be the results of heavy and continued use of marijuana? Choose all that apply.
Higher risk of heart attack Persistent cognitive impairment Impaired respiratory functioning
Some negative effects of marijuana usage include which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Impaired physical coordination Impaired short-term memory Slowed reaction time
If a client is afraid of heights, a clinician may bring the client to the top of a tall building. This is an example of which of the following behavioral techniques?
In vivo flooding
What are the goals of dialectical behavior therapy? Choose all that apply.
Increase the client's ability to handle emotional stress Reduce the frequency of the client's self-destructive acts
The therapy modality that Jeff's clinician recommends for him involves him meeting with a therapist on a one-to-one basis. This is known as which of the following?
Individual psychotherapy
In the DSM-IV, people diagnosed with the "purging" type of bulimia nervosa might do which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Induce vomiting Administer an enema Take diuretics
Which of the following are traits which have been shown to be associated with dependent personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
Insecure attachment Anxiousness Submissiveness
What are some of the frustrations that therapists experience in the course of working with clients? Choose all that apply.
Insurance may not pay for a treatment that the therapist is confident would help. Clients seem overwhelmed with the effort needed for change. Clients may not be willing to follow through on their expressed desire to change.
Which of the following is an empirically-supported therapy that could be used to treat binge-eating disorder?
Interpersonal therapy
Of the following countries, which has the lowest number of suicides per year?
Iran
Which of the following explains the role biology has in somatic symptom and dissociative disorders?
It makes some people more vulnerable to psychological disorders. A person may have a physical condition that certain stressors particularly affect.
It has been proposed that traumatic experiences cause changes in the brain. How may this lead to PTSD symptoms?
It may make the brain hypersensitive to possible danger in the future.
Which of the following is a main strength of the Five Factor Model when dealing with psychopathologies?
It provides a basis for personality assessment.
Which of the following are psychodynamic explanations of narcissistic personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
It was once seen as a failure to progress beyond the early psychosexual stages. Current psychodynamic theorists see it as a failure to form an integrated sense of self.
Of the following males, who is most likely to have major depressive disorder?
Jason, who is 22 years old
Which is true of a person with binge-eating disorder? Choose all that apply.
Keeps eating past the point of feeling full May gain a significant amount of weight Engages in binge eating at least twice a week for 6 months
Which of the following are the effects of inhalants? Choose all that apply.
Loss of coordination Euphoria Slurred speech
Which of the following are associated with alcohol use disorders, according to a landmark longitudinal study conducted in the early 1980s?
Low achievement in school Childhood antisocial behavior Problems with the law
Which of the following is true in regard to gender differences in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder?
Men and women are equally diagnosed.
Which of the following is not considered to be an ideal treatment for heroin relapse because of its potential for dependence?
Methadone
Psychological treatments for eating disorders include which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Mindfulness techniques to reduce negative thoughts Mirror confrontation Exposure therapy
Concerned family members have brought 86-year-old Dorothy to see Dr. Marshall, a psychologist who is using a brief screening device to assess dementia. Which of the following instruments is Dr. Marshall most likely using?
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Axel has a substance abuse problem and has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Which of the following are most likely to happen? Choose all that apply.
More frequent episodes of bipolar disorder Problems with the law An earlier onset of bipolar disorder
Which of the following is true of suicide in the United States?
More than 90% of suicides occur in people with a psychological disorder.
Which medication used to treat heroin addiction produces the side effects of nausea and headaches?
Naltrexone
Which of the following medications is designed to prevent relapse among those with alcohol use disorder?
Naltrexone
Tremenitia cannot remember a time when she was not mildly depressed since the age of 16. Now, at 23, she works at her job, goes out with friends, and functions from day to day, but stills suffer from some sleep problems, low energy, low self-esteem, and ongoing feelings of hopelessness. She is probably suffering from which of the following?
Persistent depressive disorder
Which of the following can cause a dissociative disorder? Choose all that apply.
Physical abuse during childhood Sexual abuse during childhood A traumatic event during childhood
Which of the following contain nicotine? Choose all that apply.
Pipe tobacco Chewing tobacco Cigarettes
Which of the following components are common measured with neuropsychological assessment? Choose all that apply.
Processing speed Verbal and visual memory
Which type of doctoral degree in psychology focuses more on practice than on research?
PsyD
Dr. Wasson has a degree in medicine and has received specialized advanced training in the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders. What kind of clinician is Dr. Wasson?
Psychiatrist
In most states, the clinician with the medical degree is the only one who can prescribe medication. This clinician is which of the following?
Psychiatrist
Which of the following have medical degrees and are able to administer medical treatments?
Psychiatrists
Individuals develop feelings of grandiosity and elation or become hyperenergetic as an unconscious defense against sinking into gloom and despair. This is the explanation for bipolar disorder from which perspective?
Psychoanalytic
? helps people with bipolar disorder understand the nature of the disorder and the reasons that medication is critical to control symptoms.
Psychoeducation
? is used to teach people with eating disorders ways their beliefs reinforce their negative body image.
Psychoeducation
Randall's psychologist tells him that it is fairly common for people in alcohol abstinence programs to slip and go back to drinking and that it is best to consider this a temporary setback. Which of the following is the psychologist reflecting?
Relapse prevention techniques
According to the principles of trauma informed care, clinicians must avoid _______ clients who already have histories of trauma.
Retraumatizing
A clinical interview that guides clinicians each step of the way and is designed specifically to assess DSM-5 symptoms is the
SCID-5-CV.
Clinicians have used psychotropics, especially , ? to treat individuals with anorexia nervosa.
SSRIs
Which are the only FDA-approved medications for the treatment of PTSD?
SSRIs
Which of the following are the most effective treatments for OCD? Choose all that apply.
SSRIs Clomipramine
The American Psychological Association's Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of PTSD in Adults recommends which three interventions? Choose all that apply.
SSRIs Exposure therapy CBT
Which of the following personality disorders is related to schizophrenia?
Schizotypal personality disorder
Which of the following mental health professionals typically hold a master's degree as their highest degree? Select all that apply.
School psychologists Social workers Nurse clinicians
The DSM-5 has a _______ that includes diagnoses not quite well-established enough to be part of the main diagnostic system.
Section III
Which of the following are unique features of gambling disorder? Choose all that apply.
Seeking financial bailouts Lying about financial losses Committing crimes to support gambling habits
Which of the following are side effects of taking lithium? Choose all that apply.
Serious cardiac effects Mild central nervous system disturbances
Of those that have experienced generalized anxiety disorder over the past 12 months, 32% are classified as ______.
Severe
Social discrimination involves prejudicial treatment of a class of individuals based on which types of factors? Select all that apply.
Sexual orientation Social class Race or ethnicity Gender
Annie is suffering from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following describes her beliefs? Choose all that apply.
She believes she is larger than she really is. She believes she is unattractive.
Miranda has been diagnosed with the restrictive type of anorexia nervosa. Which of the following best describes her feelings?
She is repelled by the idea of being fat.
In which of the following disorders does an individual fear becoming humiliated or embarrassed in front of other people?
Social anxiety disorder
In which of the following does a client first learn relaxation exercises and then develops a hierarchy of feared stimuli to which he or she will be exposed?
Systematic desensitization
What were the one-year follow-up results of the COMBINE study?
The CBI-only group did not differ significantly from the CBI-plus-medications group.
How are the DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa different from the DSM-IV-TR criteria? Choose all that apply.
The DSM-5 emphasizes behavior that interferes with weight gain. The DSM-IV-TR used "intense fear of gaining weight" as a criterion.
Each of these are important components of the role of the client in the psychotherapy process except for which?
The client's own background and training in psychology
When making a recommendation to a treatment facility, which factors are most important to consider? Choose all that apply.
The cost and insurance coverage The nature of the services that the client will be able to receive Whether the environment offers enough control for the client's level of risk
What is the confounding variable in twin studies?
The environment is shared between the twins being studied.
Justin and Whitney are both very artistic. They each have a studio in their house and allow their children to paint, sculpt clay, and draw. As their children grow, they also show artistic abilities. This is an example of which of the following?
The gene-environment correlation
Which of the following are features of a cognitive-behavioral approach to obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
The ideal must be achieved. Feelings of self-worth depend on perfection. There are unrealistic ideas of perfection.
Which of the following is true about mortality and anorexia nervosa?
The longer people have the disorder the more they are at risk of death.
Which of the following is true?
The more times people have gambled, the higher their chances of developing gambling disorder
What is the most important aspect of the clinician's role in the therapeutic process?
The quality of the clinical relationship
Shelby is in training to be a psychologist. His supervisor takes him to task for referring to "that schizophrenic." What is the basis of the supervisor's criticism?
The supervisor believes that it is more appropriate to say, "Mr. Watson, who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia..."
Why is the term "client" preferred over the term "patient" when describing someone seeking psychological intervention through psychotherapy? Choose all that apply.
The term "client" reflects a role of active participation. The term "client" reflects a collaborative process
Which of the following are components of evidence-based assessment in clinical practice? Choose all that apply.
The use of psychometrically strong measures Reliance on research findings Reliance on scientifically viable theories
From an evidence-based perspective, what is the current thinking about the use of SSRIs to treat eating disorders?
They are no longer considered advisable for the treatment of eating disorders.
Which of the following are features of people with diagnoses of histrionic personality disorders? Choose all that apply.
They are often flirtatious or seductive. They may behave theatrically. They like to be the center of attention.
Which of the following is true about people with hoarding disorder? Choose all that apply.
They believe that all of their items have value of some kind. They sometimes allow their items to fill their entire house, until it is unlivable. They have a hard time throwing things away, even if the items are garbage.
Which of the following are common symptoms in children with rumination disorder?
They have difficulty managing or tolerating food. They have poorly developed eating skills. They are reluctant to eat food because of its texture or taste.
Which of the following are criticisms of current diagnostic manuals? Choose all that apply.
They make it too easy to equate an individual with a disease. They put individuals at risk for being stigmatized. They reflect a sharp distinction between what is normal and what is abnormal.
Which of the following is true about people with paranoid personality disorder?
They rarely seek clinical help.
Which of the following are characteristics that may work against the use of cognitive-behavioral treatment for people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? Choose all that apply.
They tend to intellectualize. They worry about making mistakes. They ruminate over past behavior.
What is the main problem associated with conducting twin studies?
Though it allows us to look at the genetic side, the environmental influences are almost impossible to control.
Which of the following are features of the cognitive-behavioral approach to treating a person with a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder?
Using graduated exposure to social interaction. Teaching clients to articulate the automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes that interfere with establishing relationships.
Which of the follow factors would a psychologist from the sociocultural perspective believe are significant contributors to the development of a psychological disorder? Select all that apply.
Violence and war Oppression and poverty Natural and human-caused disasters
Which of the following factors affect alcohol absorption? Choose all that apply.
Whether or not food is present in the digestive system The amount of alcohol that is consumed The period of time over which alcohol is consumed The drinker's metabolic rate
Which of the following describes physiological and psychological changes that a person goes through when they discontinue using a drug?
Withdrawal
Who of the following felt that if you teach a person to relax in the presence of a stimulus that causes them distress, they will, over time, replace the feeling of distress?
Wolpe
Dr. Bronikowski says that narcissism involves unworkable beliefs and maladaptive ideas. Dr. Bronikowski is most likely
a cognitive-behavioral therapist.
To provide consistent diagnoses for all people with specific symptoms, clinicians use
a diagnostic manual.
The concept of validity of a psychological test refers to the idea that
a test measures what it was designed to measure.
Severe cravings for heroin can last as long as
a week
Mindfulness is associated with which of the following theoretical approaches?
acceptance-based
The ______________ perspective follows in the footsteps of behavioral and cognitive
acceptance-based
Exposure to ? stress can precipitate a major depressive episode.
acute
The type of drug that might be in a diet pill in which nervous system activity is increased is most likely a(n)
amphetamine.
In order to ensure that they are using the most appropriate instrument for a given client, clinicians should take into account a test's
applicability to clients from diverse backgrounds.
Clinicians who design interventions for people with alcohol use disorders begin by
assessing the alcohol use patterns of their clients.
The multicultural approach to therapy requires the therapist to learn about the client's cultural, ethnic and racial group and the way these factors influence which of the following? Select all that apply.
assessment Diagnosis Treatment
Psychologist Mary Salter Ainsworth studied the way different infants related to caregiver figures, also known as ______ style.
attachment
Nora brings her 19-month-old son, Zach, to a research laboratory and meets with Dr. Rodriquez. After a few minutes, Nora exits the room, leaving Zach with Dr. Rodriquez, someone Zach has never met before. This experiment is set up to test Zach's
attachment style
To change ______ (deeply ingrained concepts that often lead to maladaptive behaviors), ______ (negative beliefs about the self) need to be changed.
automatic thoughts; dysfunctional attitudes
? conditioning occurs when an individual associates a maladaptive response with a stimulus that could not itself cause harm.
aversive
Brad has been experiencing intense anxiety every time the phone rings. His maladaptive response to a benign stimulus is known as
aversive conditioning.
As a child, Russ often felt as if his mother abandoned him, leaving him feeling insecure about relationships. According to attachment theory, as an adult, he would most likely keep relationships on a purely physical level and avoid emotional relationships.
avoid romantic relationships
According to Freud, the three components of the personality are ______ in normal people.
balanced
If you score low on the neuroticism and low on the extroversion scales of the Five Factors Model, you would most likely
be shy, reserved, and tend to be unemotional.
The ? approach emphasizes that specific phobias occur because the response is learned.
behavioral
The ? basis for OCD may be abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex that contribute to the symptoms.
biological
Linda has been referred to a psychiatrist for her depression. Her doctor believes that the main cause of her depression stems from a disruption in her levels of serotonin. Linda's psychiatrist is using the ______ to diagnose her problem.
biological perspective
The ______ looks at the connection between dysfunctions in the body and the symptoms of psychological disorders.
biological perspective
The causes of eating disorders and impulse-control disorders are often ______. Choose all that apply.
biological. emotional. sociocultural.
While serving in Iraq with the U.S. Army, Sergeant Carlos Rogers had an improvised explosive device detonate under his vehicle and cause a concussion. Years later, he's finding that he's having problems with his short-term memory, mood swings, and changes to his personality. His psychiatrist orders an MRI scan to determine if the problems are ______ based.
biologically
To conceptualize abnormal behavior as a complex interaction among multiple factors, clinicians best use a ______ perspective.
biopsychosocial
Which of the following models is most useful for understanding substance use disorder and approaches to treatment?
biopsychosocial
Clinicians diagnose people who have manic episodes as having ? disorder.
bipolar
Of those people diagnosed with ? disorder in a given year, nearly 83 percent have been classified as "severe."
bipolar
Matilda has been on top of the world for the past week. She feels invincible and that she can do no wrong. She is working on solving the world's major problems and is sure she can come up with an answer. She has had very little sleep over the last few days. Matilda is likely suffering from
bipolar disorder.
Naltrexone reduces alcohol consumption by
blocking the effects of the body's production of alcohol-induced opioids.
People with ______ are preoccupied with the idea that a part of their body is defective or ugly.
body dysmorphic disorder
Indira was preoccupied with the size of her nose. She constantly checked its size in mirrors or any reflecting surface she passed. She was convinced she needed a nose job, even though her nose was an average size. Indira most likely was suffering from
body dysmorphic disorder.
Dialectical behavior therapy was developed by Marsha Linehan for the treatment of _____________, but is now used more broadly for the treatment of various psychological disorders.
borderline personality disorder
The toxic contaminants often added to heroin can lead to damage to which organs? Choose all that apply.
brian liver kidneys
The ? hypothesis of suicidality describes resilience as a mediator to suicide, even among high-risk individuals.
buffering
In behavioral interviewing, clinicians obtain information from their clients
by asking specific questions about target behaviors.
Once a clinician makes a formal diagnosis, it is necessary to develop a ? formulation, or an analysis of the client's development and the factors that might have influenced his or her current psychological status.
case
Tyler's clinician has made a diagnosis and must now create a picture of how the disorder may have evolved and what factors might influence his psychological status. Which of the following is the best description of this process?
case formulation
In 1849, Mr. Phineas Gage survived after having a metal rod driven through his head when an explosive charge accidentally went off. The accident destroyed a large portion of his frontal lobe. Based upon the effects this accident had on Mr. Gage, researchers were able to learn a great deal about the frontal lobe and its effects on behavior. This was an example of the use of a(n) _______
case study
The term ? is preferred when describing a person seeking psychological interventions through therapy because this term implies a collaborative relationship.
client
The MMPI scales which correspond to major diagnostic categories are called the
clinical scales
Mr. Frank, a 68-year-old veteran, is no longer able to handle his finances, manage his medications, or schedule his own appointments. He arrived late to session, and his hygiene was poor. His behavioral impairment, per observation of his therapist, meets criteria for
clinical significance
The role of the ? in the therapeutic process goes above and beyond techniques that are used to treat a client's problem.
clinician
? is a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant that a person snorts, injects, or smokes.
cocaine
Acceptance-based approaches are based upon theories of behavioral and _______ therapies.
cognitive
Clinicians who use ? behavioral therapy work with their clients to try to challenge the nature of their thought processes.
cognitive
Neuropsychological assessment is the process of gathering information about a client's ? functioning on the basis of performance on psychological tests.
cognitive
In general, people with gambling disorder display _______ that support their belief that there is a greater probability that their gambling will lead to successful outcomes.
cognitive distortions
Paul is feeling depressed and anxious, mostly because he feels that his boss is looking for a reason to fire him. Paul is a hard worker, and in reality, his boss is considering him for a promotion. According to the ______, Paul's thoughts and beliefs are the cause of his abnormal behaviors.
cognitive perspective
Will incorrectly believes his wife, Melinda, is having an affair, leading him to feel dysfunctional levels of stress and anxiety. His therapist knows that Will's wife is not having an affair and challenges Will to provide concrete evidence of Melinda's affair. In the cognitive perspective, the challenge from the therapist is the start of
cognitive restructuring.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) combines
cognitive therapy with mindfulness skills.
The _______ perspective posits that people with specific phobias misinterpret harmless stimuli as being dangerous.
cognitive-behavioral
The _______ view of conversion disorder views people with the disorder as subject to cognitive distortions that lead them to misinterpret normal bodily sensations.
cognitive-behavioral
Anderson Taylor is a successful prosecuting attorney who wins virtually all of his cases. In several days, he will begin a case in which he will prosecute a notorious mobster. As he was walking home, he was accosted by several people who roughed him up and threatened to kill him if he prosecuted the mobster. The next morning, he woke up and was unable to speak. This is an example of
conversion disorder.
You really hate spiders. You've just received a job offer of your dreams, but you find out that your boss has a thing for spiders and has three terrariums with various types of spiders. You really want the job, and when you talk to a friend, he suggests that you see a counselor. The counselor suggests ______, in which you are exposed to spiders while going through relaxation exercises. After successful treatment, you no longer have any problems with the spiders in your boss's office.
counterconditioning
A ? formulation includes a clinician's assessment of the client's degree of identification with the culture of origin, the associated beliefs about psychological disorders, and ways in which particular events are interpreted.
cultural
_______ concepts of distress are the ways that individuals in specific cultural groups experience, understand, and communicate their suffering, behavioral problems, or troubling thoughts and emotions.
cultural
When we talk about the clinician's need to account for the client's cultural background in making diagnoses, we are talking about
cultural formulation
The core of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is to teach clients _____________ techniques which aim to take on a more acceptance-based stance to painful thoughts and feelings.
decentering
A person with a diagnosis of ? personality disorder tends to be clinging and passive and must rely on others to make decisions.
dependent
In order to be diagnosed with brief psychotic disorder, a person must experience one of four symptoms. These include all of the following except
depression
Family therapy appears to be particularly effective in reducing _______ symptoms among adolescents with bulimia nervosa.
depressive
Which of the following best describes periods of symptoms in which an individual experiences an unusually intense sad mood?
depressive disorder
People with gambling disorder engage in a phenomenon known as _______, in which they minimize rewards they could obtain in the future compared to rewards they can obtain right away,
discounting of probabilistic rewards
You sign up to work on an experiment looking at the effect of caffeine on memory. Your job is to give participants a mixture of orange juice and caffeine that has been premixed by another researcher; you don't know how many milligrams of caffeine has been added to the orange juice. When you ask the lead researcher about this, she says that she does not want you to inadvertently influence the participant's performance. This is an example of a ______ experiment.
double blind
The primary emphasis of the Combined Behavioral Intervention (CBI) program is
enhancing reinforcement and social support for abstinence.
The study of epigenetics attempts to identify the ways in which our __________ influences our phenotypes.
environment
The study of how the environment influences our genes to produce phenotypes is referred to as
epigenetics.
According to Freud, who uses defense mechanisms?
everyone
Which of the following did the DSM-5 authors consider but not include based on the current research? Choose all that apply.
exercise addiction Sex addiction Shopping addiction
The essential feature of conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) is that the individual
experiences a change in a bodily function not due to an underlying medical condition.
Though case studies can give us very in-depth knowledge of rare conditions, they lack enough ______ to allow us to make generalizable assumptions about the conditions.
experimental control
According to the sociocultural perspective, individuals develop depressive disorders in response to
external life circumstances.
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques provides a picture of how people react to stimuli virtually in real time?
fMRI
The experimental method can not determine cause or effect? True or false
false
True or false: It is always acceptable to refer to someone as "a schizophrenic" if that person has a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
false
True or false: Marijuana's acute effects on cognitive functioning are irreversible.
false
True or false: Only one treatment modality should be used with each client.
false
True or false: Opioid usage is always detrimental to one's well being.
false
True or false: People with somatic symptom disorder are usually intentionally manufacturing symptoms for some external gain or benefit.
false
True or false: Psychotropic medications are intended to cure psychological disorders.
false
True or false: Researchers have identified a specific gene that is responsible for the development of alcohol-related disorders.
false
True or false: Social learning theorists believe that behavior is the result of unconscious, unresolved processes.
false
True or false: The DSM-5 uses a multiaxial system to characterize individuals in a multidimensional way.
false
True or false: The development of psychological disorders is widely believed to be the result of one single factor, such as genetics.
false
True/False: Heavy and continued use of marijuana does not seem to have any long term effects on educational achievement.
false
true or false: Because of activation within the brain's internally based attentional circuits, people with major depressive disorder focus their attention outward.
false
true or false: People whose mood disorders are primarily biological in origin should only be treated with medication.
false
When several or all family members are involved in treatment, but one person has been designated as "the patient," the best description of this is ? therapy.
family
Within the sociocultural perspective, clinicians use interventions incorporating a ? component for clients with eating disorders who are still in their teens and who have had symptoms for a brief time.
family
Craig and Arianna and their twin boys have come to psychotherapy because one of the boys, Kevin, is misbehaving. This is most likely an example of which of the following?
family therapy
People with illness anxiety disorder
fear or mistakenly believe that normal bodily reactions represent the symptoms of a serious illness.
Which of the following would NOT be a question on the WHODAS? "In the past 30 days how much difficulty did you have in ______?"
finding a new job
In the behavioral technique called ? , one is totally immersed in the sensation of anxiety.
flooding
Individuals in a ? state of dissociative amnesia may travel or wander without knowing their identity.
fugue
From a behavioral perspective, gambling disorder may develop because
gambling offers a pattern of reinforcement and rewards.
Neuropsychological assessment is the process of
gathering information about a client's cognitive brain functioning on the basis of performance on psychological tests.
Sally feels anxious and worried most of the time and cannot understand why. Sally may be experiencing ______ anxiety disorder.
generalized
In families from lower socioeconomic levels, _______ seemed to play a larger role than _______ in the level of alcohol use.
genetics/the environment
Doug has a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia. This is the result of the genes he inherited from his parents and is an example of his
genotype
In the ______, it is believed that people strive for self-fulfillment and finding meaning in their lives.
humanistic perspective
Ego psychology theorists argued that the main driving force of personality was the ego and not the ________.
id
Which group would be expected to have the highest concordance rate?
identical twins
Psychodynamic therapy for conversion disorder involves
identifying unconscious conflicts and bringing them into awareness.
The ______ refers to the frequency of new cases of a disorder.
incidence
In an experiment, the connection between the amount of alcohol ingested and demonstrated levels of aggression was studied. In this study, the amount of alcohol ingested was the
independent
One aspect of doing research about abnormal behavior is that we cannot truly have
independent variable
In medication studies, a(n) _______ placebo is one that does not resemble or lead to the same side effects as the actual medication being given to the treatment group
inert
The psychological perspective suggests that an individual with PTSD has a biased ______ style.
information processing
People with a(n) ? attachment style have a greater risk for developing depressive disorders in adulthood.
insecure
One practical reason for the use of diagnostic manuals is that they allow reimbursement from
insurance companies
The treatment goal for dissociative disorders is to
integrate the separate parts of self, memory, and time within a person's consciousness.
Pica is the most serious cause of self-injury to occur in people with _______.
intellectual developmental disabilities
The criteria for a hypomanic episode are similar to those for a manic episode but
involve a shorter duration
Research suggests that the attachment style we have as a child
is highly predictive of the types of romantic attachments we develop as adults.
Donahue does not want to go to school and take a test he did not prepare for. He splashes warm water on his face, sticks the thermometer under hot water, and shows it to his mother to make her think he has a fever. Donahue
is malingering.
Some people who experience manic episodes stop taking lithium because
it interferes with the euphoria at the beginning of a manic episode.
In the ______ type of delusional disorder, people are certain that their romantic partners are unfaithful to them.
jealous
According to the behavioral perspective, maladaptive behaviors are
learned
? the traditional treatment for bipolar disorder, is effective in treating acute mania symptoms and preventing the recurrence of manic episodes.
lithium
? -term goals include more fundamental and deeply rooted alterations in the client's psychological health.
long term
The fMRI uses ______ to detect brain activity.
magnetism
The primary aim of psychological treatment of eating disorders involves identifying and changing the individual's ______ that occur(s) with his or her body shape and weight.
maladaptive assumptions
Bipolar disorder involves an intense and very disruptive experience of a ______ episode, which may also occur in alteration with major depressive episodes.
manic
Psychoanalytic explanations of bipolar disorder propose that ? episodes are defensive responses through which individuals stave off feelings of inadequacy, loss, and helplessness.
manic
What is a mix of flowers, stems, and leaves from the hemp plant?
marijuana
One criticism of current diagnostic manuals is that they are based on a ? model, and not all clinicians are comfortable with this.
medical
AN alters brain activity in each of the following brain-processing areas except
memory
Which of the following best refers to a mental state that is achieved by intentionally bringing one's awareness to the present moment without judgment of internal or external observations?
mindfulness
The treatment modality that a clinician uses
must be chosen based on the most appropriate theoretical perspective.
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a structured tool that clinicians use as a brief screening device to assess
neurocognitive disorders.
A general term for a picture of the brain's structures or level of activity is ?
neuroimaging
Maria was recently in a car accident and as a result has demonstrated significant changes in cognitive abilities. Her physician referred her for a _______ to obtain information as to whether there is brain damage and if so, what is the exact extent and nature of that damage.
neuropsychological assessment
Chemical messages that allow neurons to communicate with each other are called ______.
neurotransmitters
The psychoactive ingredient in cigarettes is ? .
nicotine
Which of the following are professionals involved in clinical work who do not usually have doctoral degrees? Choose all that apply.
nurse clinicians Social workers Marriage and family therapists
Though researchers might have a personal interest in what they are studying, they have to be careful to remain
objective
A(n) ? is a recurrent, persistent, and anxiety-provoking thought, urge, or image that an individual experiences as intrusive or unwanted.
obsession
People who are perfectionistic, define themselves by their accomplishments, have difficulty completing tasks because they find flaws in their work, set unrealistic standards for themselves, and can be overly moralistic would probably be diagnosed with ______.
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Adults with ? depressive disorder (dysthymia) have, for at least 2 years, a milder course of depressive symptoms than those associated with major depressive disorder
persistent
It is important to keep in mind that the center of the clinician's focus should be the ______.
person
One distinction between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder is that obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is a(n) ______, whereas obsessive-compulsive disorder is a(n) ______.
personality disorder; anxiety disorder
Children who eat inedible things such as paint, paper, string, and hair might have a serious disorder called ?
pica
When research subjects receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment but lacking the active feature of the treatment -- such as taking pills made of sugar rather than pills with the active medication ingredient --- that treatment is called the ? condition.
placebo
The Cultural Formation Interview assesses each of the following except the individual's
political views and affiliation
The course and outcomes of schizophrenia are _______ with other psychological disorders.
poorer than
Mood and anxiety disorders are most likely to ______ the onset of gambling disorder.
precede
The DSM-5 defines a manic episode as "increased activity or energy, lasting at least
present most of the day, nearly every day."
Josh will not provide accurate statements on a self-report inventory, so Josh's psychologist has decided to use a(n) ? test, in which the examiner asks the test-taker to find meaning in an ambiguous item.
projective
A technique in which a psychologist asks clients to assign meaning to ambiguous figures is called a(n)
projective test
Positive early childhood experiences, including proper nutrition, adequate health care, and loving care givers, can serve as early risk- ? factors against mental health disorders.
protective
According to the ______, behavior is determined by the unconscious.
psychodynamic perspective
Dr. Fraser says that narcissism is the person's failure to progress beyond the early, highly self-focused stages of psychosexual development. Dr. Fraser is reflecting the
psychodynamic perspective.
Dr. Browne is a clinical psychologist who believes that his client's avoidant personality disorder is the result of her fear of attachment in relationships. Dr. Browne is most likely a(n)
psychodynamic therapist.
Clinicians treating people with bipolar disorder customarily turn first to pharmacological interventions but are also likely to incorporate ? interventions designed to develop better coping skills.
psychological
A procedure in which a clinician provides a formal evaluation of an individual's cognitive, personality, and psychosocial functioning is referred to as a
psychological assessment.
Dr. Abelson is a clinician, has a doctoral degree (a PhD or PsyD), and is trained in diagnosis and therapy. She is most likely a
psychologist.
Each of the following are categories of symptoms for acute stress disorder except
psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations.
Dr. Williams wishes to conduct a study about schizophrenia. Because he can't just assign a group of participants to the schizophrenia study if they have not been diagnosed with the disorder, he will be conducting a
quasi experiment
Myra is in an alcohol abstinence program. She has a slip in which she becomes very drunk, so she considers dropping out of therapy altogether. Her therapist invokes ? a prevention technique by telling her that this is part of the treatment process and is a temporary setback.
relapse
A client takes an MMPI-2 test in January and then takes the same test again in March. The scores each time are quite similar. This illustrates the concept of
reliability
The nucleus accumbens, a key area of the brain involved in ______, is affected by cocaine.
reward
Bernie has panic attacks, and his therapist wants him to record their occurrence and frequency as well as what occurred prior to the panic attack and what the consequence of it was. This is an example of which of the following?
self-monitoring
Compared to other antidepressants, ______ have fewer side effects.
serotonin modulators
Of all 12-month prevalence cases of anxiety disorders, almost 23% are classified as _______.
severe
The impact of family life, schools, and communities and how they may lead to abnormal behavior are studied as part of the ______ perspective.
sociocultural
Which of the following perspectives would focus on stressors in the family, community, and culture as aspects of substance use disorders?
sociocultural
People with _______ have physical symptoms that may or may not be accounted for by a medical condition, along with maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
somatic symptom disorder
According to general consensus, the cause of the dissociative disorder is ______ that leads people to experience splitting apart of their conscious experiences. forgetfulness, usually during middle adulthood,
some type of traumatic event, usually during childhood,
People with excoriation disorder _______. Choose all that apply.
sometimes pick at irregularities in the skin, such as moles and calluses sometimes pick at skin that is healthy repeatedly pick at their own skin
A(n) phobia is when an individual experiences intense and marked fear and will go to extreme lengths to avoid whatever is causing the fear.
specific
Acceptance-based approaches focus on improving the overall effectiveness of functioning, rather than reducing the _________ of a disorder.
specific symptoms
According to psychoanalytic theory, people with depressive disorders
suffered a loss early in life that affected them at a deep, intrapsychic level.
The term parasuicide describes
suicidal gestures.
? is a self-inflicted destructive act with explicit or inferred intent to die.
suicide
Investigators typically use __________ to gather information about the frequency of psychological symptoms.
surveys
Neural communication occurs when information is transmitted from one neuron to the next at the
synapse
Since you were a child, you have suffered from coulrophobia, or a fear of clowns. Now, you are dating someone who volunteers at the local hospital as a clown, and you want to get over your fear. In discussing it with a counselor, he suggests starting out slowly, first talking about the history of clowns, then looking at pictures of them, until finally, you're wearing clown makeup and going on "clown dates" with your new friend. Your therapist used the process of ______ to help you.
systematic desensitization
The effects of inhalants
tend to be brief.
Dr. Herrington writes her psychological report and says, "The client has a good understanding of herself and gets along well with others." This kind of generic statement is indicative of
the Barnum effect.
To rate a client's overall social, occupational, and psychological functioning, a clinician would most likely use
the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS).
The Processing Speed Index of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale assesses
the ability to process nonverbal information quickly.
Motivational interviewing and the client-centered approach both emphasize
the client's autonomy
One advantage of in vivo observation is that
the clinician can gather data in a natural setting.
Clinicians use all relevant information to arrive at a label that best captures the client's disorder. This is called
the diagnostic process.
The rate of suicide is underreported due to
the difficulty of establishing cause of death as intentional rather than unintentional.
A somatic symptom disorder is a condition in which an individual's major symptoms include
the experiencing of physical problems and concerns about medical illness.
Evidence-based practice in psychology involves choosing the best theoretical intervention to use in psychotherapy. These principles are the result of
the integration of research findings and clinical experience.
Each of the following is part of the treatment plan except for which?
the payment method
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder sometimes originates because
the person once had a bad experience while eating, such as choking on food.
People who were previously exposed to trauma are more likely to experience _______ after exposure to a second traumatic event.
thoughts on suicide
The purpose of Z codes in the ICD is
to note the presence of psychological and environmental problems.
Clinicians should understand their clients' cultural background not just for diagnostic purposes, but also
to see how their culture might offer support
? occurs when a person requires increasingly greater amounts of a substance in order to achieve desired effects.
tolerance
Frequent users of heroin may develop ? , where they will need a greater amount of the drugs to feel the same effect.
tolerance
Shelby discovers that he has to continually increase the amount of cocaine that he snorts in order to achieve the same effects as the first time he used it. This is referred to as
tolerance
A personality ? is an enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and others, a pattern that characterizes the majority of a person's interactions and experiences.
trait
Gail has a tendency to be very withdrawn and introverted. Throughout her life, she has maintained very few friendships, and now in her older age, she is without support. She is now quite depressed. Which approach would suggest her introverted personality is, in part, related to her current psychological distress?
trait theory
Which of the following are medicinal uses of synthetic THC? Choose all that apply.
treating asthma Reducing nausea in cancer patients Treating glaucoma
True or False: 1% -men and women have the same likelihood of developing schizophrenia
true
True or False? A first diagnosis of BPD in childhood or adolescence has the worst long-term consequences.
true
True or false: If acute stress disorder symptoms continue beyond a month, the appropriate diagnosis would then be PTSD.
true
True or false: People who have been victims of assault have an elevated risk of developing schizophrenia.
true
True or false: People who have migrant status have higher rates of schizophrenia.
true
True or false: Recent research has supported the notion that attachment style is positively correlated to therapy outcomes.
true
True or false: There is considerable research that supports the importance of genetics in the development of serious substance problems.
true
True or false: There is currently no treatment approach that is effective in reducing the core features of antisocial personality disorder
true
True or false: There is often a comorbidity of gambling disorder with other disorders.
true
True or false: Up until the 1970s, the course of schizophrenia was thought to be lifelong.
true
True or false? People may develop acute stress disorder even by being exposed to traumatic
true
True or false? People with specific phobias tend to overestimate the danger associated with their feared object
true
true or false: The best antidepressant medication for a client is determined by the clinician, often following a process of trial and error.
true
Owen has developed Korsakoff's syndrome and retrograde amnesia. This means that he is
unable to remember past events.
According to psychodynamic theorists, psychopathological behavior can only be understood by examining the
unconscious
The purpose of personality testing is to help the clinician
understand a person's thoughts, behaviors, and emotions.
The increased likelihood that an individual will engage in a behavior that he or she sees someone else rewarded for doing is best explained as
vicarious reinforcement.
You watch someone be reinforced for helping a stranger, and because of that, you are more likely to stop and help someone you do not know. A behavioral therapist would say you were
vicariously reinforced.
The Perceptual Reasoning Index of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale assesses
visual-spatial and fluid reasoning.
The therapeutic relationship requires each of the following of the client except
willingness to continue working with the therapist even if it is not helping or things are getting worse.
Bart was a heavy drinker of alcohol but one day decided to just stop completely. He immediately began to have severe physiological and psychological symptoms, including anxiety and shakiness.. Bart is most likely displaying substance ?
withdrawal
