PSY 300 exam 1

Identify a strategy to increase the amount of information from scale.

Arrange an interval scale so that a dichotomous decision is also required.

In the context of the adequacy of a dependent measure, which of the following is a reason why range effects are pernicious?

Because their consequences are hard to deal with after the fact

Identify a similarity between retrospective verbal report and prospective verbal report.

Both are self-report measures.

Identify the two sources of experimenter bias. (Select all that apply.)

Differential treatment of various experimental groups expectancy effects

_____ creeps in when the behavior of the experimenter influences the results of the experiment.

Experimenter bias

Identify a true statement about experimenter bias.

It serves to confound the effect of a researcher's independent variable.

A qualitative measurement technique that involves establishing evaluative categories and sorting items into those categories is known as

Q-sort methodology

Identify a true statement about the reactive nature of psychological measurement.

The participant is a thinking human being who will guide behavior based on his interpretations.

Identify a technique in which a researcher presents two stimuli simultaneously to an infant.

The preference technique

In the context of the adequacy of a dependent measure, identify a true statement about range effects.

The problems that range effects can cause are subtle.

The Q-sort methodology was pioneered by _____ in 1935.

William Stephenson

A demerit of using a retrospective verbal report is that validity is lowered to the extent that the report given by the participant is at variance with the _____.

actual behavior

One of the problems in adopting a more limited scale for a measure, even if it results in an ecologically valid measure, is that the _____.

amount of information is limited

True or false: Mosteller and Tukey's classification of scales is based on what logical or mathematical operations legitimately can be performed on values rather than the nature of the values.

based on the nature of the values rather than on what logical or mathematical operations legitimately can be performed on them

A researcher can record the actual behavior of the subjects by using a(n)

behavioral measure

In a study if a researcher exposes participants to different treatments and then takes note of the conduct of the participants, then he or she is using a(n) _____.

behavioral measure

Match the types of range effects (in the left column) to their correct meanings (in the right column). Instructions

ceiling effects = When the variable reaches its highest possible value floor effects = When the variable reaches its lowest possible value

A scale that combines the features of more than one scale is known as a/an _____.

composite scale

Match the types of participant attitude based on Adair's classification (in the left column) to their corresponding characteristics (in the right column). Instructions

cooperative = It is characterized by a strong desire to please the experimenter. apprehensive= It is characterized by participants who enter the laboratory worried about what will happen to them. negative attitude= It is most prevalent when participants were required to serve in experiments.

The cues provided by the researcher and the context that communicate to the participant the purpose of the study are referred to as _____.

demand characteristics

The process in which a researcher attempts to train different behaviors of an infant to the different stimuli is known as _____.

discrimination learning

An interval scale is different from a ratio scale in that it _____.

does not indicate the absence of the quantity

Match the blind-techniques (in the left column) with their corresponding characteristics (in the right column).

double blind technique - Neither the experimenter nor the participants know at the time of testing which treatments the participants are receiving. single blind- The experimenter does not know which experimental condition a subject has been assigned to.

Identify a feature of self-report measures.

easy to use

A researcher can include an interval or ratio scale in a study along with the nominal or ordinal measure if he or she needs to adopt a more limited measure to preserve _____.

ecological validity

If a dependent measure reflects what people must do in real-life situations, then it is said to have _____.

ecological validity

According to Neisser, sometimes a researcher must compromise his or her desire for a sensitive measurement scale so that he or she can have a(n) _____.

ecologically valid dependent measure

When an experimenter develops preconceived ideas about the capacities of the participants, _____ emerge.

expectancy effects

Both single-blind and double-blind techniques are used to reduce the _____ in a study.

experimenter bias

Match the people and things (in the left column) to their correct meanings (in the right column).

experimenter= Has a position of power over the participant psychological experiment= social situation participant= reactive creature

True or false: Frequency of responding is one of the most important physiological measures.

false

True or false: In discrimination learning, the differential rates of responding do not suggest the capacity of an infant to discriminate among different stimuli.

false

A researcher has to count the number of occurrences of a behavior over a specified period to determine the _____ of a behavior.

frequency

Match Mosteller and Tukey's classification of scales (in the left column) to their corresponding meanings (in the right column). Instructions

grades = Categories with a natural order counted fractions = ratios w fixed base names = categories w no particular order

The technique that capitalizes on the fact that infants get bored with repeatedly presented stimuli is known as the _____.

habituation technique

Identify three types of physiological measures. (Select all that apply.)

high blood pressure heart rate electrical activity of the brain

One of the characteristics of self-report measures is that it is _____.

highly versatile

In retrospective verbal report, participants are asked to reflect on past experiences and evaluate those experiences, whereas in prospective verbal report, participants are asked to speculate on _____.

how they would react in a certain future situation

A(n) _____ measures responses that are not under direct conscious control.

implicit measure

It is important to pretest a measure because if the measure must be modified to meet the needs of the research, a researcher can do so before he or she _____.

invests large amounts of time and effort in the actual study

Pretesting a measure is important for a researcher so that he or she can ensure that _____.

it is appropriate for the participants

The scale for temperature in an interval scale is Celsius, whereas the scale for temperature in a ratio scale is _____.

kelvin

When a researcher measures the amount of time it takes for subjects to respond to some stimulus, he is measuring _____.

latency

The range effects of a dependent variable decrease the differences between a treatment means by _____.

limiting the values of the highest or lowest data points

By limiting the values of the highest or lowest data points, the apparent effects of the independent variables are lessened to the extent that _____.

no statistically reliable differences will surface between them

Identify the scale of measurement that provides the least amount of information.

nominal

Variables whose values differ in quality and not quantity are said to fall along a _____ scale.

nominal

In a _____, the values have different names, but no ordering of the values is implied.

nominal scale

A self-report measure should be used along with another measure whenever possible because _____.

one cannot be sure that what the participant says he or she will do is what he or she actually does

Match the types of scales (in the left column) to the corresponding information yielded (in the right column).

ordinal = Adds crude information about quantity interval = Refines the measurement of quantity by indicating how much the values differ ratio = Indicates precisely how much of the quantity exists

The scale in which the different values of a variable not only have different names but also can be ranked according to quantity is known as a(n) _____.

ordinal scale

According to Adair, when the participant's hypotheses differ from the intended purpose of the experiment, problems occur. This results to a set of demand characteristics known as _____.

performance cues

The type of measure that typically requires special equipment designed to monitor the participant's bodily functions is known as a _____.

physiological measure

When using a retrospective verbal report, a researcher cannot really be sure that a participant is giving an accurate assessment of _____.

prior behaviors

When the values of a variable have an upper or lower limit, which is encountered during the course of an observation, then _____ occur.

range effects

In a behavioral measure, any measure of _____ is a latency measure.

reaction time

Mathematical operations such as addition and division, which assume that the quantitative distance between values is known, are likely to produce misleading results because _____.

researcher does not know the actual amount of difference between ordinal values

According to Adair, a class of demand characteristics that signal a participant that a change in the participant's attitude is needed to conform to his or her new role as a research participant is known as _____.

role attitude cues

The phrase that refers to the units in which a variable is measured is known as

scale of measurement

Prospective verbal reports are not reliable because they require participants to _____.

speculate about future behavior

Scale of measurement also refers to the _____ of scale represented by a given set of units.

type